Photocatalysis for Environmental Remediation and Energy Production: Recent Advances and Applications

Description

This book explores the modification of various synthesis processes to enhance the photocatalytic activity in varied applications in the fields of environmental remediation and energy production. It outlines the enhancement of photocatalytic activity via alloys synthesis, thin film coatings, electro-spun nanofibers and 3D printed photocatalysts. The book further states the diverse applications of materials for degrading organic pollutants and airborne pathogens, improving indoor air quality and as a potential antimicrobial agent. The application of photocatalysts in green organic synthesis, biomedical field and in hydrogen evolution are also presented in the book. It covers theoretical studies of photocatalytic material and conversion of CO2 to value added chemical feed stocks. The book is of relevance to researchers in academia and industry alike in the fields of material science, environmental science & technology, photocatalytic applications and in energy generation and conversion. Cover Green Chemistry and Sustainable Technology Series Photocatalysis for Environmental Remediation and Energy Production: Recent Advances and Applications Copyright Preface Contents Contributors Part I. Synthesis of Photocatalyst by Various Methods 1. Modification of Detonation Nanodiamonds with Endofullerenols to Obtain Magnetic Photosensitive Structures for Theranostics 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Experimental 1.2.1 Samples and Methods 1.2.2 Formation of Complexes in Aqueous Solutions: Synchrotron Scattering Data 1.2.3 Analysis of Spatial Correlations Between Scattering Centers in Aqueous Systems of Complexes, Diamonds, and Fullerenols 1.3 Magnetic Relaxation Properties of Complexes and Tests on Biological Cells By Using Complexes 1.4 Summary References 2. Preparation of Alloy and the Application for Photocatalytic Degradation Under Solar/UV and Visible Light Irradiation 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Photocatalysts 2.3 Principle and Mechanism of Photocatalytic Degradation Process 2.4 Preparation and Properties of Alloy-Based Photocatalysts 2.4.1 Mechanical Alloying Method 2.4.2 Solvothermal Method 2.4.3 Co-Reduction Method 2.4.4 Green Synthesis 2.4.5 Other Methods 2.5 Degradation Performance of Alloy-Based Photocatalysts 2.6 Challenges 2.7 Conclusions and Outlooks References 3. Photocatalytically Active Thin-Film Coatings 3.1 Introduction to Thin-Film Technology 3.2 Deposition Methods of Thin Films 3.2.1 Vacuum-Based Methods 3.2.2 Non-Vacuum-Based Methods 3.3 Roles of Nanomaterials in Catalytic Thin-Film Coating 3.4 Factors Affecting the Performance of Catalytic Thin Films 3.4.1 Effect of Thickness 3.4.2 Effect of Substrate 3.5 Growth of Large-Area Catalytic Thin Films 3.6 Super Hydrophobic Coatings 3.6.1 Super Hydrophobic Polymer-Based Coatings 3.6.2 Super Hydrophobic Polymer Nanocomposite-Based Coating 3.7 Conclusion References 4. Photocatalytic Activity of 3D Printed TiO2 Architectures Under Solar Radiation 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Experimental Procedure 4.2.1 Synthesis of the TiO2 Nanostructures 4.2.2 Design and Printing of the 3D Macro-Architectures 4.2.3 Incorporation of the TiO2 Nanostructures in the 3D Printed Architectures 4.2.4 TiO2 Nanostructures and 3D Printed Architectures Characterization 4.2.5 Photocatalytic Activity 4.3 Results and Discussion 4.3.1 TiO2 Nanostructures 4.3.2 3D Printed Macro-Architectures 4.3.3 Photocatalytic Behavior of the 3D Printed Macro-Architectures 4.4 Conclusions References Part II. Photocatalytic Activity Enhancement 5. Photocatalytic Reactors Design and Operating Parameters on the Wastewater Organic Pollutants Removal 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Organic Pollutants in Wastewater 5.2.1 Organic Dyes 5.2.2 Pesticides 5.2.3 Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products 5.2.4 Aromatic Compounds 5.3 Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants 5.3.1 Photocatalytic Degradation Process 5.3.2 Photocatalyst 5.4 Design of the Photocatalytic Reactors for Organic Pollutants 5.4.1 The Mole Balance of the Organic Pollutants 5.4.2 Reaction Rate 5.4.3 Photoreactor Types 5.4.4 Selection of Irradiation Source 5.5 Operating Parameters 5.5.1 pH 5.5.2 Temperature 5.5.3 Pollutant Concentration 5.5.4 Photocatalyst Dosage 5.5.5 Oxidants 5.5.6 Coexisting Inorganic Anions 5.6 Conclusion References 6. Visible Light Mediated Click Chemistry 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Classification Click Reactions 6.3 Visible Light Mediated Reactions 6.4 Conclusion References 7. Effective X-ray Luminescent Hybrid Structures of Nanodiamonds Associated with Metal–organic Scintillators 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Experimental 7.2.1 Samples 7.2.2 Methods 7.3 Results and Discussion 7.3.1 Optical Absorption 7.3.2 X-ray Luminescence 7.3.3 Luminescence Under UV and Visible Radiation 7.3.4 Singlet Oxygen Generation in Aqueous Colloids of Complexes 7.3.5 Structure of DND Containing Complexes 7.3.6 Spatial Correlations of Diamonds in Aqueous Medium 7.4 Summary References Part III. Applications of Photocatalysts 8. Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants and Airborne Pathogen in Air 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Basic Principle of Heterogeneous Photocatalysis 8.3 Photocatalysis—Reaction Kinetics 8.4 Photocatalytic Degradation of Volatile Organic Compounds 8.4.1 Reaction Mechanism and Kinetics for the Photodegradation of VOC 8.4.2 Photocatalytic Reactors for the Treatment of VOCs 8.5 Photocatalytic Disinfection of Different Airborne Pathogens 8.5.1 Reaction Mechanism and Kinetics for Airborne Pathogen Disinfection 8.5.2 Photocatalytic Reactors for the Treatment of Airborne Pathogens 8.6 Reactors Used in Commercial Applications 8.7 Conclusion References 9. Application of Photocatalysts to Improve Indoor Air Quality and Health: A Sustainable Environmental Approach 9.1 Introduction 9.2 What is Photocatalyst 9.3 Photocatalytic Materials Used in Air Pollution Research 9.4 Pollutants in Indoor Air 9.4.1 Biological Pollutant 9.4.2 Chemical Pollutant 9.5 Technology Adopted for Remediation of Indoor Air Pollution 9.5.1 Improved Cookstove 9.5.2 Improved Cooking Fuels 9.5.3 Modifications of Ventilation Pattern 9.5.4 Ozonation 9.5.5 Adsorption 9.5.6 Filtration 9.5.7 Photocatalytic Oxidation and Removal of Organic Compounds 9.6 Photocatalysis with Ozone 9.7 Photocatalysis with ZnO 9.8 Conclusion References 10. Recent Progress in Biomedical Applications of Metal Oxide Photocatalysts 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Properties of Metal Oxide Catalysis 10.3 Synthesis Method of Nanoparticles 10.4 Mechanism for Photocatalysts 10.5 Various Fields of Application 10.6 Biomedical Application of Metal Oxide Photocatalysis 10.7 Limitations of Photocatalysts References 11. Role of Heterogeneous Semiconductor Photocatalysts in Green Organic Synthesis 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Selective Oxidation Reactions 11.2.1 Aldehydes/Ketones Formation via Oxidation Reactions 11.2.2 Strategies to Modify Heterogeneous Photocatalysts 11.2.3 Effect of Metals Loading 11.2.4 Non-metal Cocatalysts Loading Impact 11.2.5 Tuning of Electronic Structure 11.2.6 Effects of Surface Modification 11.3 Selective Conversion of Amines to Imines 11.3.1 Reaction Mechanism 11.3.2 Modifications of Semiconductor-Based Photocatalysts 11.4 Reduction of Nitro Compounds 11.4.1 Reaction Mechanism 11.4.2 Engineering in Heterogeneous Photocatalysts 11.5 Benzene Compounds Hydrocarbylation 11.5.1 Mechanisms for the Synthesis of Phenol 11.5.2 Engineering in Semiconductor Photocatalysts 11.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects References Part IV. Theoretical Studies of Photocatalytic Material 12. Strain Engineering for Tuning the Photocatalytic Activity of Metal–Organic Frameworks 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Strain Engineering for Tuning Photocatalytic Activities 12.2.1 Electrical Conductivity Tuning 12.2.2 Band Gap Tuning 12.2.3 Morphology and Topography Tuning 12.2.4 Linking Tuning 12.2.5 Stability Tuning 12.3 Present Challenges with MOF Tuning 12.4 Future Perspectives 12.5 Conclusions References 13. Theory, Modeling and Computational Aspects Regarding the Mechanisms of Activation of Photocatalysts 13.1 Introduction 13.1.1 Need for Theoretical Models 13.1.2 Theoretical Models Used 13.1.3 Theoretical Models for Metal Oxide Catalysts [14] 13.1.4 Theoretical Model for Carbon-Based Catalysts 13.1.5 Recent Progress in Theory and Modeling on Photocatalysis 13.2 Conclusion References 14. Electrocatalytic Activation and Conversion of CO2 at Solid–Liquid Model Interfaces: Computational Perspectives 14.1 Introduction 14.1.1 Heterogeneous Catalyst for CO2 Reduction 14.1.2 CO2 Activation and Conversion 14.2 Characterization of the Ionic Liquids 14.2.1 Effect of Anions with [BMIm]+ Cation 14.2.2 Effect of Alkyl Chain and Anions ([CnMIm]+[X]−) 14.3 Characterization of the Ionic Liquids@Au(111) Surface 14.3.1 Effect of Hydrophilic Ionic Liquids at the Gold Surface 14.3.2 Effect of Hydrophobic Anions and BMIm+ Cation at the Au(111) Surface 14.3.3 Impact of Alkyl Groups of the (CnMIm+) at the Au(111) Surface 14.4 Electrocatalysis of CO2 Reduction 14.4.1 Interaction of CO2 with Ionic Liquids 14.4.2 Adsorption of CO2 at Hydrophilic ILs-Decorated Gold Surface 14.4.3 CO2 Activation at IL@Gold Electrode 14.4.4 Investigation of CO2 Conversion into HCOOH at the ILs@Gold Surface 14.5 Conclusion References Part V. Advances in Photocatalytic Material for CO2  Reduction and H2 Production 15. Bismuth-Based Photocatalytic Material for Clean Energy Production and CO2 Reduction 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Clean Energy Production 15.2.1 Solar Cell Technology 15.2.2 Hydrogen Gas as a Fuel 15.2.3 Hydrocarbons as Fuel 15.2.4 Biofuel Production 15.3 Strategies for Photocatalytic Fuel Production 15.3.1 Structural and Functional Modification 15.3.2 Recent Progress in Rational Approach for Optimizing Catalyst Loading 15.3.3 Component Regulation 15.3.4 Doping 15.3.5 Facet Engineering 15.3.6 Defects Engineering 15.3.7 Co-catalyst Loading 15.3.8 Heterojunction Construction 15.3.9 Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance 15.4 Summary References 16. Efficient Photoactive Materials for CO2 Conversion into Valuable Products Using Organic and Inorganic-Based Composites 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Thermodynamics and Mechanism of CO2 Reduction 16.3 Types of Photocatalytic Materials 16.3.1 Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4) 16.3.2 Perovskite Materials 16.3.3 TiO2-Based Materials and Composites 16.4 Amine Group Functionalized Metal–Organic Frameworks (NH2-MOFs) 16.5 Conclusion References 17. Conducting Polymer Hybrid Nanocomposites-Based Photocatalytic Material for Energy Applications 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Energy Harnessing 17.2.1 Case Study of Solar Energy 17.3 Energy Transmission 17.3.1 Nanodevices 17.3.2 Conductive Polymers 17.4 Energy Storage 17.4.1 Electrochemical Energy Systems 17.4.2 Supercapacitors 17.4.3 Thermoelectric Generators 17.4.4 Case Study on Polydopamine Fabricated Photocatalytic Nanocomposite 17.4.5 Case Study of Graphene 17.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects References 18. Recent Developments in MOFs Materials for the Photocatalytic H2 Production by Water Splitting 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Metal–Organic Frameworks 18.3 Metal–Organic Frameworks for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production 18.4 Conclusion References 19. Interface Engineering of Nano-Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction and Degradation of Organic Pollutants 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Fundamental Principles/Thermodynamics of Semiconductor Photocatalysts 19.3 Engineering Interfacial Parameters of Semiconductor Nanostructures 19.4 Characterization of Interfaces in Semiconductor Photocatalysts 19.5 Photocatalytic Water Splitting for Hydrogen Generation 19.6 Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants 19.7 Summary and Future Perspectives References