Advanced Wireless Communication and Sensor Networks: Applications and Simulations

Description

This book cover wireless communication, security issues, advanced wireless sensor networks, routing protocols of WSNs with cross-layer solutions, emerging trends in the advanced WSNs, power management, distributed sensing and data gathering techniques for WSNs, WSNs Security, applications, research of advanced WSNs with simulation results, and simulation tools for WSNs. Features: Covers technologies supporting advanced wireless communication system, sensor networks and the conceptual development of the subject. Discusses advanced data gathering and sharing/ distributed sensing techniques with its business applicability. Includes numerous worked-out mathematical equations/formulas, and essential principles including figures, illustrations, algorithms, and flow charts are included in the book. Provides pervasive background knowledge including both wireless communications and wireless sensor networks Covers wireless networks as well as sensor network models in detailed. This is aimed at graduate students, researchers and academicians working in the field of computer science, wireless communication technology, and advanced wireless sensor networks. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Table of Contents Acknowledgments Editor Biographies List of Contributors Part I Advanced Wireless Communication: Overview, Challenges, and Security Issues 1 Wireless Communication: Overview and Fundamentals 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Basic Outline of Communication Systems 1.3 Wireless Technologies 1.3.1 Wi-Fi 802.11 1.3.2 Bluetooth 1.3.3 WiMax 802.16 1.3.4 Radio-Frequency ID (RFID) 1.4 Signaling and Fading 1.5 Concluding Remarks References 2 Introduction to Wireless Communication and Its Applications 2.1 Introduction 2.2 5G 2.3 Dual Band 2.4 Frequency Below 6 GHz 2.4.1 Advantages of Sub-6 GHz 2.5 Speed of 5G 2.6 Comparison of 5G Technology With Other Generations 2.7 Microstrip Patch Antenna for 5G 2.8 Simulation Results and Analysis 2.8.1 Gain 2.8.2 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) 2.8.3 Far Field for Antenna 2.8.4 Radiation Pattern 2.8.5 Rectangular Shaped Antenna Design (Simulation Results) 2.9 Conclusion and Future Work Acknowledgments References 3 Power and Information Transfer Using IoT With NOMA-Based GA-LPTS FBMC for Advanced Wireless and Sensor Networks 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Problems in the Existing Systems 3.2.1 Peak to Average Power Ratio 3.2.2 Power Spectral Density (PSD) 3.2.3 Signal to Noise Ratio 3.2.4 Spectral Efficiency 3.2.5 Computational Complexity 3.3 Related Works 3.4 Proposed Scheme 3.4.1 Downlink Phase 3.4.1.1 Information Receiver 3.4.1.2 Energy Receiver 3.4.2 Uplink Phase 3.5 Proposed NOMA Based Genetic Algorithm in Layered PTS FBMC–OQAM Scheme 3.5.1 Genetic Algorithm in Layered PTS 3.6 Simulation Results and Analysis 3.6.1 Comparison of PAPR 3.6.2 Comparison of Spectral Efficiency 3.6.3 Computational Complexity 3.6.4 Golden Section Search Method (Convergence Curve) 3.6.5 Performance of the Optimized Resource Allocation Scheme 3.7 Conclusion and Future Work Acknowledgements References 4 5G-NR Wideband MIMO Antenna Design Using Stepped Radiators for Wireless Communication 4.1 Introduction 4.2 MIMO Antenna Design and Results 4.3 Conclusion 4.4 Future Scope References 5 Advanced Wireless Communication and Sensor Networks: Applications and Simulations 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Problems in Wireless Sensor Networks 5.2.1 Lack of Electrical Energy 5.2.2 Lack of Technological Support to Help Patients and Doctors 5.2.3 Poor Use of Resources in Agriculture 5.3 WSN Applications 5.3.1 Energy 5.3.2 E-Health 5.3.3 Buildings 5.3.4 Military 5.3.5 Industrial Detection 5.3.6 Agriculture 5.4 Simulators for Analysis Prior to Actual Deployment of a WSN 5.5 Conclusions References 6 Advanced Wireless Communication: Technology Overview, Challenges, and Security Issues 6.1 Introduction to Wireless Communication Networks 6.2 Overview of Generations in Wireless Communication 6.3 OFDM 6.4 Motivation and Need 6.5 Challenges in Wireless Communications 6.5.1 Privacy, Secrecy, and Security 6.5.2 Communication Infrastructure 6.5.3 Wireless Energy and Power Transfer 6.5.4 Spectrum Utilization 6.5.5 Modulation and Coding 6.6 Conclusion and Future Work Acknowledgments References Part II Advanced Wireless Sensor Networks: Architecture, Consensus, and Future Trends 7 Advanced Wireless Sensor Networks: Introduction and Challenges 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Flashback to Sensor Network Childhood 7.2.1 Transitions in WSN Technology 7.3 Characteristics of WSN 7.4 Fundamental Architecture 7.4.1 The Sensing Sub-System 7.4.1.1 Data-Centric Architectures 7.4.1.2 Hierarchical Architectures 7.4.1.3 Location-Based Architectures 7.4.1.4 Mobility-Based Architectures 7.4.1.5 QoS-Based Architectures 7.4.1.6 Network Flow Architecture 7.4.1.7 Multipath-Based Architectures 7.4.1.8 Heterogeneity-Based Architectures 7.5 Applications Where Advanced WSN Is Applied 7.5.1 Structural Health Monitoring 7.5.2 Traffic Control 7.5.3 Telemedicine 7.5.4 5G Communication (Radio Nodes) 7.5.5 Pipeline Monitoring 7.5.6 Precision Agriculture 7.6 Conclusion References 8 Wireless Sensor Networks: Routing Protocols and Cross-Layer Solutions 8.1 Introduction 8.1.1 Technical Challenges in Cross-Layer Design 8.1.2 Problem Statement 8.1.3 Network Terminology 8.2 Literature Review 8.3 Materials and Methods 8.4 Proposed Scheme 8.4.1 Cross-Layer Designing-Routing Scheme 8.4.1.1 Architecture and Building Blocks 8.4.1.2 Energy Efficiency in Cross-Layer Techniques 8.5 Simulation Results 8.5.1 Multiple Access Schemes 8.5.2 Pooling in Multiple Access Schemes 8.5.3 Routing, Energy Efficiency, and Network Lifetime 8.5.3.1 Congestion Control in Wireless Networks 8.5.3.2 Cross-Layer Design and Optimization 8.5.3.3 The Need for a General Framework for Cross-Layer Design in Wireless Systems 8.6 Conclusion References 9 Social Impacts of Technology With the Emergence of IoT, 5G, and Artificial Intelligence 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Recent Studies On the Social Impact of Technology 9.3 Integration of IoT With 5G 9.3.1 Role of Artificial Intelligence in Future Technology 9.3.2 Model to Integrate IoT, 5G, and Artificial Intelligence 9.4 Future Impacts of Technology 9.4.1 Personal Privacy Impact of IoT 9.4.2 Impact of Wearable IoT and 5G Devices 9.4.2.1 Control of Smart Sensors 9.4.2.2 Improved Patient Care 9.4.2.3 More Accurate Diagnosis of Health Problems 9.4.3 Economic Impacts of IoT and 5G 9.4.4 Social Impact On Human Life 9.5 Discussion and Analysis 9.6 Conclusion References Part III Advanced Wireless Sensor Networks: Power, Data Gathering Techniques, and Security 10 Power Management Strategies in Wireless Sensor Networks 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Requirements and Characteristics of WSNs 10.3 Related Work 10.4 Difficulties in WSNs 10.4.1 Power Management 10.4.2 Security 10.4.3 Data Aggregation 10.5 Causes of Energy Wastage in WSNs 10.6 Power Gating 10.7 Leakage Gating and WSNs 10.8 Techniques of Power Matching 10.9 Different Types of Power Sources 10.10 Power Modes in DRAM 10.11 Power Management Strategy 10.12 Dynamic Duty Cycle Scheduling Scheme 10.12.1 Static Power Saving 10.12.2 Dynamic Power Management 10.12.2.1 Sleeping Policy 10.12.2.2 Awakening Policy 10.13 Conclusion and Future Work References 11 Power Management in Wireless Sensor Networks 11.1 Aim of this Study 11.2 Introduction 11.2.1 About Wireless Sensor Networks 11.2.2 Types of Wireless Sensor Network 11.2.3 About the Sensor Node and Its Architecture 11.3 Power Consumption in WSNs 11.3.1 About Power Consumption 11.3.2 Measurements of Power Consumption 11.3.2.1 Power Consumption at Node Level 11.3.2.2 Power Consumption at Network Level 11.3.2.3 Power Consumption at Software Level 11.4 Sources of Power Waste 11.5 Power Management in WSNs 11.5.1 About Power Management 11.5.2 Power Management Approaches 11.5.2.1 Management at Node Level 11.5.2.2 Management at Network Level 11.5.2.3 Management at Software Level 11.6 Power Conservation Techniques in WSNs 11.6.1 About Power Conservation 11.6.2 Challenges in Power Conservation 11.6.2.1 Energy Dissipation 11.6.2.2 Quality of Service 11.6.2.3 Transmission Mode 11.6.3 Different Power Conservation Techniques 11.6.3.1 Efficient Node Deployment 11.6.3.2 Data Reduction 11.6.3.3 Duty Cycling 11.6.3.4 Mobility Based Power Conservation 11.6.3.5 Power Efficient Routing Protocol 11.6.4 Analysis of Power Efficient Routing Protocol 11.6.4.1 Network Parameters 11.6.4.2 Simulation Results 11.7 Conclusion and Future Work References 12 Wireless Sensor Networks: Power Management 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Wireless Sensor Network 12.2.1 Requirements for Implementing a WSN 12.3 Energy Harvesting Methods for Sensor Nodes 12.3.1 Electric Batteries 12.3.2 Rechargeable Batteries 12.3.3 Energy Harvesting 12.3.4 Hybrid Energy Harvesting (HEH) 12.4 Analysis of Power Consumption in Wireless Sensor Networks 12.5 Energy Management 12.6 Node Architecture 12.7 Conclusions References 13 Security Enabling for IoT and Wireless Sensor Network Based Data Communication 13.1 Introduction 13.2 IoT and Wireless Sensor Network Based Embedded System 13.3 Data Security for IoT and Wireless Sensor Networks 13.3.1 Importance of Data Security 13.3.2 Data Security for Internet of Things (IoT) 13.3.3 Different Methods of Data Security 13.3.4 Role of Cryptography for Data Security 13.3.5 Types of Data Attacks for IoT Based Devices 13.3.6 Literature Solutions for Secure IoT Data Communication 13.3.7 Data Security Goals for IoT Devices 13.4 Security Issues in the Architecture of IoT and WSN 13.5 Proposed Model for Security of IoT Devices 13.6 Benefits of the Proposed Solution 13.7 Conclusion and Future Work References 14 Wireless Sensor Network Security 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Security in Wireless Sensor Networks 14.2.1 Primary Security Objectives 14.2.1.1 Confidentiality 14.2.1.2 Authentication 14.2.1.3 Integrity 14.2.1.4 Availability 14.2.2 Secondary Security Objectives 14.2.2.1 Data Freshness 14.2.2.2 Traceability 14.2.2.3 Secure Location 14.3 Security Attacks On WSNs 14.3.1 Based On the Attacker’s Capability 14.3.1.1 Internal and External Attacks 14.3.1.2 Active and Passive Attacks 14.3.2 Based On the Protocol Stack 14.3.2.1 Physical Layer 14.3.2.2 Link Layer 14.3.2.3 Network Layer 14.3.2.4 Transport Layer 14.3.2.5 Application Layer 14.4 WSN Monitoring Systems 14.4.1 Indoor Environmental Monitoring 14.4.2 Outdoor Environmental Monitoring 14.4.3 Monitoring in Agriculture 14.4.4 Health Monitoring 14.5 Security Mechanisms for Sensor Networks 14.6 Wireless Security Protocol 14.6.1 WEP 14.6.2 WPA 14.6.3 WPA2 14.6.4 WPA3 14.7 Attacks Against TCP/IP Networks 14.7.1 Network Listeners 14.7.2 IP Fragmentation 14.7.3 Denial of Service Attacks 14.7.4 Footprinting 14.7.5 Fingerprinting There Are Two Methods of Fingerprinting: Active and Passive. Active Fingerprinting Involves Analyzing the Server’s Response When TCP and UDP Packets Are Sent to It. This Method Allows for More Extensive and Detailed Information to Be Acquired, But It Is E 14.8 TCP/IP Network Security 14.8.1 Generic Vulnerabilities 14.8.2 Network Security Scanners 14.8.3 VPN 14.8.4 Firewall 14.9 Existing Solutions 14.9.1 Data Encryption Standard (DES) 14.9.2 Node-Level Security Solution 14.10 Conclusions References Part IV Advanced Wireless Sensor Networks: Applications, Opportunities, Challenges, and Simulation Results 15 Advanced Wireless Sensor Networks: Applications and Challenges 15.1 Introduction 15.2 WSNs’ Possibilities for Use 15.2.1 Applications for the Military 15.2.2 Monitoring the Health of the Structure 15.2.3 Monitoring of the Environment 15.2.4 Monitoring of Medical Care 15.2.5 At-Home Apps 15.2.6 Commercial Uses 15.3 Various Kinds of Mobile Networks 15.3.1 WPAN 15.3.2 WLAN 15.3.3 WMAN 15.3.4 WWAN 15.3.5 WGAN 15.4 Classification of Wireless Sensor Networks 15.5 The IEEE 802.15.4 Expertise 15.6 Design Challenges in WSNs 15.6.1 Scalability 15.6.2 Culpability Tolerance 15.6.3 Cost of Production 15.6.4 Hardware Limitations 15.6.5 The Transmission Media 15.6.6 Energy 15.6.7 Harsh Environment Conditions 15.6.8 Self-Management 15.6.9 Heterogeneity 15.6.10 Redundant Data 15.6.11 Event-Driven Challenge 15.6.12 Quality of Service (QoS) 15.6.13 Deployment 15.6.14 Localization 15.6.15 The Consumption of Power 15.7 Conclusion 15.8 Conclusion and Future Scope Acknowledgments References 16 A Novel Heuristic for Maximizing Lifetime of Target Coverage in Wireless Sensor Networks 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Problem Formulation 16.3 Proposed Heuristic 16.4 Mathematical Validation 16.5 Simulation Results and Analysis 16.5.1 Scenario 1 16.5.2 Scenario 2 16.5.3 Scenario 3 16.5.4 Scenario 4 16.5.5 Scenario 5 16.6 Conclusion and Future Work References 17 Network Recovery in Dense and Emergency Areas Using a Temporary Base Station and an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Problems in the Disaster Area 17.2.1 Classification of the Disaster Area 17.2.2 Communication Network Partially Or Fully Damaged 17.3 Related Work 17.3.1 Internet of Things (IoT) 17.3.2 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Assisted Communication 17.3.3 Motivation and Contribution 17.4 Proposed System Model 17.4.1 Dense Area 17.4.2 Area Spectral Efficiency (ASE) for Dense Area 17.4.3 Emergency Area 17.4.4 Area Spectral Efficiency for Emergency Area 17.5 Simulation Results and Discussions 17.6 Conclusion and Future Work Acknowledgment References 18 Wireless Sensor Networks With the Internet of Things 18.1 Introduction 18.2 WSN Methodology 18.3 Architecture of WSN With IoT 18.4 Applications of WSN With IoT 18.4.1 Military Application 18.4.2 Environmental Application 18.4.3 Agricultural Application 18.4.4 Health Application 18.4.5 Infrastructure Monitoring Application 18.4.6 WSNs for Power Engineering Systems 18.5 Advantages of WSN With IoT 18.5.1 Effective in Harsh Environments 18.5.2 Data Collection Process in WSN 18.5.3 Long-Distance Communication 18.5.4 Protecting Hardware and Data Assets 18.6 Challenges of WSN With IoT 18.6.1 Real-Time Monitoring 18.6.2 Security and Safety 18.6.3 Quality of Service 18.6.4 Configuration 18.6.5 Availability 18.6.6 Data Integrity 18.6.7 Scalability 18.6.8 Power Consumption 18.6.9 Communication 18.7 Conclusion and Future Work Acknowledgments References 19 Wireless Sensor Networks for Energy, E-Health, Building Maintenance and Agriculture Areas, and Simulation Results 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Related Works 19.2.1 Various Attacks On Wireless Sensor Networks 19.2.2 Solutions to Overcome Attacks On WSNs 19.3 Materials and Methods 19.3.1 Proposed Model 19.3.1.1 Security Technologies Applied in the Model 19.3.1.2 Wireless Sensor Network in Agriculture Protection Model Proposed 19.3.1.3 Preparation for Model Implementation 19.3.1.4 Protection of the Sensor Node Message in the Process of Transmission 19.3.1.5 Verification of the Content of the Protected Message in the Process of Reception 19.4 Characteristics of the Model 19.5 Proposed Model Simulation Results and Discussions 19.6 Results and Discussions 19.7 Conclusion Acknowledgements References 20 A Survey On Opportunities and Challenges for Next Generation Wireless Sensor Networks 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Growth of Wireless Sensor Networks 20.2.1 Progress 20.2.2 Architectural View 20.2.2.1 Layered Network Architecture 20.2.2.2 Clustered Network Architecture 20.3 Next Generation Networks: IoT 20.3.1 Architecture 20.3.2 Challenges 20.3.2.1 Security 20.3.2.2 Platform 20.3.2.3 Interoperability and Standardization 20.3.2.4 Data Storage and Analytics 20.3.2.5 IoT Sensors and Devices 20.4 Next Generation Networks: Smart Grid 20.4.1 Remote System Monitoring 20.4.1.1 What Is a Smart Grid? 20.4.1.2 What Makes Up a Smart Grid? 20.4.1.3 The Current Smart Grid Market 20.4.1.4 Why Do We Need Smart Grids? 20.4.1.5 Reaping Rewards 20.4.1.6 The Future Is Now 20.5 Green Communication 20.5.1 Energy Monitoring 20.5.2 Algorithmic View 20.5.2.1 MAC Protocols for EH-WSNs 20.5.2.2 Transmission Schemes Classification 20.5.2.3 Routing Protocols for EH-WSNs 20.5.2.4 Schemes Based On Optimization of Battery Operation 20.5.2.5 Link Quality Measurements 20.6 Interference Measurements 20.7 Consummation Acknowledgments References 21 Various Simulation Tools for Wireless Sensor Networks 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Network Structure 21.3 Various Simulation Tools for Wireless Sensor Networks 21.3.1 NS-2/NS-3 21.3.2 OMNET++ 21.3.3 J-Sim 21.3.4 JiST/SWANS 21.3.5 GloMoSim 21.3.6 SHAWN 21.3.7 OPNET Network Simulator 21.3.8 SENSE 21.3.9 VisualSense 21.3.10 TOSSIM 21.3.11 EmStar 21.3.11.1 EmSim/EmCee 21.3.11.2 EmView/EmProxy 21.3.11.3 EmRun 21.3.12 NetSim 21.3.13 ATEMU 21.3.14 PiccSim 21.4 Conclusion and Future Work Acknowledgments References Index