Achieving sustainable production of eggs: Safety and Quality: 1

Description

Drawing on an international range of expertise, in Part 1 this book reviews developments in understanding of egg composition and chemistry. The book then reviews pathogens in eggs, including methods of transmission and techniques to prevent or remove contamination. The final part of the book reviews advances in understanding, measuring and enhancing the sensory and nutritional quality of eggs. Achieving sustainable production of eggs Volume 1: Safety and quality will be a standard reference for poultry and food scientists in universities, government and other research centres and companies involved in egg production. It is accompanied by Volume 2 which reviews animal welfare and sustainability issues. Improving gut health in poultry Contents Series list Acknowledgements Introduction Part 1 Understanding the gastrointestinal tract Chapter 1 Commercial poultry production and gut function: a historical perspective 1 Introduction 2 Origins of the broiler chicken 3 Vertical integration 4 Nutrition 5 Genetic selection 6 Housing 7 Veterinary care 8 Poultry industry challenges in gut health 9 Conclusions 10 Acknowledgements 11 Where to look for further information 12 References Chapter 2 Advances in sequence technologies for generating poultry gut microbiome data 1 Introduction 2 Culture-dependent microbiome analysis 3 Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) 4 Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) 5 16S ribosomal RNA clone library sequencing 6 Next-generation sequencing (Roche 454, Illumina, and Ion Torrent) 7 Third-generation sequencing (Pacbio SMRT and Oxford Nanopore MinION) 8 Microbiome, metagenomics, and metatranscriptomics 9 Conclusion and future trends 10 Where to look for further information 11 References Chapter 3 Omics technologies for connecting host responses with poultry gut function 1 Introduction 2 Gastrointestinal tract – functions, physiology and microbiota 3 Omics technologies – how to use and what can they tell us? 4 Application of omics to study the chicken intestine 5 Case study: proteomic analysis of the mucosal layer along the chicken gut – host and microbiome 6 Summary and future trends 7 Where to look for further information 8 References Chapter 4 Understanding gut microbiota in poultry 1 Introduction 2 The microbiota of chickens 3 Functional interaction of microbiota and host 4 Microbiota manipulation for chicken health and productivity 5 Future trends 6 Where to look for further information 7 References Chapter 5 In ovo development of the chicken gut microbiome and its impact on later gut function 1 Introduction 2 In ovo use of biologics to shape the gut microbiome 3 Competitive exclusion cultures 4 Probiotics 5 Prebiotics 6 Synbiotics 7 Other biologics 8 Conclusion and future trends 9 Where to look for further information 10 References Chapter 6 Understanding gut function in poultry: immunometabolism at the gut level 1 Introduction 2 Immunometabolism 3 Assessing metabolic gut function 4 Inflammatory feed components 5 Feeding immunometabolism 6 Conclusion and future trends 7 Where to look for further information 8 References Chapter 7 Understanding gut function in poultry: the role of commensals, metabolites, inflammation and dysbiosis in intestinal immune function and dysfunction 1 Introduction 2 Intestinal immunity 3 Microbiota interactions with the immune system 4 Gut microbiota as an epigenetic regulator of gut function 5 Dysregulation of gut functionality 6 Future trends and conclusion 7 References Part 2 Factors that impact the gastrointestinal tract and different types of birds Chapter 8 Genetics and other factors affecting intestinal microbiota and function in poultry 1 Introduction 2 Characteristics of poultry intestines as an environmental for microbiota 3 Factors that affect the development and function of intestinal microbiota in poultry 4 Future trends and conclusion 5 Where to look for further information 6 References Chapter 9 Antibiotics and gut function: historical and current perspectives 1 Introduction 2 Historical perspectives on antibiotics in poultry production 3 Future perspectives on antibiotics in poultry production 4 Conclusion 5 Where to look for further information 6 References Chapter 10 Gastrointestinal diseases of poultry: causes and nutritional strategies for prevention and control 1 Introduction 2 Gastrointestinal (GI) tract diseases 3 Nutritional interventions 4 Conclusion and future trends 5 Where to look for further information 6 References Chapter 11 The interaction between gut microbiota and pathogens in poultry 1 Introduction 2 Common intestinal pathogens and the associated diseases 3 Interactions between gut pathogens and microbiota and the impact on host nutrition and health 4 Summary and future trends 5 Where to look for further information 6 References Chapter 12 Microbial ecology and function of the gastrointestinal tract in layer hens 1 Introduction 2 Layer hen gastrointestinal tract (GIT) structure and function 3 Layer hen gastrointestinal tract (GIT) microbial ecology 4 Layer hen gastrointestinal tract (GIT) molecular characterization 5 Layer hen: next-generation sequencing and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) microbiome analysis 6 Modulation of the laying hen gastrointestinal tract (GIT) microbiome 7 Conclusion and future trends 8 Where to look for further information 9 References Part 3 Feed additives and gut health modulation Chapter 13 Controlling pathogens in the poultry gut 1 Introduction 2 The gastrointestinal microbiota 3 Probiotics and competitive exclusion cultures 4 Prebiotics 5 Bacteriophages 6 Organic acids 7 Sodium chlorate 8 Conclusion 9 Where to look for further information 10 References Chapter 14 The role of probiotics in optimizing gut function in poultry 1 Introduction 2 Experiences of probiotics in poultry 3 Probiotics and inflammation 4 Risks of overuse of antibiotics 5 The use of direct-fed microbials 6 Conclusion 7 Where to look for further information 8 References Chapter 15 Role of prebiotics in poultry gastrointestinal tract health, function, and microbiome composition 1 Introduction 2 Prebiotics: definition 3 The avian upper GIT: potential impact of prebiotics 4 The avian intestinal microbiome, function, and prebiotics 5 Cecal composition and functional characteristics 6 Cecal microbiome: general characteristics 7 Cecal microbiome and prebiotics: current perspectives and future prospects 8 Summary and conclusions 9 Where to look for further information 10 References Chapter 16 The role of synbiotics in optimizing gut function in poultry 1 Introduction 2 Probiotics 3 Prebiotics 4 Synbiotics 5 Conclusion and future trends 6 Where to look for further information 7 References Chapter 17 Short chain organic acids: microbial ecology and antimicrobial activity in the poultry gastrointestinal tract 1 Introduction 2 Short chain organic acid production in the upper poultry gastrointestinal tract 3 Cecal fermentation and generation of short chain organic acids 4 Functions of cecal short chain organic acids: host metabolism 5 Functions of cecal short chain organic acids: pathogen inhibition 6 Feed contamination and feed additives: general concepts 7 Activities of short chain organic acids in the feed 8 Short chain organic acids: feeding studies 9 Conclusion 10 Where to look for further information 11 References Chapter 18 The role of essential oils and other botanicals in optimizing gut function in poultry 1 Introduction 2 The emergence of regulations to curb antibiotic resistance 3 Phytobiotics: an emerging group of alternatives 4 Potential role of phytobiotics to improve gut health in poultry 5 Benefits of improving gut health on poultry production 6 Conclusion and future trends 7 References Chapter 19 The role of specific cereal grain dietary components in poultry gut function 1 Introduction 2 The poultry gut 3 Functions of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) 4 General structure of cereal grains 5 Nutrient composition of cereal grains 6 Anti-nutritive components of cereal grains 7 Role of cereal grain components in poultry gut function 8 Possible mechanisms by which cereal grain dietary components affect gut function 9 Conclusion 10 Where to look for further information 11 References Index