Bell Beaker Copper Use in Central Europe: A Distinctive Tradition?
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Description
After defining the framework of this study, describing the archaeological evidence for metallurgy dating from the emergence of the first copper finds (c. 4500 BC) to the establishment of tin/bronze technology in central Europe, this book provides an overview of the projects that provided the trace element analyses for this research. The database of this study has been assembled, according to several criteria, from those projects which have compiled c. 35 000 trace element analyses of copper and bronze objects from all over the 'Old World'. Various criteria, such as the location and date of each analysed object, must be confirmed by literature, so that a trace element analysis can be added to the database of this study. The database is provided in the catalogue as a CD-Rom, which includes some of the output, graphs and diagrams resulting from the statistics. A further chapter ascertains the impact of both ore formation and the technical processes of early copper metallurgy, such as smelting and casting, on the trace element composition of copper objects. Apart from the metallurgical literature, this study also refers to archaeometallurgical studies that have investigated the properties of prehistoric copper artefacts. Following the discussion of the possible effects of impurities on copper and their importance for the prehistoric metallurgist, the database of trace element analyses is investigated in respect of the research questions. A subsequent chapter further explores the method discussed and the statistical evaluation and results are presented. Cover Page Title Page Copyright ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 1. INTRODUCTION, RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND METHODOLOGY 2. DEFINITION OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK OF THE AREA OF RESEARCH 3. THE CONCEPT OF AN ‘ARCHAEOLOGICAL CULTURE’ 4. OVERVIEW OF COPPER USING GROUPS AND THE REGIONAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF COPPER METALLURGY WITHIN CENTRAL EUROPE 5. THE DATABASE 6. FROM ORE TO METAL: THE EFFECTS OF ORE FORMATION AND SMELTING PROCESSES ON THE TRACE ELEMENT COMPOSITION OF COPPER OBJECTS 7. THE EFFECTS OF TRACE ELEMENTS ON COPPER PROPERTIES AND THEIR ARCHAEOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION 8. METHODS OF STATISTICAL CLASSIFICATION IN ARCHAEOMETALLURGY 9. TWO-STEP CLUSTER ANALYSIS AND PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS ON THE ENTIRE DATABASE 10. THE RESULTS OF THE STATISTICAL ANALYSES AND THEIR EVALUATION 11. THE QUESTION OF BELL BEAKER METAL IN CENTRAL EUROPE 12. CONCLUSIONS BIBIOGRAPHY GLOSSARY OF VARIOUS METAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS COMMENTS ON THE CATALOGUE CORRELATION TABLES OF THE TRACE ELEMENT ANALYSES, FIND PLACES, CLUSTERS AND METAL GROUPS OF THE ENTIRE DATABASE
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