BONE AND JOINT INFECTIONS : from microbiology to diagnostics and treatment.

Description

Cover Title Page Copyright Page Contents List of Contributors Preface to the Second Edition Foreword to the First Edition Acknowledgments Chapter 1 Introduction References Chapter 2 Diagnostic Approach in Bone and Joint Infections Introduction Common Microorganisms Causing Bone and Joint Infection Diagnostic Approach in Spinal Infection Diagnostic Approach in Bone Fixation Device-Associated Infection Diagnostic Approach in Native Arthritis and Infections after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Repair (ACL-R) Diagnostic Approach in Periprosthetic Joint Infections (PJI Key Points References Chapter 3 Unusual Microorganisms in Periprosthetic Joint Infection Introduction Gram-Positive Microorganisms Staphylococcus lugdunensis Streptococcus bovis Gemella Listeria monocytogenes Nocardia Dietzia maris Tsukamurella Oerskovia Bacillus alvei Bacillus cereus Gram-Negative Microorganisms Salmonella Neisseria meningitidis Haemophilus spp. Zoonotic Microorganisms Brucella spp. Francisella tularensis Yersinia enterocolitica Pasteurella multocida Coxiella burnetii Campylobacter Erysipelotrix rhusiopathiae Anaerobic Microorganisms Clostridium difficile Actinomyces Other Anaerobes Mycobacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mycobacterium bovis Non-tuberculous mycobacteria Mycobacterium avium complex Other Microorganisms Mycoplasma Ureplasma Echinococcus Tropheryma whipplei Borrelia burgdorferi Key Points References Chapter 4 Identification of Pathogens in Bone and Joint Infections by Non-Culture Techniques Introduction Broad-Range PCR Targeted PCR Multiplex PCR Next-Generation Sequencing Approach Mass Spectrometry-Based Methods Key Points (Figure 4.5) References Chapter 5 Bacteriophages for Treatment of Biofilm Infections History of Bacteriophage Use in Human Infections Principles of Bacteriophage Therapy Molecular Background Resistance Mechanisms Antibiotic–Bacteriophage Interactions Activity of Bacteriophages against Bacterial Biofilms and Persisters Bacteriophage Susceptibility Testing: the Phagogram Experimental and Clinical Evidence with Bacteriophage Treatment Local Delivery and Systemic Bacteriophage Application Systemic Delivery Oral or Inhaled Delivery Local Delivery Outlook and Future Perspectives Key Points References Chapter 6 Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Antibiotics in Bone Pharmacokinetics Bone Sample Preparation and Analysis Pharmacokinetic Sampling and Data Analysis Penetration of Antibiotics into Bone Fluoroquinolones Macrolides and Telithromycin Clindamycin Rifampicin Tetracyclines and Tigecycline Cephalosporins Penicillins, Carbapenems, and β-Lactamase Inhibitors Linezolid Daptomycin Fosfomycin Glycopeptides and Lipoglycopeptides Pharmacodynamics and Monte Carlo Simulations Conclusions Key Points References Chapter 7 Preclinical Models of Infection in Bone and Joint Surgery Introduction Influence of Species in Preclinical Models of Bone and Joint Infection Overview of Animal Models Direct Inoculation with Minimal Trauma Animal Models of Bone and Joint Infection Incorporating Trauma Hematogenous Models Future Directions Conclusions Key Points References Chapter 8 Native Joint Arthritis in Children Introduction Epidemiology Microbiology Specific Microorganisms and Predisposition Culture-Negative Septic Arthritis Pathogenesis Clinical Presentation Laboratory Investigation Imaging Studies Differential Diagnosis Treatment Joint Space Drainage Antibiotic Therapy Adjunctive Anti-Inflammatory Therapy Prognosis Key Points References Chapter 9 Native Joint Arthritis in Adults Introduction Risk Factors Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, and Microbiology Diagnosis Signs and Symptoms Microbiological Diagnosis Inflammatory Parameters in Serum Synovial Fluid Analysis Bacterial Staining on Microscopy Imaging Treatment General Aspects Surgical Drainage versus Arthrocentesis Antibiotic Therapy Outcome Key Points Acknowledgments References Chapter 10 Septic Arthritis of Axial Joints Septic Arthritis of the Sternoclavicular Joint Introduction Epidemiology Microbiology Risk Factors Clinical and Laboratory Features Imaging Procedures Differential Diagnosis Management Key Points Septic Arthritis of the Symphysis Pubis Introduction Epidemiology Microbiology Risk Factors Clinical and Laboratory Features Imaging Procedures Differential Diagnosis Management Key Points Septic Arthritis of the Sacroiliac Joint Introduction Epidemiology Microbiology Risk Factors Clinical and Laboratory Features Imaging Procedures Differential Diagnosis Management Key Points References Chapter 11 Periprosthetic Joint Infection: General Aspects Introduction Definition Classification Pathogenesis The Role of the Host The Role of the Microorganism (Biofilm) The Route of Infection Laboratory Investigation Infectious Parameters in Blood Synovial Cells Synovial Fluid Leukocyte Esterase Histopathology Culture Sonication Culture and Molecular Diagnosis Therapeutic Management Surgical Interventions Antimicrobial Therapy Prophylaxis Perioperative Prophylaxis Prevention of Hematogenous Infection Errors in the Management of PJI Key Points References Chapter 12 Periprosthetic Joint Infection after Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty Introduction Risk Factors Microbiology Clinical Features Laboratory Investigation C-Reactive Protein and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate Synovial Cells Imaging Procedures Management Antibiotic Treatment Surgical Interventions Specific Surgical Problems in Hip PJI Specific Surgical Problems in Knee PJI Instructive Cases Case 1: Early Postoperative PJI due to Cutibacterium avidum, Two Weeks after THA Case 2: One-Stage Exchange of Infected TKA due to Staphylococcus capitis Case 3: Chronic THA Infection Treated with an Early Reimplantation Two‐Stage Exchange References Chapter 13 Periprosthetic Joint Infection after Shoulder Arthroplasty Introduction Risk Factors Comorbidities Oral Morphine Equivalents Intra-Articular Injections Revision Surgery and Hematoma Male Gender Age Trauma Cement with or without Antibiotic Impregnation Type of Arthroplasty Microbiology Pathogenesis Exogenous or Hematogenous Infection Route Acute or Chronic Infection Virulent or Low-Virulent Pathogen Clinical Features Laboratory Investigation Blood Tests Synovial Fluid Leukocyte Count Intraoperative Findings and the Number of Biopsies Microbiological Culture Molecular Investigations Histopathological Investigations Sonication of Removed Implants Sonication of Removed Implants Combined with Molecular Methods Imaging Procedures Management Surgical Interventions Antimicrobial Treatment Instructive Cases Case 1: Chronic PSJI due to Cutibacterium acnes Treated with a One‐Stage Exchange Case 2: Relapse of Chronic PSJI Initially Treated with DAIR References Chapter 14 Periprosthetic Joint Infection after Elbow Arthroplasty Introduction Microbiology Clinical Features Diagnostic Procedures Preoperative Workup Peri- and Postoperative Workup Management Antimicrobial Treatment Surgical Treatment Instructive Cases Case 1. Acute Postoperative Infection Treated with Debridement and Retention Case 2. Delayed Infection, Inappropriate Rifampin Therapy Leading to Emergence of Resistance Case 3. Delayed Diagnosis of Late Infections Treated with Two‐Stage Exchange Case 4. Acute Hematogenous Infection Treated by One-Stage Exchange with Preservation of the Extensor Apparatus References Chapter 15 Periprosthetic Joint Infection after Ankle Arthroplasty Introduction Risk Factors Patient-Related Risk Factors Surgery-Related Risk Factors Risk Factors Related to the Postoperative Course Pitfalls in the Postoperative Course Microbiology Clinical Features Laboratory Investigation Blood Tests Synovial Fluid Leukocyte Analysis Intraoperative Samples Imaging Procedures Management Surgical Interventions Antimicrobial Treatment Instructive Cases Case 1. Acute Hematogenous PAJI Case 2. Chronic Exogenous PAJI References Chapter 16 Osteomyelitis: Classification Classification According to Pathogenesis Hematogenous Osteomyelitis Osteomyelitis Secondary to a Contiguous Focus Osteomyelitis Secondary to Vascular Insufficiency or to Peripheral Neuropathy Osteomyelitis in the Special Host Classification According to the Duration of Infection Classification According to the Localization Classification According to the Presence of an Implant Classification According to Anatomy and Comorbidity References Chapter 17 Osteomyelitis in Children Introduction Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Microbiology Neonates: 2 Months and Younger Children: 3 Months to 5 Years Children Greater than 5 Years Special Groups Treatment Antibiotic Treatment Surgical Treatment Complications Key Points References Chapter 18 Acute Osteomyelitis in Adults Introduction Pathogenesis Epidemiology Microbiology Risk Factors Clinical Features Laboratory Investigation Hematological and Biochemical Markers Blood Cultures Biopsy Imaging Procedures Clinical and Imaging Differential Diagnosis Treatment Conservative Therapy Surgical Treatment Key Points References Chapter 19 Subacute Osteomyelitis: Tuberculous and Brucellar Vertebral Osteomyelitis Introduction Epidemiology Clinical Features Laboratory Investigation Imaging Procedures Antimicrobial and Surgical Therapy Key Points References Chapter 20 Chronic Osteomyelitis in Adults Introduction Pathogenesis Diagnosis Clinical and Microbiological Diagnosis Imaging Procedures Treatment General Considerations Surgical Approach Antibiotic Treatment Treatment of Particular Types of Chronic Osteomyelitis in Adults and Adolescents Outcome of Chronic Osteomyelitis after Treatment Key Points Acknowledgments References Chapter 21 Diabetic Foot Osteomyelitis Introduction Classification Microbiology Spectrum of Microorganisms in DFO Culture and Histopathology of Bone Biopsy Risk Factors Clinical Features Inflammatory Parameters Imaging Procedures Treatment General Aspects Antibiotic Regimens Prevention References Chapter 22 Osteomyelitis of the Jaws Introduction Classification Microbiology Risk Factors Clinical Features Laboratory Investigation Inflammatory Parameters Microbiological Workup Imaging Procedures Management General Aspects Neonatal Osteomyelitis Acute Trauma-/Fracture-Related Osteomyelitis Trauma-/Fracture-Related Secondary Chronic Osteomyelitis Acute Odontogenic Osteomyelitis Odontogenic Secondary Chronic Osteomyelitis Chronic Contiguous Neck Infection Peri-implantitis Key Points References Chapter 23 Fracture-Related Infection of the Long Bones Introduction Classification and Risk Factors Microbiology Clinical Features Early Infection Delayed Infection Late Infection Laboratory Investigation Blood Tests Microbiology and Histopathology Imaging Procedures Management General Aspects Surgical Interventions Antimicrobial Treatment Instructive Cases Case 1: Septic Nonunion after Gustilo-Anderson Grade II Open Tibia Fracture Case 2: Delayed Fracture-Related Infection of the Distal Tibia with a Fistula References Chapter 24 Implant-Associated Vertebral Osteomyelitis Introduction Classification and Risk Factors Microbiology Clinical Features Diagnostic Procedures Early-Onset IAVO Delayed- and Late-Onset IAVO Treatment Early-Onset IAVO Late-Onset IAVO Delayed-Onset IAVO Instructive Cases Case 1: Early-onset Gram-negative IAVO Complicated by Delayed MRSA Superinfection Due to Wound Management Challenges Case 2: Polymicrobial Delayed-onset IAVO in an Immunocompromised Host References Chapter 25 Postoperative Sternal Osteomyelitis Introduction Risk Factors Patient-Related Risk Factors Surgery-Related Risk Factors (Preoperative) Surgery-Related Risk Factors (Intraoperative) Surgery-Related Risk Factors (Postoperative) Microbiology Clinical Features PSTOM 4 Weeks after Sternotomy PSTOM >4 Weeks after Sternotomy Laboratory Investigation Blood Tests Preoperative Sampling Intraoperative Findings Microbiological Sampling Imaging Procedures Management General Concepts Acute PSTMO Chronic PSTMO Antimicrobial Treatment Concepts Instructive Cases Case 1: Acute PSTOM in a Patient with Risk Factors Case 2: Complex Management of Chronic PSTOM References Index EULA