Two-Dimensional (2D) Nanomaterials in Separation Science

Description

This book covers newly emerging two-dimensional nanomaterials which have been recently used for the purpose of water purification. It focuses on the synthesis methods of 2D materials and answers how scientists/engineers/nanotechnologist/environmentalists could use these materials for fabricating new separation membranes and most probably making commercially feasible technology. The chapters are written by a collection of international experts ensuring a broad view of each topic. The book will be of interest to experienced researchers as well as young scientists looking for an introduction into 2D materials-based cross-disciplinary research. Preface Contents Introduction 1 Background 2 Conclusions References and Future Readings Emerging Water Pollutants and Wastewater Treatments 1 Introduction 2 Classical Water Pollutants 2.1 Nutrient as Water Pollutants: Sources, Effects and Clean Up 2.2 Inorganic Pollutants: The Heavy Metal Menace 3 New Anthropogenic Water Pollutants: Focus on Nanoparticles and Nanoplastics 3.1 Nanotechnology and Nanoparticles 3.2 Plastics and Nanoplastics 4 Environmental Fate of Water Pollutants 4.1 Industrial Water Pollutants 4.2 Municipal Water Pollutants 4.3 Agricultural Waste Pollutants 5 Exposure Risks and Biocompatibility 5.1 Effect on Human 5.2 Effect on Plants 5.3 Effect on Animals 6 What New Strategies Are Needed for Tackling New Wastewater Pollutants? 6.1 Reverse Osmosis 6.2 Electrodialysis 6.3 Ion Exchange 6.4 Catalytic Process 6.5 Adsorption 7 Conventional Wastewater Treatment Processes 8 Other Wastewater Treatment Techniques 9 Challenges 10 Conclusions References and Future Readings Nano-Porous Graphene as Free-Standing Membranes 1 Introduction 2 State-of-the-Art Membranes Versus Ideal Membranes 2.1 State-of-the-Art Membranes, Properties, and Limitations 2.2 Modules for Current RO Membrane Testing 2.3 Ideal Membranes, Properties, and Prospects 3 Computer Simulations on Nano-Porous Graphene Membranes; Water Desalination Perspective 4 Experimental Work on Nano-porous Graphene Membranes 4.1 Fabrication of Large-Area Graphene 4.2 Appropriate Porous Support Layer for Free-Standing Graphene 4.3 Fabrication of Nanopores on the Active Layer 4.4 Characterization Tools of Nano-Porous Graphene Membranes 4.5 Realization of Nano-Porous Graphene Membranes for Water Desalination 5 Research Gaps 6 Conclusions References and Future Readings Three-Dimensional and Lamellar Graphene Oxide Membranes for Water Purification 1 Introduction 2 Preparation Methods of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide 2.1 Reduced Graphene Oxide 3 Experimental Works 3.1 GO/rGO Lamellar Membranes 3.2 GO/rGO 3D Membranes 4 Computational Studies 4.1 Graphyne-Based Membranes 5 Conclusions, Challenges, and Perspectives References and Future Readings Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide as Nanofillers in Membrane Separation 1 Introduction 2 Preparation Methods of Polymer–GO/rGO Nanocomposite 2.1 Solvent Processing 2.2 In Situ Polymerization 2.3 Melt Processing 2.4 Pickering Emulsions 2.5 Spin Coating 3 Characterization of Nanocomposite Membranes 3.1 Membrane Morphology Analysis 3.2 Functional Groups of Membrane Analyses 3.3 Evaluation of Membrane Surface Charge 3.4 Measurement of Contact Angle to Evaluate the Surface Hydrophilic Behavior 3.5 Thermal Stability Investigation of the Membranes 3.6 Mechanical Property Evaluation of the Membranes 4 GO- and rGO-Based Nanocomposite Membranes for Water Purification 5 Research Gaps 6 Conclusions References and Future Readings Porous Graphene Membranes for Solute Separation via Reverse Osmosis and Electrodialysis 1 Introduction 2 Porous Graphene as Reverse Osmosis Membranes 3 Porous Graphene as Electrodialysis Membranes 4 Research Gaps 5 Conclusions References and Future Reading Hexagonal Boron Nitride (h-BN) in Solutes Separation 1 Introduction 2 h-BN Synthesis Methods 2.1 Mechanical Exfoliation 2.2 Chemical Exfoliation 2.3 Liquid Exfoliation 2.4 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) 3 Computer Simulation for Understanding the h-BN-Based Membrane Filtration and Adsorption 3.1 Simulation of h-BN Membrane Filtration for Water Purification 3.2 Simulation of h-BN in Pollutants Adsorption Applications 4 Experimental Work 4.1 Application of h-BN as Membrane Filtration in Water Treatment 4.2 Application of h-BN in Adsorption 5 Comparative Study of Graphene Oxide and h-BN in Membrane Filtration 6 New Fabrication Methods 6.1 Physical Vapor Deposition 6.2 Surface Segregation-Based Method 6.3 Pulsed Laser Deposition 7 Research Gap 8 Conclusions References and Future Readings Molybdenum Disulfide and Tungsten Disulfide as Novel Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials in Separation Science 1 Introduction 2 Computer Simulations 3 MoS2 and WS2 Syntheses and New Fabrication Methods 4 Feasibility of Free-Standing MoS2 and WS2 Membranes in Filtration 4.1 MoS2 and WS2 Membranes Compared to Other 1D/2D Materials 5 Research Gaps 6 Conclusions and Perspectives References and Future Reading Newly Emerging Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOF), MXenes, and Zeolite Nanosheets in Solutes Removal from Water 1 Introduction 2 Metal–Organic Framework, Zeolite and MXene Nanosheets 2.1 MOF Nanosheets 2.2 Zeolite Nanosheets 2.3 MXene Nanosheets 3 Computer Simulation 3.1 MOF Nanosheets 3.2 Zeolite Nanosheets 3.3 MXene Nanosheet 4 Syntheses Methods 4.1 MOF Nanosheets 4.2 Zeolite Nanosheet 4.3 MXene Nanosheet 5 Experimental Work 5.1 MOF Nanosheets 5.2 Zeolite Nanosheets 5.3 MXene Nanosheets 6 Research Gaps 7 Conclusions and Perspectives References and Future Readings