Mongolian Nomadic Society: A Reconstruction of 'Medieval' History of Mongolia

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Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Table of Contents List of Maps List of Figures List of Tables Preface Note on Transliteration Introduction 1. Starting-point for viewing the history of the Mongols Ways of Approaching Mongolian History by Means of Source Material and Research Chinese sources Official dynastic history Legal documentation Writing in the form of records Persian sources Mongolian sources and research European sources and research Critical Analysis of the Methodology of Modern Mongolian Historiography The feudalism concept in relation to the history of Mongolia The concept of 'nomadic feudalism' 2. Economic conditions and their development Origin of Nomadic Livestock Keeping in the Mongolian Part of Central Asia Ecological and socio-cultural prerequisites for nomadic livestock keeping Attempt at classification Production Character of Nomadic Livestock Keeping in the Thirteenth to Nineteenth Centuries Traditional Herd Animals Kinds of livestock Quantity of livestock Role of Pasture Land in the Nomadic Economy Economic parameters of pasture land Pasture land of the religious head of Mongolia Pastoral land for high-ranking Buddhist dignitaries and princes The right of the common livestock keepers to use pasture land Critical comments concerning the 'feudal conditions of pasture land' Migration to New Pasture as Traditional Strategy of Pasture Land Use Ecological determinants of pastoral area and migration patterns Pasture land, migration and territorial-administrative divisions Social forms of organisation in migration Large-group migrations Small group migrations Individual migrations Production Activity of Livestock Keepers General livestock keeping work Expenditure of labour Division of labour according to age and sex Children and youth Mens work Womens work Early form of social organisation of labour Khot-ail as social organisation of labour Economic background of the khot-ail union Family relations within the khot-ail Appropriate size of a khot-ail Right of a khot-ail to use a pastoral region Other Economic Forms Hunting Agriculture Handicraft 3. Socio-political organisation in the development of Mongolia Features of Mongolian Tribal Organisation Mongolian Tribes and Their Relations Anda Ösh Elchin The tribal federation Ey-e and khurildai Character of Politico-Administrative Organisation in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries Decimally structured administration The group of ten and the group of a hundred The group of a thousand The group of ten thousand The criterion of feudalism in the fonnation of a feudal state in the thirteenth century The state system in Mongolia in the period of the Yuan dynasty Administrative Structure From the Fifteenth Century to the First Half of the Seventeenth Century Aimag Otog Khoshuu Chuulgan The Manchurian-Chinese Administration System From the Second Half of the Seventeenth Sentury to the Nineteenth Century 4. Social strata of Mongolian nomadic society Social Differentiation in the Thirteenth Century Nökhör Darkhad Cherbi Khürged Ütü dürü-iin kümün (persons of free standing) Böö shamans Blood relatives of the tribal head Irged Kharc Arad (aran, haran) Baal (Bo 'ol) Zaluu (jilagu), geriin kümün and inji Social Strata of Mongolian Sociely Before the Manchurian Conquest Social Class Structure in Mongolia After the Manchurian Conquest The position of the Mongolian nobility The position of the livestock keepers Criticism of 'Feudal Class Relations' in Mongolia Peasants Nobility 5. The effect of Lamaism on traditional Mongolian nomadic society The Spread of Lamaism in Mongolia The Monastery Settlement as a New Phenomenon Monastic Economy Jas (jis) and sang Forms of exploitation in the monastic economy Money-lending Monastic Social Differentiation High-ranking monks The lower social strata: khar-shavi and lam- (or lama-) shavi Conclusions 6. The dynamics of the development of Mongolian nomadic society Constituents of the Nomadic Social System Nomadic livestock keeping as basis of nomadism Family structure as an appropriate form of social organisation Military conflict as an attributive functional character of nomadic life Why were the nomads of Central Asia aggressive? War-fovouring conditions of the Mongols Evolution of Nomadic Society Concluding remarks Notes List of People, Places and Terms References Index