Citizen-Centered Public Policy Making in Turkey (Contributions to Public Administration and Public Policy)

Description

This edited volume discusses direct citizen participation and public policymaking in Turkey. Written by a diverse group of scholars and practitioners, this book advances the field of public policy by critically examining whether and how direct citizen participation may add value to government business. Structurally, the book focuses on the core topics of public administration, the generation of public services, the design and implementation of public policies, citizens and networks, new business models, and local perspectives. Using Turkey as a case study, this volume fills a gap in the literature and will appeal to researchers interested in public policy in the MENA context. Preface Contents About the Editors Part I: Public Policy Making in the New Age Introduction to Citizen-Centered Public Policy Making 1 Introduction 2 An Overview of the Public Policy Process 3 Actors and Citizen Participation in the Public Policy Making Process 4 Conceptualizing the Direct Citizen Participation 5 Conclusion References Different Approaches to Public Policy Making 1 Introduction 2 A Theoretical Background: Approaches to Public Policy 2.1 Elite Theory 2.2 Group Theory 2.3 Institutional Theory 2.4 Rational Choice Theory 2.5 Incremental Theory 2.6 Marxist Theory 2.7 Political Systems Theory 3 Different Approaches on How to Make Public Policy 3.1 The Multiple Streams Framework 3.2 The Advocacy Coalition Framework 3.3 Punctuated Equilibrium Theory 3.4 The Institutional Analysis and Development Framework 3.5 The Narrative Policy Framework 4 Conclusion References Normative Public Policy, the “Public Value,” and Value Conflicts 1 Introduction 2 A Discussion on Normative Public Policy, Ethics, and Values 3 The Public Value Management (PVM) 3.1 Defining the “Public Value” 3.2 The “Public Value” in Public Governance 4 Value Conflicts: The Case of Justice and Efficiency in Welfare 5 Conclusion References Rethinking the Role of Nudge in Public Policy 1 Introduction 2 The Essence of Nudge 3 Nudging in Public Policy 4 Assessing the Criticisms of Nudge Theory 5 Moving Beyond the Nudge for More Participatory Public Policy: Nudge-Plus 6 Some Implications 7 Conclusion References Civil Society and Public Policy in Turkey 1 Introduction 2 The Civil Society and Public Policy Nexus: Theory and Practice 3 The “New” History of Civil Society in Turkey 4 Factors Shaping Civil Society Participation in Public Policies in Turkey 5 Conclusion References Part II: Approaches on Citizen-Centered Public Policy Making Social Networks of/for Citizen Participation in Turkey 1 Introduction 1.1 Hemşehri Relations and Its Macro-Level Evolution in Urban Life 1.2 The Transition from Micro-Sociological Nature to Macro-Political Institutions: Hemşehri Associations 2 Mahalle: Neighborhood Ties and Networks for Participation 2.1 Mukhtar: Bridging Social Capital in Participation and Its Role in Citizen-State Relations 3 City Councils: Quasi-Institutionalized Network for Local Participatory Democracy 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Digital Divide and Citizen Participation in Public Policy Making 1 Introduction 2 Electronic Citizen Participation in Public Policy Making 3 Digital Divide 4 Relationship Between Digital Divide and Citizen Participation in Public Policy Making 5 Conclusion References Conceptual Complexities and Frameworks to Analyze Digital Transformation and Citizen-Centric E-Participation in Public Administration 1 Introduction 2 The Difference Between E-Government and E-Governance 2.1 E-Government 2.2 E-Governance 2.3 Frameworks for Decreasing Conceptual Complexities 3 Complexities on the Concept of “Centricity” 3.1 “The Dichotomy” Between Organization-Centricity and Citizen-Centricity 3.2 Citizen-Centricity: Top Down or Bottom Up? 4 Framing Differences in E-Participation Employing Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approaches 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion References Active Citizenship and Disadvantaged Groups: The Roma in Turkey 1 Introduction 2 From Liberal Citizenship to Active Citizenship 3 Social Capital as a Condition for Active Citizenship 4 Roma and Citizenship 4.1 The Roma in Turkey 5 Active Citizenship of the Roma in Turkey 6 Explaining the Failure of the Roma’s Active Participation 7 Conclusion References Women, Nationalism, and Political Participation in Turkey 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Part: Descriptive and Substantive Representation of Women Within the Light of the Ties Between Nationalism and Patriarchy 3 The Basis of the Gender Regime in Turkey 4 The Rising Political Participation of Women in an Environment of “Gender Obsession” 4.1 Family-Oriented Women Policies 4.2 The Issue of Gender Equality and (In)Active Political Participation of Women 5 Conclusion References Rising Expectations: How Digital Democracy Don’t Mean More Participation for Vulnerable Groups 1 Introduction 2 Different Modes of Participation, Same Determinants 2.1 Different Dimensions of Participation 2.1.1 Conventional Political Participation 2.1.2 Unconventional Political Participation 2.1.3 Social Activism 2.1.4 Online Activism 2.2 Determinants of Participation 2.2.1 Demographic and Socioeconomic Variables 2.2.2 Political Variables 2.2.3 Contextual Variables 2.3 Findings 2.3.1 Multilevel Ordered Logit 2.3.2 Structural Equation Models 3 Conclusion Appendix References Challenges for Direct Citizen Participation in Public Policy Making 1 Introduction 2 Direct Citizen Participation: Conceptual Background 3 Challenges of Direct Citizen Participation 3.1 Challenges Arising from the Nature of DCP 3.2 Challenges Arising from the Design of the DCP Process 3.3 Other Challenges 4 An Effective Direct Citizen Participation 5 Conclusion References Part III: Reflections from Various Policy Fields in Turkey Citizen-Oriented Participation Mechanisms in Turkey: The Case of the Ministry of Interior 1 Introduction 2 Conceptual Framework 2.1 Public as Citizens 2.2 Approaches to Public Administration 2.3 Governance 3 The Ministry of Interior 3.1 Strategic Plan with a Citizen-Oriented Focus 3.2 Performance Evaluation and Monitoring System 3.2.1 Citizen Satisfaction Surveys 3.2.2 İZDES: Monitoring and Evaluation System 3.2.3 Open-Door Offices 3.3 Best Practices from Internal Security Services 3.3.1 Trust Desks 3.3.2 Local Prevention and Security Boards 3.3.3 Law Enforcement Monitoring Commission 4 Conclusion References Citizen-Centered Public Policy making Through Social Media in Local Governments: A Research on Twitter Accounts of Metropolitan Municipalities in Turkey 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Background 3 Literature Review on Engagement and Content Analysis Studies in Social Media 4 Methodology 5 Findings 5.1 Engagement Analysis Findings 5.2 Content Analysis Findings 6 Discussion 7 Conclusion References Citizen-Centric Smart City Practices of Local Governments During COVID-19: Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Case 1 Introduction 2 Citizen-Centric Smart Cities 3 Citizen-Centric Smart Cities During COVID-19 Pandemic 4 Citizen-Centric Smart City Applications of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality During the COVID-19 Pandemic 4.1 Smart Public Transportation 4.2 E-Municipality Services Application 4.3 Voluntary Participation Activities 4.4 Crowdfunding Activities 4.5 Open Government Data Portals 4.6 Free Internet Access and Support for Distance Learning 5 Conclusion References Data Wars During COVID-19 Pandemic in Turkey: Regulatory Science, Trust, Risk, and Citizen Science 1 Introduction 2 Citizen Science and Social Movements That Challenge the Epistemic Authority of Science 3 Expertise, Science, and its Discontents 4 Data and Democracy 5 Twitter and the Democratization of Science 6 Data (or Lack Thereof) and COVID-19 Pandemic in Turkey: A Brief Background 7 Data, Risk, Trust, and Activism: Two Examples 8 Conclusion References Citizen-Centered Environmental Policy making in Turkey: The Struggle of Unheard Voices 1 Introduction 2 Citizen-Centered Policy making and Environmental Policy: A Review of the Literature 2.1 Environmental Policy Process: Evolution of Policy Instruments 3 The Rationale for Citizen-Centered Environmental Policy Process 3.1 Citizen-Centered Environmental Policy Instruments: Engaging the Public 4 The Case of Turkey: The Struggle of Unheard Voices 4.1 Councils as a Citizen-Centered Environmental Policy Instrument 4.2 Public Participation and Information Meetings in the Environmental Impact Assessment Process 4.3 Citizens’ Appeals Against the Administration: the Right to Petition and Access to Information Act 4.4 Recourse to Judicial Review 4.5 What If the Executive Does Not Implement Court Decisions? 4.6 Direct Action: Blocking Public Participation and Information Meetings in the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Process 4.7 Direct Action: Individual Citizens as Agents of Change 4.8 Direct Action for the Environment: Marches, Petitions, Protests, Road Blocks, and Vigils 5 Conclusion References Housing Affordability in Turkey: How Big Is It and Who Are the Most Vulnerable? 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Housing Affordability in the Turkish Housing Market 4 The Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Housing Affordability in Turkey 5 Conclusion References Educational Policy Making in Turkey: Citizen-Centered or Window-Dressing? 1 Introduction 2 Citizen-Centered Policy Making 3 Citizen-Centered Policy Making in Education 4 The Structural and Functional Characteristics of the TES 4.1 Overpopulated System 4.2 Over-centralization 4.3 Change Inflation 5 National Education Councils: Real Participation or an Illusion? 5.1 NEC’s Structure, Organization, and Decision-Making 5.2 Effects of NECs on Policy and Practice 6 Conclusion References Evaluation of Higher Education Policies in Turkey in the Context of Citizen-Centered Public Policies 1 Introduction 2 Citizen-Centered Public Policy-Making in Turkish Public Administration 3 Citizen-Centered Public Policy-Making in Turkish HE 3.1 Internationalization and Mobility 3.1.1 Faculty Mobility 3.1.2 Student Mobility 3.2 Student-Related Issues as the Stakeholders of CCPP of Turkish HE 3.2.1 Student-Centered University 3.2.2 Student Information Systems 3.2.3 Learning Management Systems (LMS) 3.3 Policymakers of HE System in Turkey 3.3.1 Selection of Administrators of HE 3.3.2 Participation of Other Stakeholders in Decision-Making 3.4 Satisfaction of Students and Faculties with Their University 4 Conclusion References Access versus Quality Trade-off: How Citizen-Centered Is the Public Policy Making in the Expansion of the Turkish Higher Education System? 1 Introduction 1.1 Expansion of Turkish Higher Education 2 Research Methodology 3 Findings 3.1 Agenda Setting 3.2 Policy Formulation 3.3 Acceptance of the Policy 3.4 Implementation of the Policy 3.5 Monitoring and Evaluation of the Policies 3.5.1 Accessing Higher Education and the Quality of the Instruction, Services, and Research 3.5.2 Administrative Challenges 3.5.3 Financial and Infrastructural Challenges 3.5.4 Academic Challenges 3.5.5 Social Challenges 3.5.6 Success Factors 3.5.7 Issues of Quality 3.5.8 Academic Inflation: Qualified Unemployment 4 Conclusion References People-Centered Health Policies in Turkey 1 Introduction 2 From the Disease-Oriented Model to the People-Centered Model 3 Patient-Centered Model 4 People-Centered Health Practices in Turkey 4.1 Central Physician Appointment System (MHRS) 4.2 e-Pulse Application 4.3 Life Fits Home (HES) 4.4 Filiation and Insulation Tracking System 4.5 Ministry of Health Communication Center (SABIM) 4.6 Health Personnel Mental Support Application 4.7 Statistics and Causal Analysis in Health Application 4.8 e-Report System 4.9 Procure4Health Project 4.10 Telemedicine Services 4.11 Tele Radiology 4.12 Home Health Service Application 4.13 112 Emergency Health Service 4.14 Family Medicine Service 4.15 Mother-Friendly Hospital Program 4.16 Community Mental Health Center 4.17 Complementary Health Insurance 5 Conclusion References Implementation of Citizen-Oriented Economic Policies 1 Introduction 2 Main Objectives and Instruments of Economic Policies 2.1 Economic Growth and Development Goals 2.1.1 General Outlook of Economic Growth and Development in the World 2.1.2 Is Citizen-Oriented Economic Growth and Development Possible? 2.2 Fair Income Distribution Goal 2.2.1 General Outlook of Income Distribution in the World 2.2.2 Is Citizen-Oriented Income Distribution Possible? 2.3 The Goal of Reaching Full Employment 2.3.1 General Outlook of Employment by Sector in the World 2.3.2 Is Citizen-Oriented Full Employment Possible? 2.4 Price Stability Goal 2.4.1 General Outlook of Inflation in the World 2.4.2 Citizen-Oriented Price Stability Goal 3 Views of Mainstream Economics Schools on the Government’s Role in the Economy and Behaviors of Individuals 4 Conclusion References Citizen-Centered Public Security in Turkey: Policy and Practice 1 Introduction 2 Citizen-Centered Public Security: Conception and Policy Framework 3 Citizen-Centered Public Security in Turkey: Participation, Community Orientation, and Oversight 3.1 Participation: Improving Inclusiveness and Accessibility 3.2 Community Orientation: Developing Focused and Tailored Responses 3.3 Oversight: Ensuring Public Accountability and Trust 4 Conclusion References Index