Practical 3D Echocardiography

Description

This extensive clinically focused book is a detailed practical 3D echocardiography imaging reference that addresses the concerns and needs of both the novice and experienced 3D echocardiographer. Chapters have been written in a highly instructive and practical disease- and problem-oriented approach supported by illustrative high-quality images (and corresponding 3D echo video clips where applicable) that demonstrate the incremental value of 3D echocardiography over 2D echocardiography in practice. Practical 3D Echocardiography is an intuitive guide to 3D imaging – what to look for, how to look for it, the best and special views, caveats and pitfalls when applicable, and clinical pearls and pointers – that can be used in daily practice. It is therefore of immense value to any practicing or trainee echocardiographer, cardiologist and internist. Preface Contents Editors and Contributors Editors Contributors Part I: Basic, Practical Principles of 3D Echocardiography 1: Imaging Principles and Acquisition Modes Two Dimensional Echocardiography Three Dimensional Echocardiography (3DE) The Matrix Revolution The Sparse Array Matrix Transducer Current Matrix Array Transducers The New Generation of Piezoelectric Crystals Miniaturization of Piezoelectric Crystals and Electronic Circuitries The “Full” Sampled Matrix Array Transducer [1] Powerful Parallel Beam Forming Simultaneous Multiplane and 3D Imaging Acquisition Modes Reference 2: Image Optimization Tools and Image Display 3D Image Optimization [1, 2] 3D Image Display 3DE Multiplanar Reconstruction References 3: 3DE Color Doppler Acquisition and Optimization and 3DE Artifacts, Caveats, and Pitfalls 3D Artifacts, Caveats, and Pitfalls References 4: 3DE Knobology: A Practical Guide to Use of the Available Vendor Platforms Introduction Philips 3D Platforms IE33 IE33 Dashboards (Figs. 4.3 and 4.4) Philips Epic Platforms Glossary of Terms: Philips 3D Platforms 3D Acquisition Modes Image Optimization Tools Cropping Tools GE Healthcare E90/95 3D Acquisition Modes Image Optimization Cropping Siemens Healthineers Z6Ms 4D Controls (Figs. 4.14, 4.15, and 4.16) Part II: Native and Prosthetic Heart Valves 5: 3DE of Normal Mitral Valve: Image Display and Anatomic Correlations Introduction Mitral Valve Annulus The Posterior MA The Anterior MA The Saddle Shaped Arrangement of MA Dynamics of MA Mitral Leaflets Chordae Tendineae and Papillary Muscles References 6: 3DE Spectrum of Mitral Valve Prolapse Introduction Carpentier’s Functional Classification Mitral Valve Prolapse Echocardiographic Assessment Rest Two-Dimensional Transthoracic and Transesophageal Echocardiography Three-Dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiography Angled Views Acquisition of the 3D Data Set Quantitative Data Advantages of 3D TEE “Malignant” MVP References 7: Rheumatic Mitral Valve Diseases and Mitral Annular Calcification: Role of 3DE Introduction Rheumatic MS Mitral Valve Disease Secondary to Mitral Annular Calcification References 8: Role of 3DE in Assessment of Functional Mitral Regurgitation References 9: Incremental Value of 3DE over 2DE in Assessment of Mitral Clefts and Other Congenital Mitral Valve Diseases References 10: 3D Color Flow Doppler Assessment of Mitral Regurgitation: Advantages over 2D Color Doppler Introduction Measurement of 3D VCA Step-by-Step Instructions for 3D-Guided Measurement of VCA The Utility of 3D TEE with Color Doppler and VCA in Specific Clinical Scenarios Correlation of Leaflet Pathology with Regurgitant Jet Origin Cumulative 3D VCA in Patients with Multiple MR Jets 3D VCA in Patients with Eccentric MR Jets 3D VCA in Patients with an Elliptical MR Orifice Conclusions and Future Directions References 11: 3DE Anatomy of Normal Aortic Valve and Root. Image Display and Anatomic Correlations Introduction Terminology Aortic Root and Surrounding Structures Function of the Aortic Root Components of the Aortic Root The Ventricular-Arterial Junction The Crown-Shaped Annulus The Interleaflets Triangle The Sinuses of Valsalva Leaflets The Sino-tubular Junction References 12: 3DE of the Spectrum of Native Aortic Valve and Subvalvular Diseases and Pathological Correlations Introduction 3D Echocardiography of the AV: General Considerations Spectrum of AV Diseases Acquired and Congenital AV Stenosis Subaortic Stenosis Supra Valvular Stenosis Acquired and Congenital Aortic Regurgitation AV Endocarditis Tumors and Masses Involving the AV (See Also Chap. 26) 3D TEE for Assessment of the Aortic Root Pre-TAVR References 13: Correlation of 3DE with CT and MRI in the Diagnosis and Assessment of Valvular Heart Disease and New Trends References 14: 3DE Appearance of the Different Types of Normal Mechanical and Biological Valves Introduction Mechanical Heart Valves Bileaflet Valves Tilting-Disc Valves Ball-Cage Valves Bioprosthetic Valves Stented Bioprostheses Stentless Bioprostheses Sutureless Bioprostheses Transcatheter Valves References 15: 3DE Assessment of the Pathological Spectrum of Mitral Prosthesis and Sewing Ring Dysfunction: Incremental Value over 2DE Introduction Prosthetic Valve Dehiscence Anatomic Defect Localization Prosthetic Valve Dysfunction and Thrombosis References 16: 3DE Assessment of Pathological Spectrum of Aortic Prosthesis Dysfunction: Incremental Value over 2DE Aortic Periprosthetic Regurgitation Other Causes of Aortic Prosthetic Valve Dysfunction References 17: Native and Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis: Incremental Value of 3DE over 2DE References 18: CT and MRI Correlations with 3DE in Assessment of Prosthetic Valves Including New Trends References Part III: Atria and Atrial Septum 19: Normal 3DE Anatomy of Atrial Septum: Image Display and Anatomical Specimen Correlations Interatrial Septum Atrial Septation The Adult IAS Drop Out Artifacts Misnomers The Septal Pouch Ridges The Atrio-Ventricular Junction References 20: Atrial Septal Defects: 2DE vs 3DE and Anatomic Specimen Specific ASD Secundum ASD Sinus Venous Atrial Septal Defect Coronary Sinus ASD Primum ASD Complete AVSD References 21: CT and MRI Correlations of Atria and Atrial Septum References Part IV: Ventricles and Ventricular Septum 22: How to Acquire and Calculate 3D LV and RV Volumes and Ejection Fraction (Three Vendors) Introduction Left Ventricle Image Acquisition Bi- or Triplane Mode Live 3D or Single-Beat 3D Full-Volume Mode Multi-Beat ECG-Gated 3D Large(GE) or Full-Volume(Philips) Mode Data Analysis Visualization of Segmental LV Wall Motion LV Volume, Ejection Fraction (EF), and Dyssynchrony LV Mass LV Strain Normal References Right Ventricle Triplane Imaging and Analysis RV 3D Imaging RV 3D Analysis References 23: Is 3D Better than 2D During Stress Echo? Introduction 3D SE Image Acquisition Modes of 3D SE Multi-Plane, or Multi-Slice Imaging Real-Time 3D Full Volume (Multi-Beats, or Single Beat) Integrated 2D/3D Mode 3D SE Data Analysis: LV Wall Motion Abnormality Beyond LV Wall Motion Limitations Future Direction References 24: Congenital and Acquired Ventricular Septal Defects Introduction Interventricular Septum Development Anatomy of IVS The Membranous Septum Muscular Septum Isolated Congenital VSDs Ventricular Septal Rupture References 25: CT and MRI of Ventricles and Ventricular Septum References Part V: Cardiac Masses 26: Role of 3DE in Assessment of Cardiac Masses: Incremental Value over 2DE Introduction Thrombi Tumors Myxomas Papillary Fibroelastomas Lipomas Fibromas Vegetations Infective Endocarditis (see also Chap. 17) Nonbacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis (NBTE) References Part VI: Role of 3DE in Catheter-Based Structural Heart Disease Interventions 27: Atrial Interventions Closure of PFO Introduction PFO and Cryptogenic Stroke Mechanism of Cryptogenic Stroke in Patients with PFO Demonstration of Left to Right Shunt PFO and Migraine PFO and Scuba Diving The Left Atrial Pouch Percutaneous Guidance of PFO Closure Closure of ASD Introduction Percutaneous Closure Diagnosis of Secundum ASD ASD Size and Rims Devices and TEE Procedural Guiding Complications Closure of LAA Introduction Physiology of LAA Anatomy of Left Atrial Appendage Preprocedural Assessment Detailed Characterization of LAA Anatomy Types of LAA Occlusion Devices and Procedural Imaging Procedural and Post-Procedural Complications References 28: Ventricular Interventions Ventricular Septal Defects Intracardiac Fistulas and Pseudoaneurysms 3D Echocardiography Guided Right Ventricular Biopsy References 29: Edge-to-Edge Mitral Valve Repair Introduction Pre Procedural Planning [1, 2] Intraprocedural Guidance Referrences 30: Periprosthetic Leak Repair Introduction Role of 3D TEE in Guiding Closure of Mitral PPL References 31: Valve-in-Valve/Ring Implantation Valve-in-Valve for Failed Bioprostheses or Valve Repair Valve-in-MAC References Part VII: Role of 3DE in Catheter-Based Electrophysiologic Procedures 32: The Role of Imaging Techniques in Electrophysiologic Procedures Introduction CVTI Radiofrequency Ablation Anatomy Imaging Techniques The Use of 3D TEE Before and During CVTI Ablation Pulmonary Veins Isolation Introduction Anatomy Imaging Techniques 3D TEE During PVs Ablation Conclusions References 33: The Role of CT and MRI in Electrophysiologic Procedures References Part VIII: New Trends for 3DE in Catheter-Based Interventions 34: Novel Percutaneous Techniques for Mitral and Tricuspid Valve Repair Mitral Regurgitation Tricuspid Regurgitation Edge-to-Edge TV Repair References 35: Echo-Navigation Introduction Transseptal Puncture Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion Transcatheter Edge-to-Edge Mitral Valve Repair Percutaneous Paravalvular Regurgitation Closure Conclusions and Limitations References 36: Evolving Role of 3D Printing in Guiding Interventional Procedures References