Advanced Water Technologies: Concepts and Applications

Description

The book explores basic concepts and advanced topics in the field of water technologies. It deals extensively with advances in materials, material selection, preparation, characterization and application. The relevance of water technologies in industries is considered, and a section is dedicated to describing and analyzing the technologies required for water reuse and advanced purification, including desalination. Nuclear desalination, low-carbon desalination and water purification technologies to address the adverse impacts of climate change are examined from both the adaptation and mitigation points of view. Aimed at senior undergraduate/graduate students in chemical, civil and environmental engineering, along with wastewater and desalination researchers, this book: Details advanced water treatments for varied processes. Describes membrane and desalination techniques for water reuse and advanced purification. Elaborates water technologies at both the front and back ends of the process. Discusses modern technologies for effluent treatment and water recycling. Explores the role of information technology in the water sector. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Table of Contents Preface About the Author Chapter 1: Water 1.1 Water—A Miracle Compound 1.2 Water on Earth 1.3 Water Quality 1.3.1 Trophic States 1.3.2 Dissolved Oxygen 1.3.3 Contaminants 1.3.3.1 Biological Contaminants 1.3.3.2 Chemical Contaminants 1.4 Water Security 1.5 Water Resource Management 1.5.1 Water Harvesting 1.5.2 Recharge through Isotope Hydrology 1.5.2.1 Groundwater Recharge Investigations 1.6 Water Contaminants Monitoring through Isotope Techniques 1.7 Measurements of Discharge Rate in Canals and Mountainous Rivers 1.8 Desalination and Water Purification References Chapter 2: Membrane Technologies for Water Purification 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Membranes 2.2.1 Isotropic (Symmetric) Membranes 2.2.1.1 Microporous Membrane 2.2.1.2 Nonporous Membrane 2.2.1.3 Electrically Charged Membranes 2.2.2 Anisotropic (Asymmetric) Membranes 2.3 Membrane Technologies 2.3.1 Microfiltration 2.3.2 Ultrafiltration 2.3.3 Nanofiltration 2.3.4 Reverse Osmosis 2.3.5 Electrodialysis 2.4 Membrane Characteristics and Applications 2.5 Other Membrane Systems and Membranes for Water Purification 2.5.1 Membrane Contactor 2.5.2 Membrane Distillation 2.5.3 Biomimetic Membranes 2.6 Transport Mechanism in Membrane Filtration 2.6.1 Gel Polarization Model 2.6.2 Resistance Model 2.7 Transport Mechanism in Electrodialysis Membrane 2.8 Membrane Structures 2.8.1 Neutral Microporous Membranes 2.8.1.1 Sintered Membranes 2.8.1.2 Stretched Membranes 2.8.1.3 Capillary Pore Membranes by Track Etching 2.8.1.4 Phase Inversion Membranes 2.8.2 Asymmetric Microporous Membranes 2.9 Homogeneous Membranes 2.9.1 Homogeneous Polymer Membranes 2.10 Liquid Membrane 2.11 Ion-Exchange Membranes 2.12 Composite Membranes 2.12.1 Preparation Method for Composite Membranes 2.12.1.1 Sol-Gel Route for Asymmetric Inorganic Membrane 2.13 Membrane Modules 2.13.1 Hollow-Fiber Modules 2.13.2 Plate-and-Frame Module 2.13.3 Tubular Membrane Module 2.13.4 Spiral-Wound Module 2.13.5 Module Selection 2.14 Concentration Polarization and Fouling 2.14.1 Concentration Polarization 2.14.2 Membrane Fouling 2.15 Materials for Different Membrane Processes 2.15.1 Materials for Ultrafiltration Membrane 2.15.2 Materials for Reverse Osmosis Membrane 2.15.3 Materials for Nanofiltration Membrane 2.15.4 Materials for Pervaporation Membranes 2.15.5 Materials for Ion-Exchange Membranes 2.16 Need for Nanocomposite Membrane 2.17 Case Studies 2.17.1 On-line Water Purifier Based on Polysulfone Ultrafiltration Membrane 2.17.2 Membrane-Assisted Sorption-Based Water Purification Installed in Rural Area 2.17.2.1 Modality Followed in Sirohi 2.17.2.2 Modality Followed in Jhunjhunu 2.17.3 Ceramic Membrane-Based Microfiltration References Chapter 3: Nanotechnology for Water Purification 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Nanomaterials and Water Purification 3.3 Nanomaterial for Water Purification 3.3.1 Zeolites 3.3.2 Dendrimers 3.3.3 Metal-Containing Nanoparticles 3.3.3.1 Zerovalent Iron (ZVI) 3.3.3.2 Noble-Metal Nanoparticles 3.3.3.3 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 3.3.4 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 3.3.5 Other Nanomaterials 3.4 Synthesis of Nanomaterials 3.5 Nanotechnology: Health, Safety and Environment 3.6 Domestic Water Purification 3.6.1 Sustainability of Water Purification Technology 3.6.2 Challenges of Integrated Nano-Based Water Purification Systems 3.6.2.1 Availability of Nanomaterials 3.6.2.2 Integration of Nanomaterials into Water Purification Systems 3.6.2.3 Societal Implications References Chapter 4: Nanocomposite Membranes in Water Treatment 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Nanocomposites 4.2.1 Carbon Nanotube Reinforcement 4.2.2 Metal Oxide Reinforcement 4.2.3 Nanoclay Reinforcement 4.2.4 Organic Materials Reinforcement 4.2.5 Dendrimer Reinforcement 4.2.6 Zeolite Reinforcement 4.2.7 Silver Reinforcement 4.2.8 Graphene Oxide Reinforcement 4.2.9 Hybrid Materials Reinforcement 4.3 Thin-Film Nanocomposite (TFN) 4.3.1 Chlorine-Resistant Properties 4.3.2 Thermal Stability 4.3.3 Antifouling Properties 4.3.4 Antibacterial Properties 4.3.5 Permeability and Selectivity 4.3.6 Thin-Film Composite with Nanocomposite Substrate 4.4 Bioinspired Membranes 4.4.1 Carbon Nanotube Membrane 4.4.1.1 Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes 4.4.1.2 Wetting and Filling of CNT Cavity 4.4.1.3 Mass Transport Through CNT Channels 4.4.1.4 Antimicrobial Properties of Carbon Nanotubes 4.4.1.5 Preparation of Carbon Nanotube-Based Membrane 4.4.2 Graphene Membranes 4.4.3 Aquaporin Membranes 4.5 Challenges and Opportunities References Chapter 5: Desalination 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Global Desalination Scenario 5.3 Commercial Desalination Processes 5.3.1 Multi-Stage Flash 5.3.2 Multi-Effect Distillation 5.3.3 Vapor Compression 5.3.4 Reverse Osmosis 5.3.5 Electrodialysis 5.3.6 Comparison 5.4 Nuclear Desalination 5.5 Low-Carbon Desalination 5.6 Recovery of Valuable Materials from Brine Effluent 5.7 Brackish Water Desalination 5.8 Alternate Technologies 5.8.1 Solar and Wind-Powered Desalination 5.8.2 Membrane Distillation 5.8.2.1 Direct Contact Membrane Distillation (DCMD) 5.8.2.2 Air Gap Membrane Distillation 5.8.2.3 Sweeping Gas Membrane Distillation (SGMD) 5.8.2.4 Vacuum Membrane Distillation (VMD) 5.8.3 Capacitive Deionization 5.8.4 Desalination Through Carbon Aerogel 5.8.5 Freezing 5.8.6 Water Harvesting from Air 5.8.7 Submarine Desalination 5.8.8 Thermocline-Driven Desalination 5.8.9 Utilization of Municipal Solid Waste 5.9 Cost Reduction Through Technological Innovations 5.10 Case Studies 5.10.1 Seawater Desalination 5.10.1.1 Nuclear Desalination Using Hybrid Technology 5.10.1.2 Multi-Effect Distillation Desalination in a Petrochemical Complex 5.10.2 Brackish Water Desalination in Rural and Remote Areas References Chapter 6: Water Treatment and Purification 6.1 Drinking Water Purification 6.1.1 Common Contaminants in Water 6.1.1.1 Biological Contaminants 6.1.1.2 Inorganic Contaminants 6.1.2 Monitoring 6.1.3 Conventional Water Purification 6.1.3.1 Sedimentation and Coagulation 6.1.3.2 Chemical Disinfection 6.1.3.3 Biosand Filtration 6.1.3.4 Ceramic Filtration 6.1.3.5 Rice-Husk Concrete Filtration 6.1.3.6 Colloidal Silver-Based Filtration 6.1.3.7 Ion Exchange as Water Softener 6.1.4 Recommendations 6.2 Industrial Water Treatment 6.2.1 Industrial Water Uses 6.2.1.1 Process Water 6.2.1.2 Boiler Feed Water 6.2.1.3 Cooling Water 6.2.1.4 General-Purpose Water 6.2.2 Water Treatment in Industry 6.2.3 Case Studies 6.2.3.1 Chemical Industries 6.2.3.2 Textile Industries 6.2.3.3 Food Industries 6.2.3.4 Electroplating Plants 6.2.3.5 Pulp and Paper Mills 6.2.3.6 Iron and Steel Mills 6.2.3.7 Distilleries 6.3 Water Treatment for River Rejuvenation References Chapter 7: Wastewater Treatment, Recycling and Reuse 7.1 Wastewater Treatment 7.2 Recycling and Reuse 7.2.1 Photocatalytic Method 7.2.2 Biotechnology 7.2.3 Membrane Processes for Water Recycling and Reuse 7.3 Industrial WASTEWATER 7.4 Case Studies 7.4.1 WasteWater in the Tannery Industry 7.4.1.1 Recycling and Reuse in the Tannery Industry 7.4.1.2 Recovery of Valuable Materials in the Tannery Industry 7.4.2 Recycling and Reuse in the Textile Industry 7.5 Benefits of Water Reuse and Recovery of Valuable Materials References Chapter 8: Guidelines for Setting up Advanced Water Technology Plant 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Technology Selection 8.3 Site Selection and Field Studies 8.4 Utilities and Auxiliary Services 8.5 Project Description 8.5.1 Process Description 8.5.2 Waste Generation 8.5.2.1 Brine 8.5.2.2 Sewage 8.5.2.3 Solid Waste 8.6 Safety Considerations 8.7 Project Completion Period 8.8 Contract and Delivery Models 8.9 Financial Analysis 8.10 Environmental Impact Assessment 8.10.1 Scope of the EIA Study Chapter 9: Challenges and Opportunities 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Challenges 9.2.1 Environmental Challenges 9.2.1.1 Environmental Considerations for Seawater Desalination Plants 9.2.1.2 Environmental Considerations for Brackish Water Desalination Plants 9.2.1.3 Environmental Considerations for Water Purification Plants 9.3 Rural Applications of the Technology 9.4 Environmental Protection and Pollution Prevention 9.5 Opportunities 9.6 Industry–Academia Interaction 9.7 Business Models 9.8 Challenges and Opportunities References Chapter 10: Artificial Intelligence and the Internet of Things in Water Management 10.1 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in the Integrated Water Sector 10.2 AIoT-Enabled Water Treatment 10.3 AIoT-Driven Water Management 10.4 Sensor Development for AIoT in the Water Sector 10.5 Major Focus Areas References Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y Z