Terrorism And Transatlantic Relations: Threats And Challenges

Description

This book explores the development of transatlantic policy on international terrorism and assesses the situation today. It takes an interdisciplinary approach to terrorism and transatlantic relations, bringing together experts from contemporary history, political science, military strategy, psychology, law and security. Looking back to the roots of modern terrorism, from the late 70s to 9/11 and beyond, the volume evaluates how attitudes and approaches have changed over this period. It analyses potential solutions for finding a shared philosophy to counter the threat of transnational terrorism in the US and Europe, against a rapidly changing political landscape. Chapters cover a range of topics, including the psychology of terrorism, online propaganda, domestic terrorism, terrorism and finance and cyber security. Contents Notes on Contributors 1 Introduction *** 2 The Transatlantic Alliance and Terrorism: Aligning Responses and Cooperation to Threats and Challenges Post-Caliphate ISIS: A Continuing International Terrorist Threat ISIS’s Pioneering Use of Social Media Al-Qaeda Über Alles Conclusion 3 The Dynamics of Entangled Political Violence: From the Greensboro Massacre (1979) to the War on Terror (2001) Terrorism During the Cold War Terrorism in the Post-Cold War Era The Struggle for Political Legitimacy The Essence of the Nature of Terrorist Violence 4 The Rise of the Right: Terrorism in the U.S. and Europe Right-Wing Terrorism in the Postwar Period Reactionary Terrorism Millenarian Terrorism Right-Wing Terrorism and Transnationalism Right-Wing Terrorism Today What Is “New” About Today’s Right-Wing Terrorisms? Conclusion 5 The Recalibration of Force in International Counterterrorism, 2010–2020 The Case of the United Kingdom Reform of International Counterterrorism in 2010 The Challenge Posed by Islamic State to UK Counterterrorism Balancing Clausewitz’s Trinity via Technological `Silver Bullets’ The Ongoing Problem of Projecting Other Forms of State Power to Enhance Governance The Principle of Substitution: Using Proxies to Achieve UK Counterterrorism Objectives Conclusion 6 Counterterrorism in Europe: Discord and Disorder Methodology European Exceptionalism Transatlantic Convergence Methodological Nationalism Conclusion 7 Difficult or Impossible? U.S.–China Cooperation, Counterterrorism, and Peaceful Co-existence from 9/11 to the Biden Administration The Deterioration of Relations with China under Obama and Trump War Scares, Tension Over Xinjiang, and a Lack of Imagination to Co-Exist The Biden Administration: Cooperation or Further Tension? U.S.–Chinese Counterterrorism Cooperation After 9/11 Counterterrorism Cooperation with China: The Obama and Trump Years Conclusion 8 It’s Getting Harder to Do: Countering Terrorist Use of the Internet Internet Chat Rooms and Message Boards Social Media Platforms Cooperation with Law Enforcement Lessons from the Saudi Airman Terrorist Attack in 2019 in Pensacola Florida Internet Messaging Applications The Paris Attacks of November 2015 Calls for IMAs to Provide Encrypted Messages to Law Enforcement Exploiting Cybersecurity Weakness in IMAs Anonymous Websites Summary and Conclusion 9 Terrorist Exploitation Points in the International Financial System: Major Vulnerabilities in the Anti-Money Laundering and Countering the Financing of Terrorism Framework. Avenues for Transatlantic Cooperation Background on International Consensus on AML/CFT Defining Terrorist Financing Distinction from Money Laundering Comparative Definitions of Terrorist Financing Trade-based Money Laundering (“TBML”) Recommendations on Transatlantic Cooperation to Combat TBML Beneficial Ownership Recommendations on Transatlantic Cooperation to Improve Transparency in Beneficial Ownership Cryptocurrency Opportunities for Criminal and Terrorist Abuse of Cryptocurrencies Are Real U.S. Government Response to Cryptocurrency Risks The FATF Response to the Challenges of Cryptocurrency Recommendations for Transatlantic Cooperation Regarding Bitcoin and Other Cryptocurrencies Conclusions 10 Transatlantic “Torture Taxis” and the Problem of Legal Accountability: The Case of North Carolina North Carolina’s Role in Post-9/11 US Torture “Extraordinary Rendition”: A Global Gulag RDI: Two Parallel Tracks for Rendition Aviation State and County Officials’ Attitudes Toward Aero The Challenges—The Legal Framework Prohibiting Torture and Extraordinary Rendition International Legal Norms Domestic Law U.S. Courts and the State Secrets Privilege Non-US Courts and Accountability Jurisdiction Australia and the U.K Courts and Accountability Jurisdiction Implications for the United States and the State Secrets Privilege The NCCIT—A New Approach to Connecting the Local to the Global Conclusion 11 Concluding Remarks Index