Automotive aerodynamics

Description

Title Page Copyright Contents Series Preface Preface Chapter 1 Introduction and Basic Principles 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Aerodynamics as a Subset of Fluid Dynamics 1.3 Dimensions and Units 1.4 Automobile/Vehicle Aerodynamics 1.5 General Features of Fluid Flow 1.5.1 Continuum 1.5.2 Laminar and Turbulent Flow 1.5.3 Attached and Separated Flow 1.6 Properties of Fluids 1.6.1 Density 1.6.2 Pressure 1.6.3 Temperature 1.6.4 Viscosity 1.6.5 Specific Heat 1.6.6 Heat Transfer Coefficient, k 1.6.7 Modulus of Elasticity, E 1.6.8 Vapor Pressure 1.7 Advanced Topics: Fluid Properties and the Kinetic Theory of Gases 1.8 Summary and Concluding Remarks Reference Problems Chapter 2 The Fluid Dynamic Equations 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Description of Fluid Motion 2.3 Choice of Coordinate System 2.4 Pathlines, Streak Lines, and Streamlines 2.5 Forces in a Fluid 2.6 Integral Form of the Fluid Dynamic Equations 2.7 Differential Form of the Fluid Dynamic Equations 2.8 The Material Derivative 2.9 Alternate Derivation of the Fluid Dynamic Equations 2.10 Example for an Analytic Solution: Two-Dimensional, Inviscid Incompressible, Vortex Flow 2.10.1 Velocity Induced by a Straight Vortex Segment 2.10.2 Angular Velocity, Vorticity, and Circulation 2.11 Summary and Concluding Remarks References Problems Chapter 3 One-Dimensional (Frictionless) Flow 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The Bernoulli Equation 3.3 Summary of One-Dimensional Tools 3.4 Applications of the One-Dimensional Friction-Free Flow Model 3.4.1 Free Jets 3.4.2 Examples for Using the Bernoulli Equation 3.4.3 Simple Models for Time-Dependent Changes in a Control Volume 3.5 Flow Measurements (Based on Bernoulli's Equation) 3.5.1 The Pitot Tube 3.5.2 The Venturi Tube 3.5.3 The Orifice 3.5.4 Nozzles and Injectors 3.6 Summary and Conclusions 3.6.1 Concluding Remarks Problems Chapter 4 Dimensional Analysis, High Reynolds Number Flows, and Definition of Aerodynamics 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Dimensional Analysis of the Fluid Dynamic Equations 4.3 The Process of Simplifying the Governing Equations 4.4 Similarity of Flows 4.5 High Reynolds Number Flow and Aerodynamics 4.6 High Reynolds Number Flows and Turbulence 4.7 Summary and Conclusions References Problems Chapter 5 The Laminar Boundary Layer 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Two-Dimensional Laminar Boundary Layer Model – The Integral Approach 5.3 Solutions using the von Kármán Integral Equation 5.4 Summary and Practical Conclusions 5.5 Effect of Pressure Gradient 5.6 Advanced Topics: The Two-Dimensional Laminar Boundary Layer Equations 5.6.1 Summary of the Exact Blasius Solution for the Laminar Boundary Layer 5.7 Concluding Remarks References Problems Chapter 6 High Reynolds Number Incompressible Flow Over Bodies: Automobile Aerodynamics 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The Inviscid Irrotational Flow (and Some Math) 6.3 Advanced Topics: A More Detailed Evaluation of the Bernoulli Equation 6.4 The Potential Flow Model 6.4.1 Methods for Solving the Potential Flow Equations 6.4.2 The Principle of Superposition 6.5 Two-Dimensional Elementary Solutions 6.5.1 Polynomial Solutions 6.5.2 Two-Dimensional Source (or Sink) 6.5.3 Two-Dimensional Doublet 6.5.4 Two-Dimensional Vortex 6.5.5 Advanced Topics: Solutions Based on Green's Identity 6.6 Superposition of a Doublet and a Free-Stream: Flow Over a Cylinder 6.7 Fluid Mechanic Drag 6.7.1 The Drag of Simple Shapes 6.7.2 The Drag of More Complex Shapes 6.8 Periodic Vortex Shedding 6.9 The Case for Lift 6.9.1 A Cylinder with Circulation in a Free Stream 6.9.2 Two-Dimensional Flat Plate at a Small Angle of Attack (in a Free Stream) 6.9.3 Note About the Center of Pressure 6.10 Lifting Surfaces: Wings and Airfoils 6.10.1 The Two-Dimensional Airfoil 6.10.2 An Airfoil´s Lift 6.10.3 An Airfoil's Drag 6.10.4 An Airfoil Stall 6.10.5 The Effect of Reynolds Number 6.10.6 Three-Dimensional Wings 6.11 Summary of High Reynolds Number Aerodynamics 6.12 Concluding Remarks References Problems Chapter 7 Automotive Aerodynamics: Examples 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Generic Trends (For Most Vehicles) 7.2.1 Ground Effect 7.2.2 Generic Automobile Shapes and Vortex Flows 7.3 Downforce and Vehicle Performance 7.4 How to Generate Downforce 7.5 Tools used for Aerodynamic Evaluations 7.5.1 Example for Aero Data Collection: Wind Tunnels 7.5.2 Wind Tunnel Wall/Floor Interference 7.5.3 Simulation of Moving Ground 7.5.4 Expected Results of CFD, Road, or Wind Tunnel Tests (and Measurement Techniques) 7.6 Variable (Adaptive) Aerodynamic Devices 7.7 Vehicle Examples 7.7.1 Passenger Cars 7.7.2 Pickup Trucks 7.7.3 Motorcycles 7.7.4 Competition Cars (Enclosed Wheel) 7.7.5 Open-Wheel Racecars 7.8 Concluding Remarks References Problems Chapter 8 Introduction to Computational Fluid Mechanics (CFD) 8.1 Introduction 8.2 The Finite-Difference Formulation 8.3 Discretization and Grid Generation 8.4 The Finite-Difference Equation 8.5 The Solution: Convergence and Stability 8.6 The Finite-Volume Method 8.7 Example: Viscous Flow Over a Cylinder 8.8 Potential-Flow Solvers: Panel Methods 8.9 Summary References Problems Chapter 9 Viscous Incompressible Flow: "Exact Solutions" 9.1 Introduction 9.2 The Viscous Incompressible Flow Equations (Steady State) 9.3 Laminar Flow between Two Infinite Parallel Plates: The Couette Flow 9.3.1 Flow with a Moving Upper Surface 9.3.2 Flow between Two Infinite Parallel Plates: The Results 9.3.3 Flow between Two Infinite Parallel Plates – The Poiseuille Flow 9.3.4 The Hydrodynamic Bearing (Reynolds Lubrication Theory) 9.4 Flow in Circular Pipes (The Hagen-Poiseuille Flow) 9.5 Fully Developed Laminar Flow between Two Concentric Circular Pipes 9.6 Laminar Flow between Two Concentric, Rotating Circular Cylinders 9.7 Flow in Pipes: Darcy's Formula 9.8 The Reynolds Dye Experiment, Laminar/Turbulent Flow in Pipes 9.9 Additional Losses in Pipe Flow 9.10 Summary of 1D Pipe Flow 9.10.1 Simple Pump Model 9.10.2 Flow in Pipes with Noncircular Cross Sections 9.10.3 Examples for One-Dimensional Pipe Flow 9.10.4 Network of Pipes 9.11 Free Vortex in a Pool 9.12 Summary and Concluding Remarks Reference Problems Chapter 10 Fluid Machinery 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Work of a Continuous-Flow Machine 10.3 The Axial Compressor (The Mean Radius Model) 10.3.1 Velocity Triangles 10.3.2 Power and Compression Ratio Calculations 10.3.3 Radial Variations 10.3.4 Pressure Rise Limitations 10.3.5 Performance Envelope of Compressors and Pumps 10.3.6 Degree of Reaction 10.4 The Centrifugal Compressor (or Pump) 10.4.1 Torque, Power, and Pressure Rise 10.4.2 Impeller Geometry 10.4.3 The Diffuser 10.4.4 Concluding Remarks: Axial versus Centrifugal Design 10.5 Axial Turbines 10.5.1 Torque, Power, and Pressure Drop 10.5.2 Axial Turbine Geometry and Velocity Triangles 10.5.3 Turbine Degree of Reaction 10.5.4 Turbochargers (for Internal Combustion Engines) 10.5.5 Remarks on Exposed Tip Rotors (Wind Turbines and Propellers) 10.6 Concluding Remarks Reference Problems Chapter 11 Elements of Heat Transfer 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Elementary Mechanisms of Heat Transfer 11.2.1 Conductive Heat Transfer 11.2.2 Convective Heat Transfer 11.2.3 Radiation Heat Transfer 11.3 Heat Conduction 11.3.1 Steady One-Dimensional Heat Conduction 11.3.2 Combined Heat Transfer 11.3.3 Heat Conduction in Cylinders 11.3.4 Cooling Fins 11.4 Heat Transfer by Convection 11.4.1 The Flat Plate Model 11.4.2 Formulas for Forced External Heat Convection 11.4.3 Formulas for Forced Internal Heat Convection 11.4.4 Formulas for Free (Natural) Heat Convection 11.5 Heat Exchangers 11.6 Concluding Remarks References Problems Chapter 12 Automobile Aero-Acoustics 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Sound as a Pressure Wave 12.3 Sound Loudness Scale 12.4 The Human Ear Perception 12.5 The One-Dimensional Linear Wave Equation 12.6 Sound Radiation, Transmission, Reflection, Absorption 12.6.1 Sound Wave Expansion (Radiation) 12.6.2 Reflections, Transmission, Absorption 12.6.3 Standing Wave (Resonance), Interference, and Noise Cancellations 12.7 Vortex Sound 12.8 Example: Sound from a Shear Layer 12.9 Buffeting 12.10 Experimental Examples for Sound Generation on a Typical Automobile 12.11 Sound and Flow Control 12.12 Concluding Remarks References Problems Appendix A: Conversion Factors Appendix B Index EULA