Maximum Power Point Tracking: Background, Implementation and Classification

Description

Maximum Power Point Tracking: Background, Implementation and Classification presents state-of-art of existing conventional maximum power point techniques, along with shading mitigation techniques, and compares them on various parameters. Photovoltaic systems include storage batteries when there is surplus power to provide electricity on demand. A suitable charge controller is needed for interfacing the solar photovoltaic module(s) with the battery bank. As such, attention has been made to attribute more features to the controller which will enhance the efficiency and controllability, and to monitor the health of the battery being charged. The authors review the considerations for maximum power point tracking in large utility scale photovoltaic systems and small-scale residential photovoltaic systems. A set of characteristics is proposed and criteria is defined to evaluate the suitability of a technique. In the penultimate study, power storage systems in ~100 W level are developed, which consist of direct current-alternating current converters, spherical Si solar cells, a maximum power point tracking controller, and lithium-ion batteries. Two types of inverters were used: SiC metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) and conventional Si MOSFETs. In closing, the authors propose a simplified control stratagem to offer optimal power output power from a variable speed grid connected wind energy conversion system. Contents Preface Chapter 1 Maximum Power Point Tracking in Solar PV Systems: A State of the Art Abstract 1. Background 1.1. SPV Power Generation 1.2. Solar Cell/Module/Array 1.3. Classification of Materials Used in Manufacturing 1.3.1. Si Wafer Based Solar Cell Technologies 1.3.2. Thin Film Technologies 1.4. Balance of SPV Systems 1.4.1. Battery 1.4.2. Charge Controller 1.4.3. DC-DC Converter 1.4.4. Maximum Power Point Tracker 1.4.5. DC-AC Converters or Inverters 1.5. Applications of SPV Systems 1.5.1. Standalone PV System 1.5.1.1. Uncontrolled Standalone System with DC Load 1.5.1.2. Controlled Standalone System with DC Load 1.5.1.3. Controlled Standalone System with Battery and DC Load 1.5.1.4. Controlled Standalone System with Battery, AC/DC Load 1.5.1.5. Controlled Hybrid System with AC/DC Load 1.5.2. Grid connected PV System 1.5.3. Hybrid System 2. Implementation and Classification of MPPT Techniques 2.1. Maximum Power Point Tracking 2.2. Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques 2.3. Comparison of MPPT Methods 2.3.1. Category 2.3.1.1. Indirect Control Methods 2.3.1.2. Direct Control Methods 2.3.1.3. Soft Computing Technique Based Methods 2.3.2. Dependency of PV Array (DPVA) 2.3.3. Implementation Methodology 2.3.4. Sensor Required 2.3.5. Stages of Energy Conversion 2.3.6. Partial Shading Enabled (PSE) 2.3.7. Grid Interaction (GI) 2.3.8. Analog or Digital 2.3.9. Tracking Efficiency (TE) 2.3.10. Tracking Speed 2.3.11. Cost 2.3.12. Size of the PV Array 2.3.13. Product Available in Market 2.4. Comparative Analysis of the MPPT Methods Conclusion References Biographical Sketches Chapter 2 MPPT Charge Controller for Battery Connected Photovoltaic Power Conditioning Unit Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Review of MPPT Charge Controllers 2.1. Multi-Stage Charging 2.2. MPPT Techniques 3. Description of the Developed MPPT Based Charge Controller 3.1. Improved DC-DC Converter 3.2. Improvement in Maximum Power Point Tracking Technique 3.3. Improvement in Multi-Stage Charging 4. Evaluation of the Developed Charge Controller 4.1. Static MPPT Performance Test 4.2. Dynamic MPPT Performance Test 4.3. Converter Efficiency Test 5. Performance Comparison 6. Cost Estimation of the Developed Charge Controller Conclusion References Chapter 3 Comparison between SiC- and Si-Based Inverters Equipped with Maximum Power Point Tracking Charge Controller for Photovoltaic Power Generation Systems Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Experimental Setup 3. Maximum Power Point Tracking 4. Stability of Electricity 5. Conversion Efficiencies 6. Loss Analysis 7. Estimation of Power Loss Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 4 Maximum Power Point Tracking: A Review of the Considerations for Large Scale and Small Scale Photovoltaic Installations Abstract Introduction Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques Conventional MPPT Techniques Advanced MPPT Techniques Topology-Based MPPT Techniques Method Discussion To What Extent Can Cloud Transients Affect Both Small Scale and Large-Scale Systems? In Utility Scale Systems Where Power Often Needs to Be Curtailed to Meet Grid Requirements Are Advanced Techniques Really Needed? Does Shading from Clouds and Shading from Solid Objects in an Environment Produce Significantly Different MPPT Needs? Is the Development of MPPT Scalable? Are the Well Established MPPT Methods Suitable for Both Applications or Is a Different Approach Needed When Considering Residential Scale Compared with Utility Scale Systems? Conclusion References Chapter 5 Image Based Maximum Power Point Tracking in Wind Energy Conversion Systems Abstract Introduction Importance of Wind Energy Based on Survey Research Highlights Methods Results and Discussion Results and Discussion for Weibull Probability Analysis Results and Discussion for Image Processing and FLC Based Identification Comparative Analysis of the Conventional and Proposed Scheme Conclusion References Index Blank Page