Integrating Safety and Security Management to Protect Chemical Industrial Areas from Domino Effects

Description

This book provides insight into domino effects in industrial chemical sites and process industries. It is about the integration of safety and security resources to prevent and mitigate domino effects in the process industries. It explains how chemical industrial areas, comprised of various hazardous installations, are susceptible to a chain of undesired events, or domino effects, triggered by accidental events or intentional attacks and then presents solutions to prevent them. Firstly, the book provides a dynamic graph approach to model the domino effects induced by accidental fire or intentional fire, considering the spatial-temporal evolution of fires. Then, a dynamic risk assessment method based on a discrete dynamic event tree is proposed to assess the likelihood of VCEs and the vulnerability of installations, addressing the time dependencies in vapor cloud dispersion and the uncertainty of delayed ignitions. A dynamic methodology based on dynamic graphs and Monte Carlo is provided to assess the vulnerability of individuals and installations exposed to multi-hazards, such as fire, explosion and toxic release during escalation events. Based on these domino effect models, an economic approach is developed to integrate safe and security resources, obtaining the most cost–benefit protection strategy for preventing domino effects. Finally, a resilience-based approach is provided to find out the most cost-resilient way to protect chemical industrial areas, addressing possible domino effects. This integrated approach will be of interest to researchers, industrial engineers, chemical engineers and safety managers and will help professionals to new solutions in the area of safety and security. Preface Contents List of Figures List of Tables 1 Safety and Security of Domino Effects in the Process Industry: The State of the Art 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Method and Materials 1.3 Characterization of Selected Publications 1.4 An Overview of Domino Effect Definitions, Characteristics and Classifications 1.4.1 Domino Effect Definitions 1.4.2 Domino Effect Characteristics 1.4.3 Domino Effect Classifications 1.5 Vulnerability Assessment of Installations 1.5.1 Deterministic Methods 1.5.2 Probabilistic Methods 1.5.3 CFD/FEM Methods 1.6 Risk Assessment of Domino Effects 1.6.1 Analytical Methods 1.6.2 Graphical Methods 1.6.3 Simulation Methods 1.7 Safety and Security Management of Domino Effects 1.7.1 Inherent Safety 1.7.2 Management of Safety Barriers 1.7.3 Cooperative Prevention 1.7.4 Security of Intentional Domino Effects 1.8 Research Trends and Future Needs 1.8.1 A Summarization of Current Research 1.8.2 Comparison of Different Modeling Approaches and Protection Strategies 1.8.3 Research Gaps 1.9 Conclusions References 2 Dynamic Risk Assessment of Fire-Induced Domino Effects 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Fire Escalation 2.2.1 Spatial Escalation 2.2.2 Temporal Escalation 2.3 Graph Theory 2.3.1 Static Graphs 2.3.2 Dynamic Graphs 2.4 Domino Evolution Graph Model 2.4.1 Dynamic Graph Definition 2.4.2 Dynamic Graph Update 2.5 Algorithm 2.6 Case Study 2.6.1 The Application of Graph Metric Approach 2.6.2 The Application of Dynamic Graph Approach 2.7 Discussion 2.8 Conclusions References 3 Dynamic Assessment of VCE-Induced Domino Effects 3.1 Introduction 3.2 VCE-Induced Escalations 3.2.1 Past VCE Accidents 3.2.2 Explosion Mechanism 3.2.3 Impact Assessment of Vapor Cloud Explosions 3.2.4 Frequency Assessment of Vapor Cloud Explosions 3.3 Dynamic Vulnerability Assessment Methodology 3.3.1 Step 1: Identification and Characterization of LOC Scenarios 3.3.2 Step 2: Analysis of Vapor Cloud Dispersion 3.3.3 Step 3: Identification and Characterization of Ignition Sources 3.3.4 Step 4: Explosion Frequency and Delayed Time Assessment 3.3.5 Step 5: Overpressure Calculation 3.3.6 Step 6: Escalation Assessment 3.4 Case Study 3.5 Discussion 3.6 Conclusions References 4 Risk Assessment of Coupled Hazardous Scenarios 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Modeling 4.2.1 Graph Nodes 4.2.2 Graph Edges 4.2.3 Evolution Time 4.3 Graph Update Rules and Simulation Algorithm 4.3.1 Graph Update Rules 4.3.2 Simulation Algorithm 4.4 Case Study 4.5 Conclusions References 5 Integrated Safety and Security Management to Tackle Domino Effects 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Safety and Security Management Principles 5.2.1 Inherent Safety and Security 5.2.2 Layers/Rings of Protection 5.3 Integrated Safety and Security Management 5.3.1 Motivations for Integrating Safety and Security 5.3.2 Classification of Protection Measures 5.4 An Integrated Approach to Manage Domino Effects 5.4.1 Chemical Plant Description 5.4.2 Threat and Hazard Analysis 5.4.3 Vulnerability Assessment of Installations Against Direct and Threats 5.4.4 Assessment of the Evolution of Domino Effects 5.4.5 Consequence Analysis 5.4.6 Risk Evaluation 5.4.7 Risk Treatment 5.5 Conclusions References 6 An Economic Approach for Domino Effect Management 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Safety Economics 6.2.1 Risk-Based Optimization 6.2.2 Minimum Total Cost Approach 6.2.3 Cost–Benefit Analysis 6.2.4 Cost-Effectiveness Analysis 6.2.5 Multi-objective Optimization 6.2.6 Game Theoretical Approach 6.3 A Cost–Benefit Analysis of Domino Effect Management 6.3.1 Protection Strategy Cost 6.3.2 The Costs of Domino Effects 6.3.3 Net Benefits Analysis 6.4 Optimization Algorithm 6.5 Conclusions References 7 A Resilience-Based Approach for the Prevention and Mitigation of Domino Effects 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Chemical Plant Resilience 7.2.1 Resilience Concept 7.2.2 A Definition of Chemical Plant Resilience 7.2.3 Resilience Metrics 7.2.4 Capabilities of Chemical Plant Resilience 7.3 A Quantification Framework of Chemical Plant Resilience 7.3.1 Resistance Modeling 7.3.2 Mitigation Modeling 7.3.3 Adaptation Modeling 7.3.4 Restoration Modeling 7.4 Simulation Algorithm 7.5 Case Study 7.5.1 Resistance Analysis 7.5.2 Mitigation Analysis 7.5.3 Adaptation Analysis 7.5.4 Restoration Analysis 7.5.5 Resilience Measure Performance 7.6 Conclusions References 8 Conclusions and Future Research 8.1 Main Conclusions 8.2 Recommendations for Future Research References