Numerical Weather Prediction and Data Assimilation

Description

This book has as main aim to be an introductory textbook of applied knowledge in Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP), which is a method of weather forecasting that employs: A set of equations that describe the flow of fluids translated into computer code, combined with parameterizations of other processes, applied on a specific domain and integrated in the basis of initial and domain boundary conditions. Current weather observations serve as input to the numerical computer models through a process called data assimilation to produce atmospheric properties in the future (e.g. temperature, precipitation, and a lot of other meteorological parameters). Various case studies will be also presented and analyzed through this book. Cover Numerical Weather Prediction and Data Assimilation, Volume 6 Copyright Page Contents Preface Introduction 1. The Primitive Equations 1.1. Wind forecast equations (conservation of momentum) 1.1.1. Real forces 1.1.2. Apparent forces 1.1.3. Equation of motion 1.2. Continuity equation (conservation of mass) 1.3. Temperature forecast equation (conservation of energy) 1.4. Moisture forecast equation (conservation of water vapor) 1.5. Synopsis of equations 2. Solving Methods in NWP Models 2.1. Decomposition of variables – the perturbation method 2.1.1. Synoptic scale equations 2.1.2. Mesoscale equations 2.2. Numerical solutions of partial differential equations 2.2.1. Computations by finite difference schemes 2.2.2. Derivation of finite difference representations 2.2.3. Methods for solving the advection–diffusion equation 2.3. Time splitting 3. Domain Structures and Boundary Conditions 3.1. Horizontal grid structure and resolution 3.2. The vertical coordinate system 3.2.1. Terrain-following coordinate system 3.3. Boundary conditions 3.3.1. Lateral boundary conditions 3.3.2. Upper (top) boundary conditions 3.3.3. Lower (bottom) boundary conditions 3.4. Design of a simulation 4. Introduction to Data Assimilation 4.1. Successive correction methods 4.2. Least square method 4.3. Variational approach 4.4. Generalization of the methods 5. Desert Dust Modeling 5.1. Dust uptake mechanisms formulation 5.2. Dust advection and deposition 5.3. Parameterization of the dust feedbacks on climate 6. Simulations of Extreme Weather and Dust Events 6.1. Case study 1: numerical simulation of a Mediterranean cyclone and its sensitivity on lower boundary conditions 6.1.1. Description of the synoptic conditions 6.1.2. Design of the simulations 6.1.3. Analysis of the numerical simulations 6.2. Case study 2: nowcasting an extreme precipitation event 6.2.1. Synoptic analysis of the event 6.2.2. Nowcasting methodology and results 6.3. Case study 3: seasonal predictability of a large-scale heat wave 6.3.1. Description of the synoptic conditions 6.3.2. Model description and methodology 6.3.3. Predictability assessment 6.4. Numerical study of a severe desert dust storm over Crete Appendices Appendix 1 Appendix 2 A2.1. Turbulent diffusion parameterizations A2.2. Planetary boundary layer (PBL) parameterization A2.2.1. Surface layer parameterization A2.2.2. Viscous sublayer parameterization A2.2.3. Transition layer parameterization A2.3. Transforming the vertical coordinate References Index Other titles from iSTE in Science, Society and New Technologies