Physics for scientists and engineers, extended version,

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Cover Page Inside Front Cover Title Page Copyright & Dedication Contents in Brief CONTENTS Preface Acknowledgments About the Authors Chapter 1: Measurements and Vectors 1-1: The Nature of Physics 1-2: Units 1-3: Conversion of Units 1-4: Dimensions of Physical Quantities 1-5: Significant Figures and Order of Magnitude 1-6: Vectors 1-7: General Properties of Vectors Physics Spotlight: The 2005 Leap Second Summary Problems PART I: MECHANICS Chapter 2: MOTION IN ONE DIMENSION 2-1: Displacement, Velocity, and Speed 2-2: Acceleration 2-3: Motion with Constant Acceleration 2-4: Integration Physics Spotlight: Linear Accelerators Summary Problems Chapter 3: MOTION IN TWO AND THREE DIMENSIONS 3-1: Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration 3-2: Special Case 1: Projectile Motion 3-3: Special Case 2: Circular Motion Physics Spotlight: GPS: Vectors Calculated WhileYou Move Summary Problems Chapter 4: NEWTON’S LAWS 4-1: Newton’s First Law: The Law of Inertia 4-2: Force and Mass 4-3: Newton’s Second Law 4-4: The Force Due to Gravity: Weight 4-5: Contact Forces: Solids, Springs, and Strings 4-6: Problem Solving: Free-Body Diagrams 4-7: Newton’s Third Law 4-8: Problem Solving: Problems with Two or More Objects Physics Spotlight: Roller Coasters and the Need for Speed Summary Problems Chapter 5: ADDITIONAL APPLICATIONS OF NEWTON’S LAWS 5-1: Friction 5-2: Drag Forces 5-3: Motion Along a Curved Path *5-4: Numerical Integration: Euler’s Method 5-5: The Center of Mass Physics Spotlight: Accident Reconstruction— Measurements and Forces Summary Problems Chapter 6: WORK AND KINETIC ENERGY 6-1: Work Done by a Constant Force 6-2: Work Done by a Variable Force–Straight-Line Motion 6-3: The Scalar Product 6-4: Work–Kinetic-Energy Theorem—Curved Paths *6-5: Center-of-Mass Work Physics Spotlight: Coasters and Baggage and Work (Oh My!) Summary Problems Chapter 7: CONSERVATION OF ENERGY 7-1: Potential Energy 7-2: The Conservation of Mechanical Energy 7-3: The Conservation of Energy 7-4: Mass and Energy 7-5: Quantization of Energy Physics Spotlight: Blowing Warmed Air Summary Problems Chapter 8: CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM 8-1: Conservation of Linear Momentum 8-2: Kinetic Energy of a System 8-3: Collisions *8-4: Collisions in the Center-of-Mass Reference Frame 8-5: Continuously Varying Mass and Rocket Propulsion Physics Spotlight: Pulse Detonation Engines: Faster (and Louder) Summary Problems Chapter 9: ROTATION 9-1: Rotational Kinematics: Angular Velocity and Angular Acceleration 9-2: Rotational Kinetic Energy 9-3: Calculating the Moment of Inertia 9-4: Newton’s Second Law for Rotation 9-5: Applications of Newton’s Second Law for Rotation 9-6: Rolling Objects Physics Spotlight: Spindizzy—Ultracentrifuges Summary Problems Chapter 10: ANGULAR MOMENTUM 10-1: The Vector Nature of Rotation 10-2: Torque and Angular Momentum 10-3: Conservation of Angular Momentum *10-4: Quantization of Angular Momentum Physics Spotlight: As the World Turns: Atmospheric Angular Momentum Summary Problems Chapter R: SPECIAL RELATIVITY R-1: The Principle of Relativity and the Constancy of the Speed of Light R-2: Moving Sticks R-3: Moving Clocks R-4: Moving Sticks Again R-5: Distant Clocks and Simultaneity R-6: Relativistic Momentum, Mass, and Energy Summary Problems Chapter 11: GRAVITY 11-1: Kepler’s Laws 11-2: Newton’s Law of Gravity 11-3: Gravitational Potential Energy 11-4: The Gravitational Field *11-5: Finding the Gravitational Field of a Spherical Shell by Integration Physics Spotlight: Gravitational Lenses: A Window on the Universe Summary Problems Chapter 12: STATIC EQUILIBRIUM AND ELASTICITY 12-1: Conditions for Equilibrium 12.2: The Center of Gravity 12-3: Some Examples of Static Equilibrium 12-4: Static Equilibrium in an Accelerated Frame 12-5: Stability of Rotational Equilibrium 12-6: Indeterminate Problem 12-7: Stress and Strain Physics Spotlight: Carbon Nanotubes: Small and Mighty Summary Problems Chapter 13: FLUIDS 13-1: Density 13-2: Pressure in a Fluid 13-3: Buoyancy and Archimedes’ Principle 13-4: Fluids in Motion Physics Spotlight: Automotive Aerodynamics: Ride with the Wind Summary Problems PART II: OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES Chapter 14: OSCILLATIONS 14-1: Simple Harmonic Motion 14-2: Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion 14-3: Some Oscillating Systems 14-4: Damped Oscillations 14-5: Driven Oscillations and Resonance Physics Spotlight: Moving to the Beat: Millennium Bridge Summary Problems Chapter 15: TRAVELING WAVES 15-1: Simple Wave Motion 15-2: Periodic Waves 15-3: Waves in Three Dimensions 15-4: Waves Encountering Barriers 15-5: The Doppler Effect Physics Spotlight: All Shook Up: Sediment Basins and Earthquake Resonance Summary Problems Chapter 16: SUPERPOSITION AND STANDING WAVES 16-1: Superposition of Waves 16-2: Standing Waves *16-3: Additional Topics Physics Spotlight: Echoes of Silence: Acoustical Architecture Summary Problems PART III: THERMODYNAMICS Chapter 17: TEMPERATURE AND KINETIC THEORY OF GASES 17-1: Thermal Equilibrium and Temperature 17-2: Gas Thermometers and the Absolute Temperature Scale 17-3: The Ideal-Gas Law 17-4: The Kinetic Theory of Gases Physics Spotlight: Molecular Thermometers Summary Problems Chapter 18: HEAT AND THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 18-1: Heat Capacity and Specific Heat 18-2: Change of Phase and Latent Heat 18-3: Joule’s Experiment and the First Law of Thermodynamics 18-4: The Internal Energy of an Ideal Gas 18-5: Work and the PV Diagram for a Gas 18-6: Heat Capacities of Gases 18-7: Heat Capacities of Solids 18-8: Failure of the Equipartition Theorem 18-9: The Quasi-Static Adiabatic Compression of a Gas Physics Spotlight: Respirometry: Breathing the Heat Summary Problems Chapter 19: THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 19-1: Heat Engines and the Second Law of Thermodynamics 19-2: Refrigerators and the Second Law of Thermodynamics 19-3: The Carnot Engine *19-4: Heat Pumps 19-5: Irreversibility, Disorder, and Entropy 19-6: Entropy and the Availability of Energy 19-7: Entropy and Probability Physics Spotlight: The Perpetual Battle over Perpetual Motion Summary Problems Chapter 20: THERMAL PROPERTIES AND PROCESSES 20-1: Thermal Expansion 20-2: The van der Waals Equation and Liquid–Vapor Isotherms 20-3: Phase Diagrams 20-4: The Transfer of Heat Physics Spotlight: Urban Heat Islands: Hot Nights in the City Summary Problems PART IV: ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM Chapter 21:THE ELECTRIC FIELD I: DISCRETE CHARGE DISTRIBUTIONS 21-1: Charge 21-2: Conductors and Insulators 21-3: Coulomb’s Law 21-4: The Electric Field 21-5: Electric Field Lines 21-6: Action of the Electric Field on Charges Physics Spotlight: Powder Coating—Industrial Static Summary Problems Chapter 22: THE ELECTRIC FIELD II: CONTINUOUS CHARGE DISTRIBUTIONS 22-1: Calculating from Coulomb’s Law 22-2: Gauss’s Law 22-3: Using Symmetry to Calculate with Gauss’s Law 22-4: Discontinuity of En 22-5: Charge and Field at Conductor Surfaces *22-6: The Equivalence of Gauss’s Law and Coulomb’s Law in Electrostatics Physics Spotlight: Charge Distribution—Hot and Cold Summary Problems Chapter 23: ELECTRIC POTENTIAL 23-1: Potential Difference 23-2: Potential Due to a System of Point Charges 23-3: Computing the Electric Field from the Potential 23-4: Calculation of V for Continuous Charge Distributions 23-5: Equipotential Surfaces 23-6: Electrostatic Potential Energy Physics Spotlight: Lightning—Fields of Attraction Summary Problems Chapter 24: CAPACITANCE 24-1: Capacitance 24-2: The Storage of Electrical Energy 24-3: Capacitors, Batteries, and Circuits 24-4: Dielectrics 24-5: Molecular View of a Dielectric Physics Spotlight: Changes in Capacitors—Charging Ahead Summary Problems Chapter 25: ELECTRIC CURRENT AND DIRECT-CURRENT CIRCUITS 25-1: Current and the Motion of Charges 25-2: Resistance and Ohm’s Law 25-3: Energy in Electric Circuits 25-4: Combinations of Resistors 25-5: Kirchhoff’s Rules 25-6: RC Circuits Physics Spotlight: Vehicle Electrical Systems: Driven to Innovation Summary Problems Chapter 26: THE MAGNETIC FIELD 26-1: The Force Exerted by a Magnetic Field 26-2: Motion of a Point Charge in a Magnetic Field 26-3: Torques on Current Loops and Magnets 26-4: The Hall Effect Physics Spotlight: Earth and the Sun— Magnetic Changes Summary Problems Chapter 27: SOURCES OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD 27-1: The Magnetic Field of Moving Point Charges 27-2: The Magnetic Field of Currents: The Biot–Savart Law 27-3: Gauss’s Law for Magnetism 27-4: Ampère’s Law 27-5: Magnetism in Matter Physics Spotlight: Solenoids at Work Summary Problems Chapter 28: MAGNETIC INDUCTION 28-1: Magnetic Flux 28-2: Induced EMF and Faraday’s Law 28-3: Lenz’s Law 28-4: Motional EMF 28-5: Eddy Currents 28-6: Inductance 28-7: Magnetic Energy *28-8: RL Circuits *28-9: Magnetic Properties of Superconductors Physics Spotlight: The Promise of Superconductors Summary Problems Chapter 29: ALTERNATING-CURRENT CIRCUITS 29-1: Alternating Current in a Resistor 29-2: Alternating-Current Circuits *29-3: The Transformer *29-4: LC and RLC Circuits withou ta Generator *29-5: Phasors *29-6: Driven RLC Circuits Physics Spotlight: The Electric Grid: Power to the People Summary Problems Chapter 30: MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS AND ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES 30-1: Maxwell’s Displacement Current 30-2: Maxwell’s Equations 30-3: The Wave Equation for Electromagnetic Waves 30-4: Electromagnetic Radiation Physics Spotlight: Wireless: Sharing the Spectrum Summary Problems PART V: LIGHT Chapter 31: PROPERTIES OF LIGHT 31-1: The Speed of Light 31-2: The Propagation of Light 31-3: Reflection and Refraction 31-4: Polarization 31-5: Derivation of the Laws of Reflection and Refraction 31-6: Wave–Particle Duality 31-7: Light Spectra *31-8: Sources of Light Physics Spotlight: Optical Tweezers and Vortices: Light at Work Summary Problems Chapter 32: OPTICAL IMAGES 32-1: Mirrors 32-2: Lenses *32-3: Aberrations *32-4: Optical Instruments Physics Spotlight: Eye Surgery: New Lenses for Old Summary Problems Chapter 33: INTERFERENCE AND DIFFRACTION 33-1: Phase Difference and Coherence 33-2: Interference in Thin Films 33-3: Two-Slit Interference Pattern 33-4: Diffraction Pattern of a Single Slit *33-5: Using Phasors to Add Harmonic Waves 33-6: Fraunhofer and Fresnel Diffraction 33-7: Diffraction and Resolution *33-8: Diffraction Gratings Physics Spotlight: Holograms: Guided Interference Summary Problems PART VI: MODERN PHYSICS: QUANTUM MECHANICS, RELATIVITY AND THE STRUCTURE OF MATTER Chapter 34: WAVE–PARTICLE DUALITY AND QUANTUM PHYSICS 34-1: Waves and Particles 34-2: Light: From Newton to Maxwell 34.3: The Particle Nature of Light: Photons 34-4: Energy Quantization in Atoms 34-5: Electrons and Matter Waves 34-6: The Interpretation of the Wave Function 34-7: Wave–Particle Duality 34-8: A Particle in a Box 34-9: Expectation Values 34-10: Energy Quantization in Other Systems Summary Problems Chapter 35: APPLICATIONS OF THE SCHRÖDINGER EQUATION 35-1: The Schrödinger Equation 35-2: A Particle in a Finite Square Well 35-3: The Harmonic Oscillator 35-4: Reflection and Transmission of Electron Waves: Barrier Penetration 35-5: The Schrödinger Equation in Three Dimensions 35-6: The Schrödinger Equation for Two Identical Particles Summary Problems Chapter 36: ATOMS 36-1: The Atom 36-2: The Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom 36-3: Quantum Theory of Atoms 36-4: Quantum Theory of the Hydrogen Atom 36-5: The Spin–Orbit Effect and Fine Structure 36-6: The Periodic Table 36-7: Optical Spectra and X-Ray Spectra Summary Problems Chapter 37: MOLECULES 37-1: Bonding *37-2: Polyatomic Molecules 37-3: Energy Levels and Spectra of Diatomic Molecules Summary Problems Chapter 38: SOLIDS 38-1: The Structure of Solids 38-2: A Microscopic Picture of Conduction 38-3: Free Electrons in a Solid 38-4: Quantum Theory of Electrical Conduction 38-5: Band Theory of Solids 38-6: Semiconductors *38-7: Semiconductor Junctions and Devices 38-8: Superconductivity 38-9: The Fermi–Dirac Distribution Summary Problems Chapter 39: RELATIVITY 39-1: Newtonian Relativity 39-2: Einstein’s Postulates 39-3: The Lorentz Transformation 39-4: Clock Synchronization and Simultaneity 39-5: The Velocity Transformation 39-6: Relativistic Momentum 39-7: Relativistic Energy 39-8: General Relativity Summary Problems Chapter 40: NUCLEAR PHYSICS 40-1: Properties of Nuclei 40-2: Radioactivity 40-3: Nuclear Reactions 40-4: Fission and Fusion Summary Problems Chapter 41: ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND THE BEGINNING OF THE UNIVERSE 41-1: Hadrons and Leptons 41-2: Spin and Antiparticles 41-3: The Conservation Laws 41-4: Quarks 41-5: Field Particles 41-6: The Electroweak Theory 41-7: The Standard Model 41-8: The Evolution of the Universe Summary Problems APPENDICES A: SI UNITS AND CONVERSION FACTORS B: NUMERICAL DATA C: PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS Math Tutorial M-1: SIGNIFICANT DIGITS M-2: EQUATIONS M-3: DIRECT AND INVERSE PROPORTIONS M-4: LINEAR EQUATIONS M-5: QUADRATIC EQUATIONS AND FACTORING M-6: EXPONENTS AND LOGARITHMS M-7: GEOMETRY M-8: TRIGONOMETRY M-9: THE BINOMIAL EXPANSION M-10: COMPLEX NUMBERS M-11: DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS M-12: INTEGRAL CALCULUS Answers to Odd-Numbered End-of-Chapter Problems Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter R Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 Chapter 24 Chapter 25 Chapter 26 Chapter 27 Chapter 28 Chapter 29 Chapter 30 Chapter 31 Chapter 32 Chapter 33 Chapter 34 Chapter 35 Chapter 36 Chapter 37 Chapter 38 Chapter 39 Chapter 40 Chapter 41 INDEX Inside Back Cover