By the People: Debating American Government

Description

Challenge your students to ENGAGE in the conversation and process; THINK about the ideas, history, structure, and function; and DEBATE the merits of American government and politics in the 21st century. In a storytelling approach that weaves contemporary examples together with historical context,By the People: Debating American Government,Brief Second Edition, explores the themes and ideas that drive the great debates in American government and politics. It introduces students to big questions likeWho governs? How does our system of government work? What does government do?andWho are we?By challenging students with these questions, the text gets them to think about, engage with, and debate the merits of U.S. government and politics. Ideal for professors who prefer a shorter text,By the People,Brief Second Edition, condenses the content of the comprehensive edition while also preserving its essential insights, organization, and approach. Approximately 20% shorter and less expensive than its parent text, the full-color Brief Second Edition features a more streamlined narrative and is enhanced by its own unique supplements package. ENGAGE *-By the Numbers- boxescontaining fun facts help frame the quizzical reality of American politics and government *-See For Yourself- featuresenable students to connect with the click of a smart phone to videos and other interactive online content THINK *Chapter Oneintroduces students to seven key American ideas, which are revisited throughout the text *-The Bottom Line- summariesconclude each chapter section, underscoring the most important aspects of the discussion DEBATE *-What Do You Think?- boxesencourage students to use their critical-thinking skills and debate issues in American government *Four major themes, in the form of questions to spark debate,are presented to students in Chapter One and appear throughout the text Cover......Page 1 Electoral College Votes in the 2016 Presidential Election......Page 2 Title Page......Page 3 Copyright......Page 4 Dedication......Page 5 Brief Contents......Page 7 Contents......Page 8 About the Authors......Page 17 Preface......Page 19 1: Ideas That Shape American Politics......Page 36 Who Governs?......Page 38 How Does American Politics Work?......Page 39 Interests.......Page 40 What Does Government Do?......Page 41 Who Are We?......Page 42 A Nation of Ideas......Page 43 Liberty......Page 44 “The Land of the Free”......Page 45 What Do You Think? Negative Versus Positive Liberty......Page 46 The Idea of Freedom Is Always Changing......Page 47 One Side of Self-Rule: Democracy......Page 48 A Mixed System......Page 49 Limited Government......Page 50 The Origins of Limited Government......Page 51 Limits on Government Action......Page 52 What Do You Think? Self-Rule Versus Limited Government......Page 53 Individualism......Page 54 Community Versus Individualism......Page 55 Golden Opportunity.......Page 56 Who We Are: Individualism and Solidarity?......Page 57 What Do You Think? Individualism Versus Solidarity......Page 58 Is the System Tilted Toward the Wealthy?......Page 59 INFO/DATA: In the United States, Fewer Believe There Is “Opportunity to Get Ahead”......Page 60 Does the American Dream Promote the Wrong Values?......Page 61 Three Types of Equality......Page 62 Opportunity or Outcome?......Page 64 So Many Religions......Page 66 The Politics of Religion......Page 67 The Ideas in Political Institutions......Page 69 Conclusion: Culture and Institutions, Together......Page 70 CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 71 STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 72 2: The Constitution......Page 74 The Colonial Roots of the Constitution......Page 76 BY THE NUMBERS The Constitution......Page 77 Why the Colonists Revolted......Page 78 The Conflict Begins with Blood on the Frontier......Page 79 The Stamp Tax and the First Hints of Independence......Page 80 The Townshend Acts Worsen the Conflict......Page 81 Revolution!......Page 82 The Declaration of Independence......Page 83 Grievances......Page 84 Some Success . . .......Page 85 . . . And Some Problems......Page 86 The First Step: Annapolis Convention......Page 87 Secrecy......Page 88 How Much Power to the People?......Page 89 The Virginia Plan.......Page 90 The New Jersey Plan.......Page 91 The President......Page 92 Separation of Powers......Page 93 “A Principle of Which We Were Ashamed”......Page 95 The Three-Fifths Compromise.......Page 96 “The National Calamity.”......Page 97 What Do You Think? Have We Achieved the Constitution’s Goals Today?......Page 99 Article 2: The President......Page 100 Article 4: Relations Between the States......Page 101 The Missing Articles......Page 102 The Federalists......Page 103 A Very Close Vote......Page 105 The Bill of Rights......Page 107 The Constitution Today......Page 108 INFO/DATA: Limits to Free Speech? Most Americans Say “No!”......Page 110 What Do You Think? How Strictly Should We Interpret the Constitution?......Page 111 CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 112 STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 113 3: Federalism and Nationalism......Page 114 Forging Federalism......Page 117 Poisoned Water.......Page 119 The Advantages of National Policy......Page 121 Advantages of State-Level Policy......Page 120 What Do You Think? Preserving Local Values or Continuing a Terrible Injustice?......Page 122 The Constitution Empowers National Authority.......Page 123 The Constitution Authorizes Shared Power.......Page 124 Dual Federalism (1789–1933)......Page 126 Cooperative Federalism (1933–1981)......Page 127 New Federalism......Page 128 Healthcare.......Page 129 Drowned in the Bathtub? Reducing the Federal Government......Page 130 INFO/DATA: Regulatory Policies Differ by State......Page 131 Federalism in the Courts......Page 132 Authority.......Page 135 Independence.......Page 136 Conclusion: Who Are We?......Page 137 CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 138 STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 139 4: Civil Liberties......Page 140 Civil Rights and Civil Liberties......Page 143 The Slow Rise of Rights......Page 144 What Do You Think? Is There a Right to Privacy?......Page 147 Roe v. Wade......Page 148 Sexuality Between Consenting Adults......Page 149 The Establishment Clause......Page 150 Free Exercise of Religion......Page 152 What Do You Think? May the Christian Youth Club Meet in School?......Page 153 A Preferred Position......Page 154 Political Speech......Page 155 Limits to Free Speech: Fighting Words......Page 156 Limited Protections: Student Speech......Page 157 What Do You Think? Free Speech on Campus......Page 158 Prior Restraint......Page 159 Obscenity......Page 160 The Right to Bear Arms......Page 161 INFO/DATA: Guns on Campus......Page 162 The Palladium of All Liberties?......Page 163 The Fourth Amendment: Search and Seizure......Page 164 The Fifth Amendment: Rights at Trials......Page 166 The Sixth Amendment: The Right to Counsel......Page 167 The Eighth Amendment: The Death Penalty......Page 169 Surveillance......Page 171 Conclusion: The Dilemma of Civil Liberties......Page 172 CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 173 STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 174 5: The Struggle for Civil Rights......Page 176 Seven Steps to Political Equality......Page 178 BY THE NUMBERS Civil Rights......Page 179 How the Courts Review Cases......Page 180 Nonsuspect Categories.......Page 181 Economics.......Page 182 Politics.......Page 183 The Second American Founding: A New Birth of Freedom?......Page 184 Freedom Fails......Page 185 The Modern Civil Rights Campaign Begins......Page 187 The Courts......Page 188 The Civil Rights Movement......Page 189 Congress and the Civil Rights Act......Page 190 Affirmative Action in the Workplace......Page 192 Affirmative Action in Education......Page 193 What Do You Think? Higher Education and Affirmative Action......Page 194 Suffrage......Page 195 The Civil Rights Act of 1964......Page 196 The Courts......Page 197 Progress for Women—But How Much?......Page 198 Challenging Discrimination......Page 199 Three Categories.......Page 200 Undocumented Immigrants.......Page 201 Political Mobilization......Page 202 Anti-Asian Discrimination......Page 204 The Lost Way of Life......Page 206 Social Problems and Politics......Page 207 Groups Without Special Protection......Page 208 Sexual Orientation......Page 209 Gender Identity......Page 210 Voting Rights Today......Page 211 INFO/DATA: Political Equality: Voter Turnout Rates by Raceand Ethnicity......Page 212 Income.......Page 213 Conclusion: Civil Rights . . . By the People......Page 214 CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 216 STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 217 6: Public Opinion and Political Participation......Page 218 Sources of Public Opinion......Page 220 Political Socialization......Page 221 Life Events.......Page 222 Self-Interest: Voting Our Pocketbooks......Page 223 Elite Influence......Page 224 Wars and Other Focusing Events......Page 225 Refining the Sample.......Page 226 Talking POLITICS: TYPES OF POLLS......Page 227 Do Opinion Surveys Influence Us?......Page 228 The Rational Public......Page 230 What Do You Think? Can We Trust the Public?......Page 231 Do Leaders Respond to Public Opinion?......Page 232 Traditional Participation......Page 233 Voting.......Page 234 Civic Voluntarism......Page 235 Direct Action......Page 236 What Do You Think? Would You Have Protested?......Page 237 Wealth.......Page 238 Education.......Page 239 Political Mobilization.......Page 240 Talking POLITICS: HOW MOBILIZERS SEE US......Page 241 INFO/DATA: Higher Engagement and Ideology......Page 242 Alienation......Page 243 Institutional Barriers......Page 244 Complacency......Page 245 Shifting Mobilization Patterns......Page 246 Scenario 1: Rebooting Democracy......Page 247 Scenario 2: More Hype and Danger Than Democratic Renaissance......Page 248 Does Social Media Increase Political Participation?......Page 249 How the Millennial Generation Participates......Page 250 Conclusion: Government by the People......Page 251 CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 252 STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 253 7: Media, Technology, and Government......Page 254 BY THE NUMBERS The Media......Page 257 Watching Political Leaders......Page 258 Shaping the Political Agenda......Page 259 Where People Go for News......Page 261 The First Mass Media.......Page 262 Should We Worry?......Page 263 Television: From News to Infotainment......Page 264 Infotainment.......Page 265 The Rise of the New Media......Page 266 Reporters Are Democrats......Page 268 Profits Drive the News Industry......Page 269 Drama Delivers Audiences......Page 270 Investigative “Bias”......Page 271 How Governments Shape the Media......Page 272 Regulating Broadcasters......Page 273 Protecting Competition......Page 274 INFO/DATA: Media Consolidation......Page 275 Covering Wars and Terrorism......Page 276 The Campaign as Drama......Page 277 Candidate Profiles......Page 278 What Do You Think? Does the Media Enhance Democracy?......Page 280 CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 282 STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 283 8: Campaigns and Elections......Page 284 How Democratic Are U.S. Elections?......Page 286 Frequent and Fixed Elections......Page 287 What Do You Think? Too Many Elected Positions?......Page 288 Financing Campaigns: The New Inequality?......Page 289 Democracy for the Rich?......Page 290 Major Donors: Easier to Give.......Page 291 INFO/DATA: Money in Elections: The New Rules......Page 293 Who Runs for President?......Page 294 Winning the Nomination......Page 296 What Do You Think? Why Iowa and New Hampshire?......Page 297 The General Election......Page 299 Demographics.......Page 300 Who Won and Why.......Page 301 Congressional Elections......Page 302 Candidates: Who Runs for Congress?......Page 303 The Power of Incumbency......Page 305 Redrawing the Lines: The Art of Gerrymandering......Page 306 Nonpartisan Districting and Minority Representation......Page 307 Key 1: Money......Page 309 Key 3: Strategy......Page 310 Key 4: Message......Page 311 Conclusion: Reforming American Elections......Page 312 CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 314 STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 315 9: Interest Groups and Political Parties......Page 316 The Many Roles Interest Groups Play......Page 318 BY THE NUMBERS Interest Groups......Page 319 Informing Members......Page 320 Mobilizing the Public......Page 321 What Do Interest Groups Do for Democracy?......Page 322 Citizen or Public Interest Groups.......Page 324 Intergovernmental and Reverse Lobbying.......Page 325 Witnesses.......Page 326 Talking POLITICS: WASHINGTON LOBBYING......Page 327 Rise of the Issue Network......Page 328 Interest Groups and the Courts......Page 329 Sponsoring Litigation.......Page 330 Interest Groups’ Spending......Page 331 INFO/DATA: Interest Group Campaign Spending: Sector Totals, 2015–2016......Page 332 Parties Champion Ideas.......Page 335 Parties Help Integrate New Groups into the Political Process.......Page 336 Two-Party America......Page 337 Third Parties in American Politics......Page 338 Rise: Second Party System (ca.1828–1860).......Page 340 War and Reconstruction: Third Party System (1860–1896).......Page 341 Business and Reform: Fourth Party System (1896–1932).......Page 342 The Sixth Party System: The Parties at Equal Strength (1972–Present).......Page 343 The Party Bureaucracy......Page 344 Party in the Electorate......Page 345 Voting and Participation.......Page 347 The Big Tent......Page 348 Partisanship Intensifies......Page 350 Competition Increases......Page 352 1. Regulating Interest Groups......Page 353 2. Reduce Partisanship in Government......Page 355 CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 356 STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 357 10: Congress......Page 358 BY THE NUMBERS Congress......Page 360 Introducing Congress......Page 361 Two Houses, Different Styles......Page 362 The House and Senate Have Some Unique Roles......Page 364 Do the Right Thing.......Page 365 What Do You Think? Two Views of Representation......Page 366 The Permanent Campaign......Page 367 Home Style: Back in the District......Page 368 The City on the Hill......Page 369 House Leadership......Page 372 Senate Leadership......Page 373 The Enduring Power of Committees......Page 374 Leadership and Assignments......Page 376 Legislative Policymaking......Page 377 Drafting a Bill......Page 378 1. Committees Hold Hearings on Policy Topics.......Page 379 4. Committees Exercise Oversight.......Page 381 Getting to the Floor.......Page 382 On the Floor.......Page 383 Conference Committee......Page 384 Presidential Action: Separated Powers, Revisited......Page 386 Partisan Polarization in Congress......Page 387 INFO/DATA: Historic Partisan Polarization......Page 388 Divided Government......Page 389 What Do You Think? Is a Partisan Congress a Good Thing?......Page 390 CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 391 STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 392 11: The Presidency......Page 394 BY THE NUMBERS The Presidency......Page 397 Defined by Controversy......Page 398 The President’s Powers......Page 399 An Imperial Presidency?......Page 400 A Weak Office?......Page 401 What Presidents Do......Page 402 Commander in Chief......Page 403 Top Diplomat......Page 405 State of the Union.......Page 406 Veto.......Page 407 Signing Statements.......Page 408 Appointments.......Page 409 Economist in Chief......Page 410 INFO/DATA: Executive Orders Issued by Each President, Per Day in Office......Page 411 Party Leader......Page 412 The Bully Pulpit: Introducing Ideas......Page 413 Managing the Public......Page 414 Approval Ratings......Page 415 What Do You Think? Ranking the President......Page 416 Greatness in Context: The Rise and Fall of Political Orders......Page 418 Step 2: The Order Refreshed.......Page 420 The Political Solar System: Presidential Appointments......Page 421 The Vice President......Page 422 The Cabinet......Page 423 The Office of Management and Budget (OMB).......Page 424 Talking POLITICS: SPEAK LIKE A WEST WING INSIDER......Page 426 What Do You Think? Do Presidents Need Such a Large Staff?......Page 427 The First Spouse......Page 428 Conclusion: The Most Powerful Office on Earth?......Page 429 STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 431 12: Bureaucracy......Page 432 BY THE NUMBERS The Bureaucracy......Page 435 Birth of the Bureaucracy......Page 436 Race and Ethnicity.......Page 437 Fixed Routines.......Page 438 Technical Qualifications.......Page 439 Bureaucratic Pathologies......Page 440 The Democratic Dilemma......Page 441 Rule-Making......Page 442 Implementation......Page 444 How the Bureaucracy Is Organized......Page 445 The Rotating Bureaucracy.......Page 446 Other Agencies......Page 448 Independent Regulatory Commissions.......Page 449 INFO/DATA: The Formation of Regulatory Commissions......Page 450 Private Contractors.......Page 451 The People......Page 453 Congress......Page 454 Interest Groups......Page 455 Bureaucratic Autonomy......Page 456 Open Up the System......Page 457 What Do You Think? Should We Privatize More Government Functions?......Page 458 Privatization......Page 459 CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 460 STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 461 13: The Judicial Branch......Page 462 Embracing the Law—and Lawsuits......Page 464 Declining Trust......Page 465 Courts in American Culture......Page 466 State and Local Courts......Page 467 Federal Courts......Page 468 What Do You Think? How Should States Select Their Judges?......Page 469 Specialized Courts......Page 471 Diversity in the Federal Judiciary......Page 472 The Court’s Role......Page 473 Judicial Review......Page 474 Activism Versus Restraint......Page 475 The Judicial Process......Page 476 Or Still the “Least Dangerous” Branch?......Page 477 Hearing Cases......Page 479 Selecting Cases: Formal Requirements......Page 480 Conference Sessions and Written Decisions......Page 481 Confirmation Battles......Page 482 Ideology and Partisanship......Page 486 INFO/DATA: How Americans View the Supreme Court: Liberalor Conservative?......Page 487 Collegiality and Peer Pressure......Page 488 Nineteen Cases You Should Know......Page 489 3. Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)......Page 490 5. Santa Clara Co. v. Southern Pacific Railroad (1886)......Page 491 7. Lochner v. New York (1905)......Page 492 10. National Labor Relations Board v. Jones and Laughlin Steel Corporation (1937)......Page 493 13. Mapp v. Ohio (1961)......Page 494 15. Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971)......Page 495 19. National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (2012)......Page 496 The Nineteen Cases—and the Power of the Court......Page 497 CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 498 STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 499 14: Domestic and Foreign Policy......Page 500 1. Agenda Setting......Page 502 2. Framing......Page 503 Analyzing Policy, Ex Ante.......Page 505 4. Policy Implementation......Page 507 Bottom-Up Delivery.......Page 508 Policy Feedback.......Page 510 U.S. Social Policy......Page 511 Old-Age Insurance: Social Security......Page 512 Health and Disability: Medicare/Medicaid......Page 513 What Do You Think? Should We Reform Social Security and Medicare?......Page 514 INFO/DATA: The Federal Budget in Context......Page 515 Fiscal Policy......Page 517 Monetary Policy......Page 518 Economic Policymaking: The Federal Budget Process......Page 519 American Foreign-Policy Goals......Page 520 Soft Power.......Page 522 American Foreign-Policy Goal No. 2: Prosperity......Page 524 Free Trade.......Page 525 Energy.......Page 526 Foreign-Policy Goal No. 3: Spreading American Ideals......Page 527 Who Makes Foreign Policy?......Page 528 The President......Page 529 The National Security Council......Page 531 Grand Strategies in U.S. History......Page 532 World War I and Isolationism (1918–1939)......Page 533 World War II, the Cold War, and Multilateralism (1942–1989)......Page 534 The War on Terror (2001–Present)......Page 536 What Do You Think? Terrorists and the Rule of Law......Page 538 Conclusion: Policy Matters......Page 539 CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 540 STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 541 APPENDIX I: THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE......Page 543 APPENDIX II: THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA......Page 546 APPENDIX III: THE FEDERALIST PAPERS 1, 10, AND 51......Page 567 APPENDIX IV: PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS,CONGRESSIONAL CONTROL, 1789–2016......Page 577 Glossary......Page 581 Notes......Page 589 Credits......Page 597 Index......Page 601