Processing Contaminants in Edible Oils: MCPD and Glycidyl Esters

Description

Fully revised and updated, Processing Contaminants in Edible Oils, 2nd edition, presents the latest research on monochloropropanediol (MCPD) and glycidyl esters in edible oils. These potentially harmful contaminants are formed during the industrial processing of food oils during deodorization. A number of advancements in understanding these have been made since the publication of the first edition. These important changes, which impact industrial mitigation, analytical methods, toxicology and regulation, are highlighted for up-to-date reference. The mechanisms of formation for MCPD and glycidyl ester contaminants, as well as research identifying possible precursor molecules are reviewed, as are strategies which have been used successfully to decrease the concentrations of these contaminants. From the removal of precursor molecules before processing, modifications of deodorization protocol, to approaches for the removal of these contaminants after the completion of processing, methods of mitigating and eliminating contaminants are presented. Front Cover PROCESSING CONTAMINANTS IN EDIBLE OILS PROCESSING CONTAMINANTS IN EDIBLE OILS Copyright Contents Contributors 1 - Introduction Formation Mitigation Analysis Toxicology Regulations References 2 - Formation mechanisms Introduction MCPD esters Precursors Formation pathways Glycidyl esters Precursors Formation pathways Conclusions and perspectives References 3 - Mitigation of MCPD and glycidyl esters in edible oils Introduction Influence of precursors on ester formation Chloride Acylglycerols Mitigation in field Mitigation of the raw material Crude oil extraction Oil washing Mitigation in refining Degumming Neutralization Bleaching Deodorization Temperature and time regime Dual deodorization Short-path distillation Steam stripping deodorization of DAG oils Additives Removal from fully refined oils (post-refining) Recommendations References 4 - Indirect detection techniques Introduction Main steps in the analysis of 2- and 3-MCPD esters Cleavage of the MCPD esters Neutralization and salting out Derivatization and GC–MS analysis Main approaches toward the analysis of glycidyl esters Elimination of glycidyl esters by acid treatment Conversion of glycidol to 3-MCPD after alkaline transesterification Conversion of glycidol to 3-MBPD after alkaline or enzymatic ester cleavage Conversion of glycidyl esters to 3-MBPD esters prior to acid transesterification Officially adopted methods Unilever method SGS method DGF method C-VI 18 (10) BLC method JOCS method 2.4.14–2016 Method comparison Studies comparing indirect methods Studies comparing indirect with direct methods Official collaborative studies and proficiency tests Method automation Analysis of oil-based foodstuffs Challenges in foodstuff analysis Development of method for oil-based foodstuffs AOCS collaborative study Conclusions References 5 - Direct analytical detection methods for the food-borne toxicants glycidyl esters Introduction Direct methods Kao corporation Nestlé Granvogl and Schieberle Archer Daniels Midland Health Canada US Food and Drug Administration Steenbergen et al. References 6 - Direct detection techniques for MCPD esters Background Direct methods Archer Daniels Midland Company Proctor & Gamble Nestlé The Institute of Chemical Technology Fuji Oil Co Fuji Oil Co./Osaka University Kao Corporation Food Safety and Consumer Affairs Bureau US Food and Drug Administration Conclusion References 7 - Methods to detect MCPD and glycidyl esters in complex food matrices Background Discussion JRC method U.S Food and Drug Administration (FDA) method Nestlé method SGS method Survey results in infant formulas Survey results in foods Conclusions References 8 - Toxicological properties of glycidyl esters Introduction Biological properties of glycidyl esters ADME and biokinetics studies Formation of adducts and genotoxicity Carcinogeniciy Biological properties of free glycidol ADME and biokinetics studies Formation of adducts and genotoxicity Carcinogenicity Short-term toxicity and special studies Conclusions References 9 - Toxicological properties of MCPD fatty acid esters Introduction Toxicology of 3-MCPD Toxicokinetics and metabolism of 3-MCPD Toxicity of 3-MCPD in animal studies Toxic effects in short-term studies Toxic effects in long-term studies Genotoxicity data Toxicological evaluation Hazard potential of 3-MCPD fatty acid esters Toxicokinetics and metabolism of 3-MCPD esters Toxicity studies on 3-MCPD esters In vitro data Acute toxicity Sub-chronic toxicity Data on toxicity mechanisms Toxicology of 2-MCPD esters Risk characterization Conclusions References Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Back Cover