Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century, 8th Edition

Description

Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century helps readers understand terrorism, responses to it, and current trends that affect the future of this phenomenon. Putting terrorism into historical perspective and analyzing it as a form of political violence, this text presents the most essential concepts, the latest data, and numerous case studies to promote effective analysis of terrorist acts. Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century objectively breaks down the who-what-why-how of terrorism, giving readers a way both to understand patterns of behavior and to more critically evaluate forthcoming patterns. New to the 8th Edition: Provides a more intense exploration of religion as a primary cause of contemporary terrorism. Focuses on the role of social media in recruitment and propaganda. Examines the radicalization and recruitment by ISIS to fighting and to domestic young people to carry out attacks at home. Explores the growing threat – and reality – of cyber attacks. Updates the material on the networking of terrorism today. Cover......Page 2 Half Title......Page 3 Title Page......Page 6 Copyright Page......Page 7 Brief Contents......Page 9 Table of Contents......Page 11 List of Figures......Page 21 List of Tables......Page 22 List of Case Studies......Page 23 Preface......Page 25 Acknowledgments......Page 34 Part I Terrorism in Perspective......Page 35 Chapter 1 An Idea Whose Time Has Come?......Page 36 Modern Definitions of an Old Concept......Page 39 Crucial Components of Terrorism......Page 42 Violence, Audience, and a Mood of Fear......Page 43 Victims: The Right Place—But the Wrong Time......Page 44 Political Quicksand......Page 50 Typologies of Terrorism: Useful Tools......Page 53 Using Tactics as Labels......Page 56 Conclusions......Page 58 Key Terms......Page 59 Discussion......Page 60 Analysis Challenge......Page 62 Suggested Readings and Resources......Page 63 Chapter 2 Not a Modern Phenomenon......Page 65 State Terrorism......Page 70 Tyrannicide: “To Go Too Fast”......Page 72 Guerrilla Warfare: Selective Violence......Page 74 Cyclical Nature of Terror......Page 77 Political Assassinations......Page 82 Piracy......Page 83 Terror-Supported States......Page 84 Technological Changes......Page 87 Weapons......Page 88 Key Terms......Page 90 Discussion......Page 91 Analysis Challenge......Page 93 Suggested Readings and Resources......Page 94 Chapter 3 Ideology and Terrorism: Rights from Wrongs?......Page 96 The Rationalization of Violence......Page 98 Rebellion and the Right of Self-Determination......Page 103 Terrorism in the Name of God......Page 109 Christianity: The Protestant/Catholic Faith Schism......Page 110 Islam: the Sunni/Shi’a Schism......Page 112 Globalization......Page 115 Religious Fanaticism......Page 118 Neo-Nazism/Neofascism......Page 119 Nationalism......Page 120 Issue-Oriented Terror......Page 121 Counterterror Terrorists......Page 122 Conclusions......Page 123 Key Terms......Page 124 Discussion......Page 125 Analysis Challenge......Page 126 Suggested Readings and Resources......Page 127 Part II Who Are the Terrorists?......Page 129 Chapter 4 Criminals or Crusaders?......Page 130 Profile of a Terrorist......Page 131 Terrorist Beliefs and Images......Page 137 Can We Generalize about a “Typical” Terrorist?......Page 141 Simplicity......Page 149 Identification......Page 150 Revenge......Page 151 Aims or Goals......Page 153 Group Dynamics......Page 154 Religious Fanaticism......Page 155 Radicalization......Page 157 Age......Page 159 Education......Page 160 Economic Status......Page 161 Gender......Page 162 Disturbing Patterns of Socialization......Page 163 Socialization toward Violence: Suicide Bombing......Page 164 Alienation toward Western Systems......Page 165 Conclusions......Page 170 Key Terms......Page 172 Discussion......Page 173 Analysis Challenge......Page 174 Suggested Readings and Resources......Page 175 Chapter 5 Terrorism by the State......Page 178 Internal Terrorism: The Beast that Lurks Within......Page 180 Examples of Genocide......Page 182 Coerced Conversion and Genocide in Stalin’s USSR......Page 183 The Continuing Reality of State Terror......Page 189 External Terrorism: Waging War by Proxy......Page 195 Iran—Involved in Syrian conflict......Page 196 Libya—Former Role and Current Status......Page 198 The Arms Bazaar: Supplying the Weapons......Page 201 Russia......Page 203 China......Page 204 Terrorist-Supported States......Page 206 Terrorism to become a State: ISIS......Page 212 Conclusions......Page 214 Key Terms......Page 216 Discussion......Page 217 Analysis Challenge......Page 218 Suggested Readings and Resources......Page 219 Part III How Do They Operate?......Page 222 Chapter 6 Terrorism, Inc.......Page 223 Networking......Page 224 Shared Strategic Planning......Page 226 Terrorism Is Big Business......Page 229 The Internationalization of Terrorism......Page 238 Social Media......Page 243 Internet......Page 244 Narco-Terrorism......Page 245 Conclusions......Page 247 Key Terms......Page 250 Discussion......Page 251 Analysis Challenge......Page 253 Suggested Readings and Resources......Page 254 Chapter 7 Terrorist Training......Page 256 The “How” Questions......Page 257 Training Sites......Page 258 Traveling Training Camps......Page 264 Networks, Netwar, and Radicalization on the Net......Page 266 Arson and Bombs......Page 270 Extortion and Kidnapping for Ransom......Page 272 Disguise Techniques, Clandestine Travel, Recruitment, and Communications......Page 273 Weapons......Page 274 Explosives......Page 283 Assassinations and Ambushes......Page 287 Small Arms......Page 288 Portable Rockets......Page 289 Aerial and Naval Hijacking......Page 290 Weapons of Mass Destruction......Page 292 Chemical or Biological Attacks......Page 293 Radiological and Nuclear Attacks......Page 297 Suicide Bombing: A “New” Weapon......Page 300 Ideology, Not Psychology, of Suicide Bombing......Page 301 Suicide Bombings in Iraq......Page 302 Phases of a Terrorist Incident: Putting the Lessons Learned at Camp into Practice......Page 306 Conclusions......Page 310 Key Terms......Page 311 Discussion......Page 312 Analysis Challenge......Page 314 Suggested Readings and Resources......Page 315 Chapter 8 The Media: A Weapon for Both Sides?......Page 317 Favorable Understanding of Their Cause......Page 319 Destabilizing the Enemy......Page 320 Publicity......Page 322 Information and Cooperation......Page 323 Dramatic Presentation of News......Page 325 Personal Security......Page 326 Propaganda by the Deed......Page 327 Media as a “Showcase” for Terrorism......Page 330 Legal Issue of the Right of Access......Page 334 Censorship: The Ugly Word......Page 337 Complicity: A Very Serious Charge......Page 342 Conclusions......Page 350 Key Terms......Page 354 Discussion......Page 355 Analysis Challenge......Page 357 Suggested Readings and Resources......Page 358 Chapter 9 Domestic Terrorism in the United States......Page 361 Historical Roots in the United States......Page 362 Conceptualizing Domestic Terrorism in the United States......Page 366 Left-Wing Extremism......Page 368 Nationalist Groups......Page 369 Single-Issue Groups......Page 370 Conclusion: Left-Wing Terrorism in the United States Today......Page 373 Militia Movements......Page 374 Transnational Terrorism......Page 389 The “Lone Wolf” Terrorists......Page 393 Conclusions......Page 400 Key Terms......Page 404 Discussion......Page 405 Analysis Challenge......Page 407 Suggested Readings and Resources......Page 408 PART IV Responses to Terrorism......Page 410 Chapter 10 International Legal Perspectives on Terrorism......Page 411 Terrorism Is a Crime......Page 413 Laws of War......Page 417 Piracy of Air and Sea......Page 428 Protection of Diplomatic Personnel and Heads of State......Page 433 Regional Legal Efforts to Prevent or Punish Terrorism......Page 436 International Efforts to Restrict Internal State Terrorism......Page 438 Is Terrorism a Political Crime?......Page 444 The United Nations and the War on Terrorism......Page 447 Conclusions......Page 453 Key Terms......Page 454 Discussion......Page 455 Analysis Challenge......Page 457 Suggested Readings and Resources......Page 458 Chapter 11 The Use of Force to Combat Terrorism......Page 462 Nations without Defenses......Page 464 Israel’s Sayeret Matkal......Page 466 The British Special Air Services......Page 470 Germany’s GSG-9......Page 474 Special Forces, U.S. Army......Page 477 First Special Forces Operational Detachment—Delta (Delta Force), U.S. Army......Page 478 Ranger, U.S. Army......Page 479 Naval Special Warfare Command......Page 480 New Units—and New Technologies......Page 482 Conclusions......Page 490 Key Terms......Page 491 Discussion......Page 492 Analysis Challenge......Page 493 Suggested Readings and Resources......Page 494 Chapter 12 The Use of National Law and Intelligence Resources to Combat Terrorism......Page 496 Legal Initiatives to Counter Terrorism......Page 497 Canada’s Legal War with the FLQ......Page 498 The “Temporary” British Problem in Northern Ireland......Page 499 Italy and the “Penititi”......Page 501 Investigation: The Intelligence Initiative......Page 513 Germany’s Intelligence Gathering: Target Search Teams......Page 514 U.S. Intelligence-Gathering: Multiple Tools......Page 516 Computers as Tools of Investigation......Page 522 Government Use of Investigation and Intelligence......Page 526 Conclusions......Page 530 Key Terms......Page 534 Discussion......Page 535 Analysis Challenge......Page 537 Suggested Readings and Resources......Page 538 Chapter 13 Security Measures: A Frail Defense......Page 541 Three Facets of Security......Page 542 Critical Infrastructure Protection......Page 548 Ease of Access to the Cockpit......Page 549 Inadequate Screening Processes......Page 551 Impact of September 11 Attacks on U.S. Airport Security......Page 552 Protecting Other Forms of Public Transportation......Page 557 Port Security......Page 561 Preventive Security......Page 563 The Costs of Security......Page 565 Threat Assessment......Page 568 Risk of Terrorist Attacks......Page 569 Conclusions......Page 575 Key Terms......Page 579 Discussion......Page 580 Analysis Challenge......Page 583 Suggested Readings and Resources......Page 584 Part V Current Trends and Future Prospects......Page 586 Chapter 14 The New Terrorist Threat: Weapons of Mass Destruction......Page 587 A Brief History of Biological Weapons......Page 590 A Brief History of Chemical Weapons......Page 592 A Brief History of Nuclear Weapons......Page 594 Biological Agents......Page 595 Bioterrorism Defense......Page 604 Chemical Weapons......Page 607 Radiological Weapons......Page 611 Nuclear Weapons......Page 613 Chemical Agents......Page 615 Biological Agents......Page 618 Nuclear Devices......Page 622 Radiological Devices......Page 625 Risk Assessment: Comparative Effectiveness of WMD......Page 626 Conclusions......Page 628 Key Terms......Page 630 Discussion......Page 631 Analysis Challenge......Page 633 Suggested Readings and Resources......Page 634 Chapter 15 Future Trends......Page 637 A War on Terror......Page 640 Globalization, and Understanding the “Why” of Terror Attacks......Page 642 Using the Internet......Page 652 Deterrence as a Tool against Suicide Bombing......Page 655 Dealing with Weapons of Mass Destruction......Page 657 Volume and Lethality of Incidents......Page 661 Radicalization of Religion and Terrorism Today......Page 663 Lone Wolf Terrorism......Page 667 Suicide Bombing......Page 670 Impact of the Generational Differences within Terrorist Groups......Page 671 IED: Weapon of Choice......Page 672 The Threat and Reality of Cyberterror......Page 674 Categories of Cyber Attacks......Page 675 Nature of Groups as Limiting Factor in Cyberterror......Page 676 Goals of Groups as Limiting Factors in Cyberterror......Page 677 Conclusions......Page 680 Key Terms......Page 681 Discussion......Page 682 Analysis Challenge......Page 684 Suggested Readings and Resources......Page 685 Index......Page 687