Electronics Engineering

Description

This book is primarily designed to serve as a textbook for undergraduate students of electrical, electronics, and computer engineering, but can also be used for primer courses across other disciplines of engineering and related sciences. The first edition of this book was published in 2015. The book has been completely revised and a chapter on PSPICE has also been included. The book covers all the fundamentals aspects of electronics engineering, from electronic materials to devices, and then to basic electronic circuits. The topics covered are the basics of electronics, semiconductor diodes, bipolar junction transistors, field-effect transistors, operational amplifiers, switching theory and logic design, electronic instruments, and Pspice. The book is written in a simple narrative style that makes it easy to understand for the first year students. It includes a lot of illustrative diagrams and examples, to enable students to practice. Each chapter contains a summary followed by questions asked during the University examinations to enable students to practice before the final examination. The contents of this book will be useful also for students and enthusiasts interested in learning about basic electronics without the benefit of formal coursework. Preface to Second Edition Preface to First Edition Contents About the Author 1 Basics of Electronics 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Electronic Charge and Current 1.3 Electronic Circuit Components 1.3.1 Resistors 1.3.2 Inductors 1.3.3 Capacitors 1.4 Voltage and Current Relationships 1.5 Work, Power and Energy 1.6 Si Units 1.7 Voltage and Current Sources 1.8 Semiconductor Materials 1.8.1 Intrinsic Semiconductors 1.8.2 Extrinsic Semiconductors 1.8.2.1 N-type Semiconductor 1.8.2.2 P-type of Semiconductor 1.9 P–N Junction and Depletion Layer 1.9.1 P–N Junction 1.9.2 Depletion Layer 1.9.3 Forward Biasing 1.9.4 Reverse Biasing 2 Semiconductor Diodes 2.1 Semiconductor Diode 2.2 V–I Characteristics 2.3 Ge, Si and GaAs Characteristics 2.4 Ideal and Practical V–I Characteristics 2.5 Diode Resistance 2.5.1 Forward Resistance 2.5.1.1 DC Forward Resistance or Static Resistance (RF) 2.5.1.2 AC Forward Resistance (rF) or Dynamic Resistance 2.5.1.3 Reverse Resistance (RR) 2.5.2 Transition and Diffusion Capacitance 2.5.3 Diode Equivalent Circuit 2.6 Diode Ratings 2.6.1 Repetitive Peak Current (Ipeak) 2.6.2 Average Current (Iav) 2.6.3 Peak Inverse Voltage (VR) 2.6.4 Steady-State Forward Current (IF) 2.6.5 Peak Forward Surge Current (IFS) 2.6.6 Static Maximum Voltage Drop (VFM) 2.6.7 Continuous Power Dissipation (P) 2.6.8 Reverse Recovery Time (trr) 2.7 P–N Junction (Diode) as Rectifiers 2.7.1 Half-Wave Rectifier 2.7.2 Full-Wave Rectifier 2.7.2.1 Center Tap Rectifier 2.7.2.2 Bridge Rectifier 2.8 Ripple Efficiency and Regulation 2.9 Efficiency of Full-Wave Rectifier 2.10 Filters for Rectifiers 2.11 Clipping Circuits 2.12 Clamping Circuits 2.13 Voltage Multipliers 2.13.1 Voltage Doubler 2.13.2 Half-Wave Voltage Doubler 2.13.3 Full-Wave Voltage Doubler 2.13.4 Voltage Trippler and Quadrupler 2.14 Zener Diodes 2.14.1 Zener Diode Functioning 2.14.2 Zener Resistance 2.14.3 Zener “ON” and “OFF” States 2.14.4 Zener Regulator 2.15 Temperature Coefficient 2.15.1 Zener Diode Ratings 2.16 Zener Diode Application as Shunt Regulator 2.17 Diodes for Optoelectronics 2.17.1 Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) 2.17.2 Photodiode 2.17.3 Optocoupler 2.18 Other Types of Diodes 2.18.1 Schottky Diode 2.18.2 Varactor 2.18.3 Varistor 3 Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) 3.1 Basic Construction 3.2 Transistor Action 3.2.1 Working of PNP Transistor 3.2.2 Working of NPN Transistor 3.3 Circuit Configurations 3.3.1 Common-Base (CB) Configuration 3.3.2 Common-Emitter (CE) Configuration 3.3.3 Common-Collector (CC) Configuration 3.4 Input/Output Characteristics 3.4.1 CB Characteristics 3.4.2 CE Characteristics 3.4.3 CC Characteristics 3.5 Mathematical Relationships 3.5.1 Relation Between β and α 3.5.2 Relation Between ICEO and ICBO 3.6 Biasing of Transistors 3.6.1 Fixed Bias 3.6.2 Emitter Bias 3.6.3 Voltage Divider Bias 3.6.3.1 Exact Analysis 3.6.3.2 Approximate Analysis 3.6.4 DC Bias with Voltage Feedback or Collector Bias 3.6.5 Comparison of Biasing Circuits 3.7 Graphical Analysis of CE Amplifier 3.8 Parameter Model 3.8.1 H-Parameter Model of CE Amplifier Configuration 3.8.1.1 Current Gain Ai 3.8.1.2 Input Resistance 3.8.1.3 Voltage Gain Av 3.8.1.4 Output Resistance 3.9 Hybrid Equivalent Circuit for Common Base (CB) 3.9.1 Configuration 3.10 Hybrid Equivalent Circuit for Common Collector (CC) 3.11 Overall Current Gain 3.12 Overall Voltage Gain 4 Field Effect Transistor (FET) 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET) 4.3 Working Principle of JFET 4.4 Concept of Pinch-Off and Maximum Drain Saturation Current 4.5 Input and Transfer Characteristics 4.6 Parameters of JFET 4.7 JFET Biasing 4.7.1 Fixed-Biasing of JFET 4.7.2 Self-Biasing of JFET 4.7.3 Potential Divider Method of Biasing JFET 4.8 JFET Connections 4.8.1 Common Gate JFET Configuration 4.8.2 Common Source JFET Configuration 4.8.3 Common Drain JFET Configuration 4.9 Metal–Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) 4.10 MOSFET Operation 4.10.1 Depletion Mode Operation 4.10.2 Enhancement Mode Operation 4.11 Characteristics of MOSFET 5 Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp) 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Op-Amp Integrated Circuit 5.3 Op-Amp Symbol 5.4 Concept of Ideal Op-Amp 5.5 Inverting Amplifier 5.6 Non-inverting Amplifier 5.7 Unity Gain or Voltage Follower Amplifier 5.8 Op-Amp as Adder or Summer 5.9 Op-Amp as Difference Amplifier 5.10 Subtractor 5.11 Differentiator 5.12 Integrator 5.13 Op-Amp Parameters 5.13.1 Input Offset Voltage 5.13.2 Input Offset Current 5.13.3 Bias Current 5.13.4 Slew Rate 5.13.5 Common-Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) 6 Switching Theory and Logic Design (STLD) 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Number System 6.2.1 Decimal System 6.2.2 Binary System 6.2.3 Octal System 6.2.4 Hexadecimal System 6.3 Conversion of Bases 6.3.1 Decimal to Binary 6.3.2 Binary to Decimal 6.3.3 Fractional Decimal Number to Binary 6.3.4 Fractional Binary to Decimal 6.3.5 Octal to Decimal 6.3.6 Decimal to Octal 6.3.7 Binary to Octal 6.3.8 Octal to Binary 6.3.9 Hexadecimal to Decimal 6.3.10 Decimal to Hexadecimal 6.3.11 Hexadecimal to Binary 6.3.12 Binary to Hexadecimal 6.3.13 Hexadecimal to Octal 6.4 Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) Numbers 6.5 Binary Addition 6.6 Binary Subtraction 6.7 Boolean Algebra 6.7.1 Basics 6.8 Boolean Algebra Theorems Table 6.9 Logic Gates And Universal Gates 6.10 Canonical Forms 6.11 K-map 6.12 Simplification of Boolean Expression Using K-map 6.13 Simplification in Sum of Product (Sop) Form 7 Electronics Instruments 7.1 Digital Voltmeters (DVMs) 7.1.1 Ramp-Type DVMs 7.1.2 Staircase-ramp DVMs 7.2 Digital Multimeters (DMMs) 7.3 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO) 7.4 Measurements Using CRO 7.4.1 Measurement of Voltage 7.4.2 Measurement of Current 7.4.3 Measurement of Phase Difference 7.4.4 Measurement of Frequency 8 PSPICE 8.1 SPICE 8.2 PSPICE 8.3 Circuit Design and Analysis Using PSPICE 8.4 Simulation and Analysis of Common Emitter Amplifier Using PSPICE Appendix A: Symbols, Abbreviations and Diagrammatic Symbols Appendix A: Symbols, Abbreviations and Diagrammatic Symbols Appendix B: Units and Conversion Factors Appendix C: Periodic Table of the Elements Appendix D: Conduction Properties of Common Metals Appendix E: Ripple Factor and Voltage Calculation E.1 Ripple Factor of Rectifier E.2 Ripple Voltage of Capacitor Filter Appendix F: Hybrid Parameters—Graphical Determinations and Conversion Equations (Exact and Approximate) F.1 Graphical Determination of the h-Parameters F.2 Exact Conversion Equations F.3 Approximate Conversion Equations Appendix G: Selected Transistor Appendix H: Hybrid-π Model Appendix I: Binary Multiplication, Binary Division and Negative Number I.1 Binary Multiplication I.2 Binary Division I.3 Binary Negative Numbers Outline placeholder I.3.1 Signed Magnitude I.3.2 Complement Number Systems Solved Section A Section B Section C Solved Section B Section C Unsolved Section A Section B Section C Unsolved Section A Section B Section C Unsolved Unsolved Unsolved Section A Section B Section C Unsolved Section A Section B Section C Unsolved Section-A Section B Section C Glossary of Electric Terms Index