Batch Adsorption Process of Metals and Anions for Remediation of Contaminated Water

Description

Adsorption is one of the method that is in use for remediation of contaminated water. The experimental factors affecting the batch mode of adsorption of various metals and inorganic anions are discussed in this book. The elemental contaminants have been categorized into four major categories i.e. major toxic elements; essential elements having toxicity on excessive exposure; miscellaneous elements having undetermined effects; non-toxic elements having trivial or unidentified significance. In addition, anions like nitrate, perchlorate and sulphate as water contaminants are considered. This unique volume fills a niche in the area of water treatment. Key Features: Provides practitioners with the background they need to understand and apply batch adsorption processes to the purification of water Describes the actions of adsorption capacity or percentage removal with respect to factors affecting the adsorption process Excellent source of information for those working in the industry for remediation of metals and anions Discusses the current era of Anthropocene which is highly dependent on the anthropogenic mineral sources for its sustenance Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Acknowledgement List of Abbreviations Editors Contributors Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Adsorption: A Brief History 1.3 Absorption 1.4 Adsorption Process 1.5 Water Treatment by Batch Adsorption Process 1.6 Scope and Outline of the Chapters Chapter 2 Adsorbents: Classification, Characteristics, Chemical Nature, and Interaction with Contaminants 2.1 Classification of Adsorbents 2.1.1 Carbon-Based Materials 2.1.1.1 Activated Carbon 2.1.1.2 Graphene 2.1.1.3 Graphene Oxides 2.1.1.4 Reduced Graphene Oxides 2.1.1.5 Carbon Nanotubes 2.1.2 Nano-adsorbents 2.1.2.1 Carbon-Based Nano-adsorbents 2.1.2.2 Metal Oxide Nano-adsorbents 2.1.2.3 Nanocomposite Adsorbents 2.1.3 Inorganic– Organic Hybrids (Metal– Organic Frameworks) 2.1.4 Green Adsorbents 2.1.5 Zeolites 2.2 Characteristics of Adsorbents 2.2.1 Physical Characteristics 2.2.2 Chemical Characteristics 2.2.3 Adsorption 2.2.3.1 Physical Adsorption 2.2.3.2 Chemical Adsorption 2.3 Chemical Nature of Adsorbents and Interaction with Metals and Anions 2.3.1 Adsorption Mechanisms of Metals and Anion 2.3.1.1 Physical Adsorption 2.3.1.2 Ion Exchange 2.3.1.3 Electrostatic Interaction 2.3.1.4 Surface Complexation 2.3.1.5 Precipitation 2.4 Effect of Functionalization of Adsorbents on Adsorption of Metals and Anions 2.4.1 Oxygen-Bearing Functional Groups 2.4.2 Nitrogen-Bearing Functional Groups 2.4.3 Sulfur-Bearing Functional Groups 2.4.4 Adsorbent Containing Multiple Functional Groups Chapter 3 Impact of Factors on Remediation of Major Toxic Elements (Vanadium, Chromium, Nickel, Arsenic, Strontium, Cadmium, Mercury, Lead, Uranium) Via Batch Adsorption Process 3.1 Vanadium 3.1.1 Effect of pH 3.1.2 Effect of Coexisting Ions 3.1.3 Effect of Surface Modification 3.1.4 Mechanism 3.1.5 Desorption 3.2 Chromium 3.2.1 Effect of pH 3.2.2 Effect of Coexisting Ions 3.2.3 Effect of Surface Modification 3.2.4 Effect of Material 3.2.5 Mechanism 3.2.6 Desorption 3.3 Nickel 3.3.1 Effect of pH 3.3.2 Effect of Coexisting Ions and Surface Modification 3.3.3 Mechanism 3.3.4 Desorption 3.4 Arsenic 3.4.1 Effect of pH 3.4.2 Effect of Coexisting Ions 3.4.3 Effect of Temperature and Agitation 3.4.4 Mechanism 3.4.5 Desorption 3.5 Strontium 3.5.1 Effect of pH 3.5.2 Zeta Potential 3.5.3 Effect of Coexisting Ions 3.5.4 Effect of Adsorbent's Modification 3.5.5 Mechanism 3.5.6 Desorption 3.6 Cadmium 3.6.1 Effect of pH 3.6.2 Effect of Coexisting Ions and Comparison with Other Ions 3.6.3 Effect of Surface Modification 3.6.4 Effect of Material 3.6.5 Effect of Temperature 3.6.6 Mechanism. 3.6.7 Desorption 3.7 Mercury 3.7.1 Effect of pH 3.7.2 Effect of Coexisting Ions and Temperature 3.7.3 Mechanism 3.7.4 Desorption and Reuse 3.8 Lead 3.8.1 Effect of pH 3.8.2 Effect of the Presence of Ions 3.8.3 Zeta Potentia 3.8.4 Effect of Surface Modification and Material 3.8.5 Mechanism 3.8.6 Desorption 3.9 Uranium 3.9.1 Effect of pH 3.9.2 Zeta Potential 3.9.3 Effect of Coexisting Ions 3.9.4 Effect of Surface Modification 3.9.5 Stability 3.9.6 Effect of Material and Temperature 3.9.7 Mechanism 3.9.8 Desorption Chapter 4 Remediation of Essential Elements Exerting Toxicity on Excessive Exposure (Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Se) Via Batch Adsorption in Response to Variable Factors and Elucidation of the Mechanism for the Batch Adsorption Process 4.1 Manganese 4.1.1 Effect of pH 4.1.2 Effect of Coexisting Ions 4.1.3 Effect of Surface Modification and Temperature 4.1.4 Desorption 4.2 Cobalt 4.2.1 Effect of pH 4.2.2 Effect of Coexisting Ions 4.2.3 Mechanism and Desorption 4.3 Copper 4.3.1 Effect of pH and Morphology 4.3.2 Mechanism 4.3.3 Desorption 4.4 Zinc 4.4.1 Effect of pH 4.4.2 Effect of Coexisting Ions 4.4.3 Mechanism 4.4.4 Desorption 4.5 Selenium 4.5.1 Effect of pH 4.5.2 Zeta Potential 4.5.3 Effect of Coexisting Ions 4.5.4 Effect of Materials and Adsorbates 4.5.5 Effect of Temperature 4.5.6 Pretreatment 4.5.7 Role of Iron and Oxygen 4.5.8 Mechanism 4.5.9 Desorption Chapter 5 Impact of Factors on Remediation of Miscellaneous (Fe, Cs) and Nontoxic Elements (Sc, Ti, Ga, Ge) Via Batch Adsorption Process 5.1 Iron 5.1.1 Effect of pH 5.1.2 Effect of Coexisting Ions 5.1.3 Effect of Surface Modification 5.1.4 Effect of the Material 5.1.5 Effect of Temperature 5.1.6 Miscellaneous 5.2 Cesium 5.2.1 Effect of pH 5.2.2 Effect of Coexisting Ions 5.2.3 Effect of Surface Modification 5.2.4 Effect of Temperature 5.2.5 Effect of Radiation 5.2.6 Mechanism. 5.2.7 Desorption 5.2.8 Miscellaneous 5.3 Scandium 5.4 Titanium 5.5 Gallium 5.5.1 Effect of pH and Coexisting Ions 5.5.2 Effect of Temperature and Desorption 5.6 Germanium 5.6.1 Effect of pH and Desorption Chapter 6 Impact of Factors on Remediation of Anions (Fluoride, Nitrate, Perchlorate, and Sulfate) Via Batch Adsorption Processes 6.1 Fluoride 6.1.1 Effect of pH 6.1.2 Zeta Potential 6.1.3 Effect of Coexisting Ions 6.1.4 Effect of Surface Modification 6.1.5 Effect of Material 6.1.6 Effect of Temperature 6.1.7 Mechanism 6.1.8 Desorption 6.2 Nitrate 6.2.1 Effect of pH 6.2.2 Effect of Coexisting Ions 6.2.3 Effect of the Material and Surface Modification 6.2.4 Mechanism 6.2.5 Desorption 6.3 Perchlorate 6.3.1 Effect of pH 6.3.2 Effect of Coexisting Ions 6.3.3 Effect of the Material 6.3.4 Mechanism 6.3.5 Desorption 6.4 Sulfate 6.4.1 Effect of pH 6.4.2 Effect of Coexisting Ions and Surface Modification 6.4.3 Mechanism 6.4.4 Desorption Chapter 7 Impact of Initial Concentration, Adsorbent Dose, and Ionic Strength on Batch Adsorption of Metals and Anions and Elucidation of the Mechanism 7.1 Effect of Initial Concentration on Adsorption of Metals and Anions 7.2 Effect of Adsorbent Dose on the Adsorption of Metals and Anions 7.3 Effect of Ionic Strength on the Adsorption of Metals and Anions Chapter 8 Kinetic, Isotherm, and Thermodynamic Studies for Batch Adsorption of Metals and Anions, and Management of Adsorbents after the Adsorption Process 8.1 Kinetic Study 8.2 Isotherm Study 8.3 Thermodynamics 8.4 Management of Adsorbent after the Adsorption Process 8.4.1 Use as a Catalyst 8.4.2 Use for the Production of Ceramics 8.4.3 Use as a Fertilizer 8.5 Economic Viability: Desorption vs Disposal 8.6 Conclusion References Index