Principles of Environmental Engineering and Science

Description

Davis, Mackenzie Leo, 1941- author. | Masten, Susan J., author. Principles of environmental engineering & science / Mackenzie L. Davis, Michigan State University, Susan J. Masten, Michigan State University. Principles of environmental engineering and science Fourth edition. | New York, NY : McGraw-Hill Education, [2020] | Includes bibliographical references and index. LCCN 2018048530 | ISBN 9781259893544 (bound edition) LCSH: Environmental engineering. | Environmental sciences. LCC TD145 .D2623 2020 | DDC 628—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018048530 Cover Title Copyright Contents Preface Acknowledgments About the Authors 1 Introduction 1–1 WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE? Natural Science Environmental Science Quantitative Environmental Science 1–2 WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING? Professional Development Professions 1–3 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE Overview Hydrology Water Treatment Wastewater Treatment Air Pollution Control Solid and Hazardous Waste 1–4 HOW ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERSAND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENTISTS WORK TOGETHER 1–5 INTRODUCTION TO PRINCIPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Where Do We Start? A Short Outline of This Book 1–6 ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS OVERVIEW Systems Water Resource Management System Air Resource Management System Solid Waste Management System Multimedia Systems Sustainability 1–7 ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION AND REGULATION Acts, Laws, and Regulations 1–8 ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS Case 1: To Add or Not to Add Case 2: You Can't Do Everything At Once Chapter Review Problems Discussion Questions FE Exam Formatted Problems References 2 Chemistry Case Study: Leaded Gasoline: Corporate Greed Versus Chemistry 2–1 INTRODUCTION 2–2 BASIC CHEMICAL CONCEPTS Atoms, Elements, and the Periodic Table Chemical Bonds and Intermolecular Forces The Mole, Molar Units, and Activity Units Chemical Reactions and Stoichiometry Chemical Equilibrium Reaction Kinetics 2–3 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes Aryl (Aromatic) Compounds Functional Groups and Classes of Compounds 2–4 WATER CHEMISTRY Physical Properties of Water States of Solution Impurities Concentration Units in Aqueous Solutions or Suspensions Buffers 2–5 SOIL CHEMISTRY 2–6 ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY Fundamentals of Gases Chapter Review Problems Discussion Questions FE Exam Formatted Problems References 3 Biology Case Study: Lake Erie is Dead 3–1 INTRODUCTION 3–2 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF LIFE Carbohydrates Nucleic Acids Proteins Lipids 3–3 THE CELL Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Cell Membrane Cell Organelles of Eukaryotes Cell Organelles of Plant Cells Cell Organelles of Prokaryotes 3–4 ENERGY AND METABOLISM Cells, Matter, and Energy 3–5 CELLULAR REPRODUCTION The Cell Cycle Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction 3–6 DIVERSITY OF LIVING THINGS 3–7 BACTERIA AND ARCHAEA Archaea Bacteria 3–8 PROTISTS Protozoa Algae Slime Molds and Water Molds 3–9 FUNGI Chytridiomycota Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota Deuteromycota 3–10 VIRUSES 3–11 MICROBIAL DISEASE 3–12 MICROBIAL TRANSFORMATIONS Chapter Review Problems Discussion Questions FE Exam Formatted Problems References 4 Materials and Energy Balances 4–1 INTRODUCTION 4–2 UNIFYING THEORIES Conservation of Matter Conservation of Energy Conservation of Matter and Energy 4–3 MATERIALS BALANCES Fundamentals Time as a Factor More Complex Systems Efficiency The State of Mixing Including Reactions and Loss Processes Reactors Reactor Analysis 4–4 ENERGY BALANCES First Law of Thermodynamics Fundamentals Second Law of Thermodynamics Chapter Review Problems Discussion Questions FE Exam Formatted Problems References 5 Ecosystems Case Study: Ecosystems 5–1 INTRODUCTION Ecosystems 5–2 HUMAN INFLUENCES ON ECOSYSTEMS 5–3 ENERGY AND MASS FLOW Bioaccumulation 5–4 NUTRIENT CYCLES Carbon Cycle Nitrogen Cycle Phosphorus Cycle Sulfur Cycle 5–5 POPULATION DYNAMICS Bacterial Population Growth Animal Population Dynamics Human Population Dynamics 5–6 LAKES: AN EXAMPLE OF MASS AND ENERGY CYCLING IN AN ECOSYSTEM Stratification and Turnover in Deep Lakes Biological Zones Lake Productivity Eutrophication 5–7 ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS TO PROTECT ECOSYSTEMS Chapter Review Problems Discussion Questions FE Exam Formatted Problems References 6 Risk Perception, Assessment, and Management Case Study: Imposed Risk Versus Assumed Risk 6–1 INTRODUCTION 6–2 RISK PERCEPTION 6–3 RISK ASSESSMENT Data Collection and Evaluation Toxicity Assessment Exposure Assessment Risk Characterization 6–4 RISK MANAGEMENT Chapter Review Problems Discussion Questions FE Exam Formatted Problems References 7 Hydrology Case Study: Potential Failure of the Oroville Dam 7–1 FUNDAMENTALS OF HYDROLOGY The Hydrological Cycle 7–2 MEASUREMENT OF PRECIPITATION, EVAPORATION, INFILTRATION, AND STREAMFLOW Precipitation Evaporation Infiltration Streamflow 7–3 GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY Aquifers 7–4 GROUNDWATER FLOW 7–5 WELL HYDRAULICS Definition of Terms Cone of Depression 7–6 SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER AS A WATER SUPPLY 7–7 DEPLETION OF GROUNDWATER AND SURFACE WATER Water Rights Water Use Land Subsidence 7–8 STORMWATER MANAGEMENT Low Impact Development Wet Weather Green Infrastructure Chapter Review Problems Discussion Questions FE Exam Formatted Problems References 8 Sustainability Case Study: A New Precious Metal—Copper! 8–1 INTRODUCTION Sustainability The People Problem There Are No Living Dinosaurs Go Green 8–2 WATER RESOURCES Water, Water, Everywhere Frequency from Probability Analysis Floods Droughts 8–3 ENERGY RESOURCES Fossil Fuel Reserves Nuclear Energy Resources Environmental Impacts Sustainable Energy Sources Green Engineering and Energy Conservation 8–4 MINERAL RESOURCES Reserves Environmental Impacts Resource Conservation 8–5 SOIL RESOURCES Energy Storage Plant Production 8–6 PARAMETERS OF SOIL SUSTAINABILITY Nutrient Cycling Soil Acidity Soil Salinity Texture and Structure 8–7 SOIL CONSERVATION Soil Management Soil Erosion Chapter Review Problems Discussion Questions FE Exam Formatted Problems References 9 Water Quality Management Case Study: Deepwater Horizon: The Largest Oil Spill Disaster in U.S. History 9–1 INTRODUCTION 9–2 WATER POLLUTANTS AND THEIR SOURCES Point Sources Nonpoint Sources Oxygen-Demanding Material Nutrients Pathogenic Organisms Suspended Solids Salts Pesticides Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals Other Organic Chemicals Arsenic Toxic Metals Heat Nanoparticles 9–3 WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN RIVERS Effect of Oxygen-Demanding Wastes on Rivers Biochemical Oxygen Demand Laboratory Measurement of Biochemical Oxygen Demand Additional Notes on Biochemical Oxygen Demand Nitrogen Oxidation DO Sag Curve Effect of Nutrients on Water Quality in Rivers 9–4 WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN LAKES Control of Phosphorus in Lakes Acidification of Lakes 9–5 WATER QUALITY IN ESTUARIES 9–6 WATER QUALITY IN OCEANS 9–7 GROUNDWATER QUALITY Contaminant Migration in Groundwaters 9–8 SOURCE WATER PROTECTION Chapter Review Problems Discussion Questions FE Exam Formatted Problems References 10 Water Treatment Case Study: The Flint Water Crisis 10–1 INTRODUCTION Water Quality Physical Characteristics Chemical Characteristics Microbiological Characteristics Radiological Characteristics U.S. Water Quality Standards Water Classification and Treatment Systems 10–2 RAPID MIXING, FLOCCULATION, AND COAGULATION Colloid Stability and Destabilization The Physics of Coagulation Coagulants Mixing and Flocculation 10–3 SOFTENING Hardness Lime–Soda Softening Ion-Exchange Softening 10–4 SEDIMENTATION Overview Determination of Settling Velocity (vs) Determination of Overflow Rate (vo) 10–5 FILTRATION 10–6 DISINFECTION Disinfection Kinetics Disinfectants and Disinfection By-Products Chlorine Reactions in Water Chloramines Chlorine Dioxide Ozonation Ultraviolet Radiation 10–7 OTHER TREATMENT PROCESSES FOR DRINKING WATER Membrane Processes Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) Carbon Adsorption Aeration 10–8 WATER PLANT RESIDUALS MANAGEMENT Mass-Balance Analysis Sludge Treatment Ultimate Disposal Chapter Review Problems Discussion Questions FE Exam Formatted Problems References 11 Wastewater Treatment Case Study: Tenafly Sewage Treatment Plant: A Plant Decades Ahead of Its Time 11–1 INTRODUCTION Wastewater Treatment Perspective 11–2 CHARACTERISTICS OF DOMESTIC WASTEWATER Physical Characteristics Chemical Characteristics Characteristics of Industrial Wastewater 11–3 WASTEWATER TREATMENT STANDARDS Pretreatment of Industrial Wastes 11–4 ON-SITE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS 11–5 MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS 11–6 UNIT OPERATIONS OF PRETREATMENT Bar Racks Grit Chambers Macerators Equalization 11–7 PRIMARY TREATMENT 11–8 UNIT PROCESSES OF SECONDARY TREATMENT Overview Role of Microorganisms Population Dynamics Activated Sludge Trickling Filters Oxidation Ponds Rotating Biological Contactors Integrated Fixed-Film Activated Sludge (IFAS) Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor 11–9 DISINFECTION 11–10 TERTIARY WASTEWATER TREATMENT Filtration Carbon Adsorption Chemical Phosphorus Removal Biological Phosphorus Removal Nitrogen Control 11–11 LAND TREATMENT FOR SUSTAINABILITY Slow Rate Overland Flow Rapid Infiltration Potential Adverse Affects 11–12 SLUDGE TREATMENT Sources and Characteristics of Various Sludges Solids Computations Sludge Treatment Processes 11–13 SLUDGE DISPOSAL Ultimate Disposal Land Spreading Landfilling Dedicated Land Disposal Utilization Sludge Disposal Regulations 11–14 DIRECT POTABLE REUSE Description Public Perception Health Issues Technological Capability Chapter Review Problems Discussion Questions FE Exam Formatted Problems References 12 Air Pollution Case Study: Killer Smog Blankets Town 12–1 INTRODUCTION Air Pollution Perspective 12–2 FUNDAMENTALS Pressure Relationships and Units of Measure Relativity Adiabatic Expansion and Compression 12–3 AIR POLLUTION STANDARDS 12–4 EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS Effects on Materials Effects on Vegetation Effects on Health 12–5 ORIGIN AND FATE OF AIR POLLUTANTS Carbon Monoxide Hazardous Air Pollutants Lead Nitrogen Dioxide Photochemical Oxidants Sulfur Oxides Particulates 12–6 MICRO AND MACRO AIR POLLUTION Indoor Air Pollution Acid Rain Ozone Depletion Global Warming 12–7 AIR POLLUTION METEOROLOGY The Atmospheric Engine Turbulence Stability Terrain Effects 12–8 ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSION Factors Affecting Dispersion of Air Pollutants Dispersion Modeling 12–9 INDOOR AIR QUALITY MODEL 12–10 AIR POLLUTION CONTROL OF STATIONARY SOURCES Gaseous Pollutants Flue Gas Desulfurization Control Technologies for Nitrogen Oxides Particulate Pollutants Control Technologies for Mercury 12–11 AIR POLLUTION CONTROL OF MOBILE SOURCES Engine Fundamentals Control of Automobile Emissions 12–12 WASTE MINIMIZATION FOR SUSTAINABILITY Chapter Review Problems Discussion Questions FE Exam Formatted Problems References 13 Solid Waste Engineering Case Study: Too Much Waste, Too Little Space 13–1 INTRODUCTION Magnitude of the Problem 13–2 CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLID WASTE 13–3 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 13–4 SOLID WASTE COLLECTION 13–5 WASTE AS RESOURCE Background and Perspective Green Chemistry and Green Engineering Recycling Composting Source Reduction 13–6 SOLID WASTE REDUCTION Combustion Processes Types of Incinerators Public Health and Environmental Issues Other Thermal Treatment Processes 13–7 DISPOSAL BY SANITARY LANDFILL Site Selection Operation Environmental Considerations Leachate Methane and Other Gas Production Landfill Design Landfill Closure Chapter Review Problems Discussion Questions FE Exam Formatted Problems References 14 Hazardous Waste Management Case Study: Don't Cry over Spilled Milk but Do Cry over Contaminated Milk 14–1 INTRODUCTION Dioxins and PCBs 14–2 EPA'S HAZARDOUS WASTE DESIGNATION SYSTEM 14–3 RCRA AND HSWA Congressional Actions on Hazardous Waste Cradle-to-Grave Concept Generator Requirements Transporter Regulations Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Requirements Underground Storage Tanks 14–4 CERCLA AND SARA The Superfund Law The National Priority List The Hazard Ranking System The National Contingency Plan Liability Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act 14–5 HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Waste Minimization Waste Exchange Recycling 14–6 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES Biological Treatment Chemical Treatment Physical/Chemical Treatment Incineration Stabilization–Solidification 14–7 LAND DISPOSAL Deep Well Injection Land Treatment The Secure Landfill 14–8 GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION AND REMEDIATION The Process of Contamination EPA's Groundwater Remediation Procedure Mitigation and Treatment Chapter Review Problems Discussion Questions FE Exam Formatted Problems References 15 Noise Pollution Case Study: The Noise, The Noise, The Noise! 15–1 INTRODUCTION Properties of Sound Waves Sound Power and Intensity Levels and the Decibel Characterization of Noise 15–2 EFFECTS OF NOISE ON PEOPLE The Hearing Mechanism Normal Hearing Hearing Impairment Damage-Risk Criteria Speech Interference Annoyance Sleep Interference Effects on Performance Acoustic Privacy 15–3 RATING SYSTEMS Goals of a Noise-Rating System The LN Concept The Leq Concept The Ldn Concept 15–4 COMMUNITY NOISE SOURCES AND CRITERIA Transportation Noise Other Internal Combustion Engines Construction Noise Zoning and Siting Considerations Levels to Protect Health and Welfare 15–5 TRANSMISSION OF SOUND OUTDOORS Inverse Square Law Radiation Fields of a Sound Source Directivity Airborne Transmission 15–6 TRAFFIC NOISE PREDICTION Leq Prediction Ldn Prediction 15–7 NOISE CONTROL Source-Path-Receiver Concept Control of Noise Source by Design Noise Control in the Transmission Path Control of Noise Source by Redress Protect the Receiver Chapter Review Problems Discussion Questions FE Exam Formatted Problems References 16 Ionizing Radiation Case Study: Chernobyl: A Land Lost Forever? 16–1 FUNDAMENTALS Atomic Structure Radioactivity and Radiation Radioactive Decay Radioisotopes Fission The Production of X-Rays Radiation Dose 16–2 BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATION Sequential Pattern of Biological Effects Determinants of Biological Effects Acute Effects Relation of Dose to Type of Acute Radiation Syndrome Delayed Effects Genetic Effects 16–3 RADIATION STANDARDS 16–4 RADIATION EXPOSURE External and Internal Radiation Hazards Natural Background X-Rays Radionuclides Nuclear Reactor Operations Radioactive Wastes 16–5 RADIATION PROTECTION Reduction of External Radiation Hazards Reduction of Internal Radiation Hazards 16–6 RADIOACTIVE WASTE Types of Waste Management of High-Level Radioactive Waste Waste Isolation Pilot Plant Management of Low-Level Radioactive Waste Long-Term Management and Containment Chapter Review Problems Discussion Questions References Appendices A: PROPERTIES OF AIR, WATER, AND SELECTED CHEMICALS B: LIST OF ELEMENTS WITH THEIR SYMBOLS AND ATOMIC MASSES C: PERIODIC TABLE OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS D: USEFUL UNIT CONVERSION AND PREFIXES E: GREEK ALPHABET Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Z Y Z