Crossroads of Freedom: Slaves and Freed People in Bahia, Brazil, 1870-1910
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By 1870 the sugar plantations of the Recôncavo region in Bahia, Brazil, held at least seventy thousand slaves, making it one of the largest and most enduring slave societies in the Americas. In this new translation of Crossroads of Freedom—which won the 2011 Clarence H. Haring Prize for the Most Outstanding Book on Latin American History—Walter Fraga charts these slaves' daily lives and recounts their struggle to make a future for themselves following slavery's abolition in 1888. Through painstaking archival research, he illuminates the hopes, difficulties, opportunities, and setbacks of ex-slaves and plantation owners alike as they adjusted to their postabolition environment. Breaking new ground in Brazilian historiography, Fraga does not see an abrupt shift with slavery's abolition; rather, he describes a period of continuous change in which the strategies, customs, and identities that slaves built under slavery allowed them to navigate their newfound freedom. Fraga's analysis of how Recôncavo's residents came to define freedom and slavery more accurately describes this seminal period in Brazilian history, while clarifying how slavery and freedom are understood in the present. Cover ......Page 1 Contents ......Page 6 A Note on Currency and Orthography ......Page 8 Introduction to the English-Language Edition ......Page 12 Foreword to the Brazilian Edition ......Page 24 Acknowledgments ......Page 28 Introduction ......Page 32 One. Slaves and Masters on Sugar Plantations in the Last Decades of Slavery ......Page 40 Two. Tension and Conflict on a Recôncavo Sugar Plantation ......Page 60 Three. Crossroads of Slavery and Freedom, 1880–1888 ......Page 87 Four. May 13, 1888, and Its Immediate Aftermath ......Page 105 Five. Heads Spinning with Freedom ......Page 134 Six. After Abolition: Tension and Conflict on Recôncavo Sugar Plantations ......Page 170 Seven. Trajectories of Slaves and Freed People on Recôncavo Sugar Plantations ......Page 192 Eight. Community and Family Life among Freed People ......Page 221 Nine. Other Post-emancipation Itineraries ......Page 242 Epilogue. In the Centuries to Come: Projections of Slavery and Freedom ......Page 267 Notes ......Page 276 Glossary ......Page 314 Bibliography ......Page 316 A ......Page 332 C......Page 333 E......Page 335 G......Page 336 L......Page 337 N......Page 338 P......Page 339 R......Page 340 S......Page 341 W......Page 343 Y ......Page 344
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