Biotechnological Innovations for Environmental Bioremediation

Description

This edited book focuses on the application and implementation of bioremediation and other strategies to create a sustainable and healthy environment. It provides a collection of approaches to environmental biotechnology for wastewater treatment, removal of soil heavy metals, degradation of pesticides, removal of dyes, waste management, and microbial conversion of environmental pollutants. This book brings to the fore contributions of certain globally important environmental biotechnologist. Bioremediation is a popular branch of biotechnology that involves the use of living organisms such as microorganisms (microbial remediation), bacteria, fungus (mycoremediation), and plants (phytoremediation) to bind, extract, and clean up contaminants, pollutants, and toxins from soil, groundwater, and other environments. This book is of interest to researchers, scientists, and academic faculty in environmental sciences. Also, it serves as additional reading and reference material for undergraduate and graduate students as well as postdocs in environmental, agriculture, ecology, and soil sciences. National and International policy makers will also find valuable information from this book. Foreword Preface Part I: Environmental Remediation Part II: Phytoremediation Part III: Environmental Safety, Health, and Risk Assessment Acknowledgements Introduction Part I: Environmental Remediation Part II: Phytoremediation Part III: Environmental Safety, Health, and Risk Assessments Contents Editors and Contributors Part I: Environmental Remediation 1: Ecosystem Engineers: A Sustainable Catalyst for Environmental Remediation 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Green Technologies for the Sustainable Development 1.3 Bioremediation: An Effective Tool to Manage Pollution 1.3.1 Ecosystem Engineers 1.3.2 Conventional Bioremediation Approaches for Pollutant Mitigation: Micro-Remediation 1.3.3 Mechanism behind Degradation 1.3.4 Sustainable Enzyme Technology for Environmental Remediation 1.3.4.1 Hydrolases (EC3) 1.3.4.2 Esterases (EC 3.1) 1.3.4.3 Nitrilases (EC 3.5.5.1) 1.3.4.4 Peroxidases (EC1) Ligninolytic Peroxidases 1.3.4.5 Lignin Peroxidase 1.3.4.6 Manganese Peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.13) 1.3.4.7 Cytochrome p450 Monooxygenase (EC 1.14.14.1) 1.4 Entomo-remediation 1.4.1 The Role of Earthworms in Pollutant Degradation 1.4.2 The Significance of Gut Produced Enzymes in Degradation Processes 1.5 Conclusions: A Road Ahead Towards Sustainable Development References 2: Microbial Nanobiotechnology in Environmental Pollution Management: Prospects and Challenges 2.1 Environmental Pollution 2.1.1 Types of Environmental Pollution 2.1.1.1 Air Pollution 2.1.1.2 Water Pollution 2.1.1.3 Soil Pollution 2.1.2 Effects of Pollution 2.2 Microbial Nanobiotechnology in Pollution Management 2.2.1 Microorganisms Important in Nanobiotechnological Management of Pollution 2.2.1.1 Bacteria 2.2.1.2 Fungi 2.2.1.3 Microalgae 2.2.2 Secretion and Importance of Microbial Nanoparticle in Pollution Management 2.2.2.1 Gold Nanoparticle 2.2.2.2 Silver Nanoparticle 2.2.2.3 Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles 2.3 Principles of Nanotechnology in Pollution Management 2.3.1 Adsorption 2.3.2 Nanofiltration 2.3.3 Photocatalysis 2.4 Current Advances in Nanotechnological Management of Pollution 2.4.1 Pollution Bioremediation 2.4.2 Pollution Biosensory 2.4.3 Pollution Prevention 2.5 Risk Assessment and Sustainability of Nanotechnology in Pollution Management 2.6 Challenges and Recommendations 2.6.1 Challenges 2.6.2 Recommendations 2.7 Concluding Remarks References 3: Soil Microbiome: A Key Player in Conservation of Soil Health Under Changing Climatic Conditions 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Soil Microbiome 3.3 Function of Soil Microbiome for Improving Soil Health Under Changing Climate 3.4 Characteristics of the Microbiome of Soil 3.5 Factors Determining the Composition and Role of Soil Microbiome 3.6 Direct Impacts of Climate Change on Soil Communities and Plants 3.7 Climate Change Secondary Impacts on Plants and Soil Microbiome 3.8 Determination of Microbiome by Host Genotype 3.9 Alteration of Host Pathways Signaling 3.10 Alteration in Root Secretions 3.11 Targeted Engineering of Plant Microbiomes 3.12 Developing Areas in Microbiome Engineering 3.13 Utilizing Organic Soil Amendments and Root Exudates to Attract and Maintain Beneficial Microbiomes 3.14 Artificial Microbial Consortia 3.15 Microbiome Breeding and Transplantation 3.16 Microbiome Preservation 3.17 Methods of Microbiome Preservation 3.17.1 Cell Alive System (CAS) Technique for Intact Microbiome Preservation 3.17.2 Cryopreservation and Lyophilization in Microbiome Preservation 3.17.3 Gelatine Disk Method: Preservation of Sample 3.17.4 Cellular Immobilization or Entrapment 3.17.5 Electrospinning and Electrospraying (Microencapsulation) in Microbiome Preservation 3.17.5.1 Prospective Contribution from Genome to Phenome on the Host of the Soil Microbiome 3.18 Sustainable Agriculture and Food Safety Due to Consequences of the Soil Microbiome 3.19 Conclusion References 4: Anaerobic Digestion for Climate Change Mitigation: A Review 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Anaerobic Digestion 4.2.1 Pretreatment Methods 4.2.1.1 Wastewater Treatment 4.2.1.2 Microbial Pretreatment 4.3 Methane 4.4 Methanogens 4.4.1 Phylogeny and Habitats of Methanogens 4.5 Methanogenesis 4.5.1 Hydrogenotrophic Archaea 4.5.2 Methylotrophic Methanogens 4.5.3 Aceticlastic Methanogens 4.6 Improvement in Methane Production 4.6.1 Nano-Biochar 4.6.2 Bioaugmentation 4.6.3 Ultrasound Pretreatment 4.6.4 Micro-Oxygenic Treatment 4.6.5 Role of Temperature 4.6.5.1 Mesophilic and Thermophilic Temperature 4.6.5.2 Psychrophilic Temperature 4.6.6 Effects of Silver Nanoparticles 4.7 Biotechnology of Archaea 4.7.1 Synthetic Genes for Industrial Products Production 4.8 Extracellular Electron 4.8.1 Mineralization 4.8.2 Biomineralization: Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC) 4.8.3 Direct Interspecies Electron Transfer (DIET) 4.9 Applications 4.9.1 Sweet Sorghum as a Source of Hydrogen and Methane 4.9.2 Anaerobic Digestion 4.9.3 Clostridium butyricum 4.9.4 Reactor System 4.9.5 Biogas 4.10 Discussion 4.11 Conclusion References 5: Mitigation of Microbially Influenced Corrosion of Concrete Sewers Using Nitrite 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Sewer System and Concrete Corrosion 5.2.1 Sewer System 5.2.1.1 Overview of the Sewer System 5.2.1.2 Sulfide in Sewers 5.2.2 Concrete Corrosion in Sewers 5.2.2.1 Overview of Sewer Concrete Corrosion 5.2.2.2 Corrosion Layer Conditions 5.3 Applications of Nitrite in Sewer Systems 5.3.1 Reducing H2S Production in Anaerobic Sewers 5.3.2 Mitigating the Corrosion Development of Existing Corroding Sewers 5.3.3 Increasing the Corrosion Resistance of Nitrite Admixed Concrete References 6: Metabolic Engineering and Synthetic and Semi-Synthetic Pathways: Biofuel Production for Climate Change Mitigation 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Systems and Synthetic Biology 6.3 The CRISPR/Cas Revolution 6.4 The Role of Synthetic Biology in Atmospheric Greenhouse Gas Reduction 6.5 Synthetic Biology Tools to Engineer and Control Microbial Communities 6.5.1 Applications of Plant Synthetic Biology 6.5.2 Production of Functional Biomaterials 6.5.3 The Potential of Synthetic Microbial Consortia in Bioprocesses of the Future 6.5.4 Synthetic Antibody Could Prevent and Treat COVID-19 6.5.5 Artemisinin 6.5.6 Resveratrol 6.6 Renewable Energy 6.6.1 Biomass and Biofuels 6.6.2 C3 and C4 Plants 6.7 Lignocellulosic Biofuels 6.8 Lignin Biosynthesis 6.9 Metabolic Engineering 6.10 Bio-Based Platform for Industrial Products 6.11 Biochemicals Derived from the Shikimate Pathway 6.12 Biochemicals Derived from the Isoprenoid Pathways 6.13 Agri-Waste to Value-Added Products 6.14 Discussion 6.15 Future Directions and Concluding Remarks References 7: Handmade Paper Industry: A Green and Sustainable Enterprise and Its Challenges 7.1 Introduction 7.2 National/International Demand 7.3 Composition of Wood 7.3.1 Cellulose 7.3.2 Hemicellulose 7.3.3 Lignin 7.4 Easily Availability of Machine/Equipment 7.5 Disadvantages of Using Nonwood Fiber (Bajpai 2018) 7.6 Challenges for Handmade Paper Manufacturing Process 7.6.1 Challenges for Raw Material 7.6.2 Strengthening of Handmade Paper 7.6.3 The Degree of Difficulty in the Performance of Fiber Materials During Pulping 7.6.4 Challenges in Pulping 7.7 Environmental Effect 7.8 Economic Effect 7.9 Societal Impact 7.10 Significance of Handmade Paper 7.11 Future Research Areas 7.12 Conclusions References 8: Bioremediation Approaches and the Role of Microbes in the Bio-sustainable Rehabilitation of Polluted Sites 8.1 Introduction 8.2 The Principle of Bioremediation 8.2.1 Factors Affecting Bioremediation 8.2.1.1 Nutrients and Environmental Requirements 8.2.1.2 Energy Sources 8.2.1.3 Bioavailability and Bioactivity 8.3 Methods of Bioremediation 8.3.1 In Situ Bioremediation 8.3.2 Ex Situ Bioremediation 8.3.3 Phytoremediation 8.3.3.1 Phytoextraction or Phytoaccumulation 8.3.3.2 Phytostabilization or Phyto-immobilization 8.3.3.3 Phytotransformation or Phytodegradation 8.4 Microbes That Assist in the Bioremediation Processes 8.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Bioremediation 8.6 Conclusion References 9: Recent Bioremediation Techniques for the Removal of Industrial Wastes 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Recent Bioremediation Methods for Mitigating Various Industrial Wastes 9.2.1 Microbial Bioremediation 9.2.2 Genetically Modified Microbes for Enhanced Bioremediation 9.2.3 Phytoremediation 9.2.4 Phytobial 9.2.5 Electro-bioremediation Technique 9.2.6 Electrokinetic-Phytoremediation Technique 9.2.7 Microbial Fuel Cells for Bioremediation 9.2.8 Nano-bioremediation Technique 9.2.9 Constructed Wetlands 9.3 Limitations, Prospects and Conclusion References 10: Pesticides: Indian Scenario on Environmental Concerns and Future Alternatives 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Consumption of Pesticides in India 10.3 Impact of Chemical Pesticides 10.3.1 Regulations and Quality Control 10.3.2 Impact of Chemical Pesticides on Soil 10.3.3 Impact of Chemical Pesticides on Water 10.3.4 Chemical Pesticides and Health Hazards 10.4 Alternatives to Chemical Pesticides 10.4.1 Biopesticides 10.4.1.1 Microbial Biopesticides 10.4.1.2 Biochemical/Botanical Pesticides 10.5 Nano-biotechnological Interventions for Crop Protection 10.5.1 Nano-pesticides 10.5.2 Nano-encapsulation 10.5.3 Nano-sensors 10.5.4 Regulation of Agri-Nanoproducts 10.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects References Part II: Phytoremediation 11: Phytoremediation: A Sustainable Solution to Combat Pollution 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Need of Bioremediation of Heavy Metal-Infected Areas 11.2.1 Bioremediation 11.2.2 Need for Bioremediation in Heavy Metal-Affected Areas 11.2.3 Bioremediation Mechanism 11.3 Mechanism of Detoxification of Heavy Metals by Microbes 11.3.1 Microbial Remediation of Heavy Metals 11.3.2 Toxicity of Heavy Metals to Microbes 11.3.3 Heavy Metal Detoxification by Microbes 11.3.4 Biosorption Mechanism 11.3.5 Extracellular Sequestration 11.3.6 Extracellular Barrier of Preventing Metal Entry Into Microbial Cell 11.3.7 Methylation of Metals 11.3.8 Reduction in Heavy Metal Ions by Microbial Cell 11.4 Mechanism of Detoxification of Heavy Metals By Plants 11.4.1 Methods of Phytoremediation 11.4.1.1 Phytoextraction 11.4.1.2 Phytodegradation 11.4.1.3 Phytostabilization 11.4.1.4 Phytovolatilization 11.4.1.5 Phytofiltration 11.4.1.6 Rhizodegradation 11.4.1.7 Phytomining 11.4.2 Advantages and Limitations of Phytoremediation 11.4.2.1 Genetic Engineering in Phytoremediation 11.5 New Innovative Approaches for Removal of Heavy Metals 11.5.1 Phytodegradation 11.5.2 Phytofiltration 11.5.3 Phytoextraction 11.5.4 Phytostabilization 11.5.5 Phytovolatilization 11.5.6 Current Techniques 11.5.6.1 Hydraulic Barrier 11.5.6.2 Vegetation Cover 11.5.6.3 Constructed Wetlands 11.5.6.4 Phytodesalination 11.6 Conclusion and Future Prospective References 12: Phytoremediation and Therapeutic Potential of Neglected Plants: An Invasive Aquatic Weeds and Ornamental Plant 12.1 Backdrop 12.2 Phytoremediation: Plant-Based Eco-Friendly Technology 12.3 Neglected Plants for Phytoremediation 12.3.1 Aquatic Plants 12.3.1.1 Significance of Aquatic Plants 12.3.2 Ornamental Plants 12.3.2.1 Application of Ornamental Plants 12.4 Eichhornia crassipes: An Aquatic Plant 12.4.1 Taxonomical Classification 12.4.1.1 Application of E. crassipes: Green Cleaning Technology Phytoremediation Potential of E. crassipes Detoxification of Ni, Pb, Al, B, Cu, Mo, Zn, and Mn Phytoremediation of Ammoniacal Nitrogen (AN) Phytoremediation of Fe (Iron) 12.5 Pistia stratiotes/Jal Kumbhi: Medicinal and Aquatic Plant 12.5.1 Taxonomical Classification 12.5.1.1 Application of P. stratiotes: Hyperaccumulator and Bioindicator Phytoremediation of Crude Oil-Polluted Water Detoxification of Heavy Metals Phytoremediation of Dye Effluents 12.6 Canna: Ornamental Plant 12.6.1 Taxonomic Classification 12.6.1.1 Importance of Canna 12.7 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (Gc-Ms): A Molecular Technique for Detection of Chemical Compound from Plant Extract 12.7.1 Collection of Plant Material 12.7.2 Preparation of Plant Extract 12.7.3 GC-MS Analysis 12.7.4 Quantification of Phytocompounds 12.7.5 Statistical Analysis 12.8 Therapeutic Agents of Plant Extract 12.9 Significance of Important Phytochemicals, Bioactive Compounds, and Its Properties for Sustainable Environment and Human W... 12.10 Future Thrust References 13: Phytoremediation of Coastal Saline Vertisols of Gujarat Through Biosaline Agriculture 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Distribution of Vertisols 13.3 Main Production Constraints 13.4 Soil Salinity Problems in India 13.4.1 Coastal Saline Soils 13.4.2 Salinity Build-up in Soil and Soil Quality 13.4.3 Seawater Intrusion 13.4.4 Coastal Saline Vertisols 13.4.4.1 Impact of Salinity 13.4.4.2 Water Logging-Related Problems 13.4.4.3 Opportunities with Coastal Saline Vertisols 13.4.5 Coastal Salt-Affected Vertisols in Gujarat State, a Western Province of India 13.5 Management Options 13.5.1 Phytodesalinization of Coastal Saline Vertisols 13.5.1.1 Phytoremediation by Wild Edible Species and Fodder Crops 13.5.2 Saline Agriculture: A Potential Tool for Phytoremediation 13.5.3 Halophytes as Alternate Food/Feed Crops 13.5.4 Halophytes in Bioremediation Programs 13.6 Bioremediation of Coastal Saline Vertisols: Some Interventions 13.6.1 Intervention 1: Cultivation of Salvadora persica on Highly Saline Black Soils (ECe 45 dS m-1) 13.6.1.1 Salt Compartmentation 13.6.1.2 Na+ and Cl- Concentration and Flux 13.6.1.3 Soil Salinity Under Plantations 13.6.2 Intervention 2: Phytoremediation by Salicornia 13.6.3 Halophytes in Biosaline Agroforestry 13.6.4 Intervention 3: Cultivation of Forage Grasses 13.6.4.1 Salt Uptake and Ion Flux 13.6.4.2 Salt Compartmentation and Sodium and Potassium Budget 13.6.4.3 Salt Removal 13.6.4.4 Forage Production 13.6.4.5 Effect of Nitrogen on Growth and Forage Yield 13.6.5 Intervention 4: Cultivation of Seed Spice, Dill (Anethum graveolens), for Remediation of Moderately Saline Vertisols 13.6.6 Intervention 5: Cotton Pulse Intercropping for Moderately Saline Vertisols 13.6.7 Intervention 6: Cultivation of Salt-Tolerant Crops, Cotton and Wheat, as Ideal Interventions for Coastal Saline Vertiso... 13.6.7.1 Desi Cotton on Coastal Saline Vertisols 13.6.7.2 Wheat on Coastal Saline Vertisols 13.6.8 Intervention 7: Conjunctive Use of Saline Water with Surface Water for Crop Production-A Tool to Mitigate Salinity on S... 13.6.9 Other Interventions: Agroforestry for Coastal Saline Vertisols 13.6.10 Biomass Species for Remediation of Saline Vertisols 13.6.11 Horticultural Plants for Remediation of Saline Vertisols 13.6.12 Farming System Model: A Tool to Use Coastal Saline Vertisols 13.6.13 Biodiesel Species for Mitigating Salinity 13.6.13.1 Jatropha 13.6.13.2 Intercropping of Dill with Jatropha curcas 13.6.14 Medicinal Trees in the Bioremediation Program 13.6.14.1 Medicinal Plants as Intercrops with Woody Species 13.6.14.2 Aromatic Plants as Intercrops with Woody Species 13.7 Summary References 14: Emerging Biotechnologies in Agriculture for Efficient Farming and Global Food Production 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Potential Benefits and Effects of GM Crops 14.3 Application of Agricultural Biotechnology 14.3.1 Genetically Modified Food 14.3.2 Biotechnological Approach for Sustainable Livestock Production 14.3.2.1 Embryonic Transfer and Superovulation 14.3.2.2 Gene Transfer and Transgenic 14.3.2.3 Gene Knockout 14.3.2.4 Gene Therapy 14.3.2.5 Somatotrophin in Milk Production 14.3.2.6 Vaccines and Diagnostics 14.3.3 Biotechnology for Gut Microorganisms 14.3.4 Use of Microorganisms for Sustainable Agriculture 14.4 Food Security and Sustainable Agriculture 14.5 Current and Future Trends 14.6 Strategies and Approaches of Sustainable Agriculture 14.7 Discussion 14.8 Conclusion References 15: Role of Beneficial Microbes in Alleviating Stresses in Plants 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Microbial Role in Combating Salinity and Temperature Stress 15.3 Microbial Role in Combating Drought Stresses 15.4 Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria, Rhizobacteria, and Fungi [PGPB, PGPR, and PGPF] 15.4.1 PGPB 15.4.2 PGPR 15.4.3 Plant Growth-Promoting Fungi (PGPF) 15.4.4 Roles of PGPM in Agriculture Sustainability and Improving Soil Fertility 15.4.5 Endophytes as Source for Bioactive and Novel Compounds in Plant Health 15.4.5.1 Extracellular Enzyme Production 15.4.5.2 Biological Control Agents 15.4.5.3 ACC Deaminase and Phytohormone Production 15.4.5.4 Nitrogen Fixation 15.4.5.5 Heavy Metal and Nutrient Stress 15.5 Development of Microbial Inoculum for Small-Level Farming 15.6 Abiotic Stress Factors Concerning Forest Ecosystem and Global Economy 15.7 Future Challenges and Conclusion References 16: Mainstreaming of Underutilized Oilseed Safflower Crop Through Biotechnological Approaches for Improving Economic and Envir... 16.1 Backdrop 16.2 Safflower: Neglected Oilseed Crop 16.2.1 General Narrative as False Saffron 16.2.2 Distribution of Species and Specific Characteristics 16.2.3 Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.): A Cultivated Species 16.2.4 Effect of Climatic Conditions on Growth and Development 16.2.5 Potential Relevance of Safflower Crop 16.3 The Agricultural, Environmental, Industrial, Medicinal, and Economic Importance of Safflower 16.3.1 Agricultural and Economical Aspect 16.3.2 Textile and Food Industries 16.3.3 Environment-Friendly Biofuel and Biodiesel 16.3.4 Medicinal and Pharmaceutical: Bioactive Compounds 16.3.5 Secondary Metabolites and Regulating Molecule 16.3.6 Nutritional Importance 16.4 Crop Improvement Approach: Molecular Markers and QTL Mapping 16.4.1 Molecular Markers: DNA-Based Markers 16.4.2 Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) Mapping in Safflower 16.5 Application of Biotechnology and Modern Approaches for Sustainable Development: Toward Climate-Resilient Oilseed Crop 16.6 Future Thrusts References 17: Clean Energy for Environmental Protection: An Outlook Toward Phytoremediation 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Heavy Metal Pollution and Environmental Impacts 17.3 Coupled Phytoremediation and Bioenergy Production 17.3.1 Mechanisms of Phytoremediation 17.3.1.1 Phytostabilization 17.3.1.2 Phytoextraction 17.3.2 Bioenergy Plants Used for Phytoremediation 17.3.3 Bioenergy Production from Phytoremediation Biomass 17.4 Bioenergy and Environmental Safety 17.4.1 Environmental Effects of Bioenergy 17.4.2 Socioeconomic Effects of Bioenergy Production from Contaminated Lands 17.5 Bioenergy for Sustainable Development 17.6 Strategies for the Enhancement of Phytoremediation Potential of Bioenergy Plants 17.7 Challenges and Future Perspectives 17.8 Conclusion References 18: Role of Process Intensification in Enzymatic Transformation of Biomass into High-Value Chemicals 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Enzymes as Catalysts for Biomass Valorization 18.3 Process Intensification of Biomass Valorization 18.3.1 Microreactors 18.3.2 Monolithic Reactors 18.3.3 Membrane Reactors 18.3.4 Ultrasound-Assisted Biomass Valorization 18.4 Opportunities and Considerations for Commercialization References 19: Wetland Flora of West Bengal for Phytoremediation: Physiological and Biotechnological Studies-A Review 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Materials and Methods 19.2.1 Study Area 19.3 Results 19.3.1 Habit and Habitat 19.3.2 Survey and Collection 19.3.3 Identification 19.4 Phytoremediation 19.4.1 Textile Waste 19.4.1.1 Phycoremediation of Heavy Metals using Living Green Microalgae 19.4.1.2 Role of Microorganisms 19.4.2 Hyperaccumulating ``Monilophytes´´ or Ferns 19.4.3 The Hyperaccumulating Angiospermic Plants 19.4.4 Aquatic Macrophytes for Phytoremediation 19.5 Removal of Various Pollutants 19.5.1 Herbicides 19.5.2 Pesticides 19.5.3 Heavy Metals 19.5.3.1 What are Heavy Metals? 19.5.3.2 Environmentally Relevant Most Hazardous HMs and Metalloids 19.6 Combination Treatment 19.6.1 Macrophytes and Algae 19.6.2 Macrophytes and Bacteria 19.7 Eutrophication in Water Bodies and Nutrient Removal. 19.8 Genetic Engineering for Phytoremediation 19.9 Discussion 19.10 Conclusion References 20: Vertical Cultivation: Moving Towards a Sustainable and Eco-friendly Farming 20.1 Introduction 20.2 What Is a Vertical Farm? 20.3 Historical Background of Vertical Farming 20.4 Concept and Technology Involved in Vertical Farming 20.5 The Musts in Vertical Farm 20.5.1 Factors Affecting Design of Vertical Garden 20.6 Environment and Plant Response to Vertical Garden 20.6.1 Photo-biology 20.6.2 Photomorphogenesis 20.6.3 Photosynthesis 20.6.4 Secondary Metabolites Production 20.6.5 Thermomorphogenesis 20.7 Proposed Design of Vertical Farm 20.8 Sources of Photosystem and Importance of Green Energy 20.9 Is Vertical Farm Viable? 20.9.1 Why Vertical Farming Must Be Adopted? 20.9.1.1 Climate Change 20.9.1.2 Ecosystem Sustainability 20.9.1.3 Food Security 20.9.1.4 Health 20.9.1.5 Urban Density and Food Production System 20.9.1.6 Efficiency and Economics 20.9.2 Benefits of Adopting Vertical Farming 20.9.3 Demerits in Vertical Farming 20.10 Insect and Pest Concern Under Vertical Farm 20.11 Recent Advancement 20.12 Conclusion References 21: Climate Change and its Effects on Global Food Production 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Agriculture 21.2.1 Temperature, Water, and CO2 21.2.2 Ground Level Ozone 21.2.3 Pests 21.2.4 Pollinators 21.2.5 Nutrient Losses 21.2.6 Agricultural Labor 21.3 Animal Husbandry 21.3.1 Water 21.3.2 Livestock Diseases 21.3.3 Heat Stress 21.3.4 Quantity and Quality of Feeds 21.4 Fisheries 21.4.1 Rise in Sea Temperature 21.4.2 Ocean Acidification 21.4.3 Nutrient Quality 21.5 Effects on Food Security and Nutrition 21.5.1 Conflicts 21.5.2 Price Hike of Staple Foods 21.5.3 GDP Growth 21.5.4 Food Consumption and Disease 21.5.5 Volatility 21.6 Conclusion References 22: Genetically Modified Crops to Combat Climate Change and Environment Protection: Current Status and Future Perspectives 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Genetically Modified Plants 22.2.1 Merits of Genetically Modified Plants 22.2.1.1 Agronomic and Economic Benefits 22.2.1.2 Nutritionally Improved Transgenic Crops 22.2.1.3 Modification in Fatty Acid Content 22.2.1.4 Reduction in Antinutritional Factor and Resistance to Biotic Stress 22.2.1.5 Enhancement in Shelf Life of Vegetables and Fruits 22.2.1.6 Disease-resistant Transgenic Crops 22.2.1.7 Abiotic Stress-tolerant Transgenic Crops 22.2.1.8 Development of Colored Flowers 22.2.1.9 Herbicide-resistant Transgenic Crops 22.2.1.10 Insect-resistant Transgenic Crops 22.2.1.11 Reduction in Pesticide Poisoning 22.2.1.12 Development of Therapeutic Products 22.2.1.13 Lowering of Cancer Cases 22.2.1.14 Reduction in Mental Stress 22.2.1.15 Less Cases of Farmers Suicide 22.2.2 Concerns Associated with the Genetically Modified Crops 22.2.2.1 Transfer of Gene in Nontransgenic Plants 22.2.2.2 Adverse Effect on Health 22.2.2.3 Impact on Soil Texture 22.2.2.4 Effect on Biodiversity 22.2.2.5 Adverse Impact on Nontarget Organisms 22.2.2.6 Cost for Commercialization 22.2.2.7 Role of Multinational Companies 22.2.3 Regulation of Genetically Modified Organisms in India 22.2.4 Conclusion References 23: Efficacy of Algae in the Bioremediation of Pollutants during Wastewater Treatment: Future Prospects and Challenges 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Algae 23.2.1 Algal Bioremediation 23.2.2 Advantages of Using Algae 23.2.3 Factors Affecting Algal Growth and Nutrient Removal 23.2.4 Algae for Wastewater Treatment 23.2.5 Phycoremediation 23.2.6 Algae and Wastewater Treatment 23.2.6.1 Removal of Coliform Bacteria 23.2.6.2 Reduction in Chemical Oxygen Demand and Biochemical Oxygen Demand 23.2.6.3 Removal of Nitrogen and Phosphorus 23.2.6.4 Removal of Heavy Metals from Wastewater 23.2.6.5 Removal of Personal Care Products and Pharmaceuticals from the Wastewater 23.2.7 Algae/Bacteria Interactions for the Wastewater Treatment 23.3 Phycoremediation of Different Wastewaters 23.3.1 Municipal and Animal Husbandry Wastewater 23.3.2 Industrial Wastewater 23.4 Use of Algae Biomass for Bioproducts 23.4.1 The Third-Generation Biofuel 23.5 Future Prospects and Challenges References 24: The Use of Biopesticides for Sustainable Farming: Way Forward toward Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Sustainable Agriculture Methods 24.2.1 Genetic Engineering and IPM 24.2.2 Organic Agroecological Research for Sustainable Pest Management 24.2.2.1 Rhizosphere-Associated Microbiome 24.2.2.2 Trans-Generational Defense Priming 24.2.2.3 Plant Breeding for Indirect Resistance 24.2.2.4 Quantitative Resistance 24.2.2.5 Genetically Diverse Cultivars 24.2.2.6 Interactions Between Modes of Defense 24.3 Promising Plant Species as Botanicals 24.3.1 Types of Botanical Insecticides 24.3.2 Essential Oil: Potential New Botanicals for Insect Pest Control 24.3.3 Commercialized Botanical Pesticides in Agricultural Pest Management 24.3.3.1 Neem-Based Insecticides 24.3.3.2 Rotenone 24.3.3.3 Pyrethrum 24.3.3.4 Sabadilla 24.3.3.5 Avermectins 24.3.3.6 Spinosads 24.3.3.7 (Z) Asarone 24.4 Challenges to the Utilization of Botanical Pesticides 24.5 Microbes as Bioinsecticides 24.6 Types of Microbial Insecticides 24.6.1 Entomopathogenic Fungi 24.6.2 Viral Pesticides 24.6.3 Protozoa 24.6.4 Microbial Semiochemicals 24.7 Combining Microbial-Based Biopesticides with Nanotechnologies References Part III: Environmental Safety, Health and Risk Assessments 25: Endocrine Disruptor Compounds: Human Health and Diseases 25.1 Introduction 25.2 EDCs Sources in the Environment 25.3 Endocrine-Related Health Disorders 25.3.1 Obesity 25.3.2 Diabetes 25.3.3 Hypertension 25.3.4 Lung Disease 25.3.5 Neurodegenerative Disorder 25.3.6 Cancer 25.3.7 Role of EDCs on Male and Female Reproduction 25.4 Conclusion References 26: Monitoring of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins Using Biological Assays 26.1 Introduction 26.1.1 Saxitoxin (PSTs) 26.1.1.1 Reservoir 26.1.2 Bioaccumulation, Biomagnification, and Biotransformation of the Cyanotoxins 26.1.3 Bioindicator and Biomonitor 26.1.4 Biomarkers 26.1.4.1 Biochemical Biomarkers 26.1.4.2 Genetics Biomarkers 26.2 Biomonitoring: Since Field Assessment to Bioassay 26.2.1 New Perspective to Monitoring PSPs: In Vitro Bioassay 26.2.1.1 Evaluating PSP Effects by In Vitro Bioassay 26.2.2 Advantage and Disadvantage of In Vivo Versus In Vitro Studies References 27: Bioinformatics Toward Improving Bioremediation 27.1 Background 27.2 Introduction 27.2.1 Introduction to Bioinformatics 27.2.2 Integrating Bioinformatics with Bioremediation 27.3 Bioinformatics in Improving Bioremediation 27.3.1 Prediction of Degradation Pathways 27.3.1.1 PathPred Usage 27.3.1.2 BNICE Usage 27.3.1.3 DESHARKY Usage 27.3.1.4 FMM Usage 27.3.1.5 RetroPath Usage 27.3.1.6 Metabolic Tinker 27.3.1.7 Carbon Search 27.3.1.8 The Furusawa Platform Usage 27.3.2 Omic-Based Approaches 27.3.2.1 Proteomics Applications of Proteomics in Bioremediation 27.3.2.2 Genomics and Metagenomics Applications of Metagenomics 27.3.2.3 Transcriptomics Applications of Transcriptomics 27.3.2.4 Metabolomics Applications of Metabolomics 27.3.3 Prediction of Chemical Toxicity 27.3.4 Databases 27.4 Conclusion and Future Prospective References 28: Role of Environmental Factors in Increased Cancer Incidences and Health Impacts 28.1 Global Burden of Cancers 28.2 Impact of Cancer 28.3 Etiology of Cancer 28.4 Confirmed Carcinogens 28.4.1 Diet-Related Factors 28.4.1.1 Salted Fish: Chinese-Styled 28.4.1.2 Processed Meat 28.4.2 Tobacco 28.4.2.1 Smoked Tobacco 28.4.2.2 Secondhand Smoke (SHS) 28.4.2.3 Smokeless Tobacco 28.4.3 Betel Quid and Areca Nut 28.4.4 Alcohol 28.4.5 Outdoor Air Pollution 28.4.6 Coal Combustion Indoor 28.4.7 Biological Agents 28.4.7.1 Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) 28.4.7.2 Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) 28.4.7.3 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Type 1 28.4.7.4 Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) 28.4.7.5 Hepatitis C 28.4.7.6 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) 28.4.7.7 Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1) 28.4.7.8 Opisthorchis viverrini (O. viverrini) and Clonorchis sinensis (C. sinensis) 28.4.7.9 Schistosoma Hematobium 28.4.7.10 Kaposi Sarcoma Herpes Virus (KSHV) 28.4.8 Radiation 28.4.8.1 X-Ray and Gamma Radiation 28.4.8.2 Solar Radiation and Ultraviolet Radiation (UVR) 28.4.9 Toxins: Aflatoxins 28.4.10 Hormones and Chemotherapeutic Agents 28.4.10.1 Oral Contraceptive Pills (OCPs) 28.4.10.2 Estrogen Menopausal Therapy (EMT) 28.4.10.3 Estrogen-Progestogen Menopausal Therapy 28.4.11 Dusts and Fibers 28.4.11.1 Asbestos (All Forms) 28.4.11.2 Silica Dust 28.4.12 Metals 28.4.12.1 Arsenic 28.4.12.2 Chromium 28.4.13 Occupational Exposures 28.4.13.1 Painting 28.4.13.2 Welding 28.4.14 Chemicals 28.4.14.1 Benzene 28.4.14.2 Formaldehyde 28.4.14.3 Vinyl Chloride 28.4.14.4 Sulfur Mustard 28.4.14.5 Trichloroethylene 28.4.14.6 Ethylene Oxide 28.4.14.7 1,3 Butadiene 28.4.14.8 Benzo[a]pyrene and Other Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) 28.4.14.9 Mineral Oils, Untreated or Mildly Treated 28.4.14.10 Fluoro-Edenite 28.4.14.11 Shale Oils 28.4.14.12 Engine Exhaust: Diesel 28.4.14.13 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-Para-Dioxin (TCDD), 2,3,4,7,8-Pentachloro-Dibenzofuran (PeCDF) and 3,3′,4,4′,5-Pentachlo... 28.5 Prevention Measures for Cancers 28.5.1 Primary Prevention 28.5.2 Secondary Prevention 28.5.3 Tertiary Prevention References 29: Wastewater-Based Epidemiology (WBE): An Emerging Nexus Between Environment and Human Health 29.1 Environment and Health 29.2 Wastewater: An Introduction 29.3 Wastewater-Based Epidemiology (WBE): An Introduction 29.4 Antimicrobial Resistance 29.5 ESKAPE Pathogens: An Introduction 29.6 Molecular Tools for Integrated Monitoring of Pathogens and Antimicrobial Resistance in Wastewater 29.7 Current Status of Drug-Resistant ESKAPE Pathogens and WBE Prediction Technology 29.7.1 International Status 29.7.2 India National Status Bibliography 30: Fundamentals of SARS-CoV-2 Detection in Wastewater for Early Epidemic Prediction and Key Learnings on Treatment Processes ... 30.1 Introduction 30.2 Shedding of Virus and Wastewater Surveillance 30.3 Epidemiological Modeling 30.4 Wastewater Treatment for Virus Removal 30.4.1 Membranes´ Use in Wastewater Treatment for Virus Removal 30.4.1.1 Reverse Osmosis 30.4.1.2 Ultrafiltration 30.4.1.3 Membrane Bioreactor 30.4.1.4 Role of Biofilm in Treatment 30.5 Viruses Within Biofilms 30.6 Effectiveness of Wastewater Treatment Plants for Degrading Viruses 30.7 New Learnings and Experiences from Our Studies (Arora et al. 2020, 2021) 30.8 Conclusions References 31: COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines 31.1 Introduction 31.2 COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 31.3 Vaccine Types for COVID-19 31.4 mRNA Vaccines 31.4.1 Making of mRNA Vaccine 31.4.1.1 Engineering of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein mRNA Fragment 31.4.1.2 Ingredients of Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna mRNA Vaccines 31.4.1.3 Delivery of mRNA with Lipid Nanoparticles 31.4.1.4 mRNA Vaccine Storage 31.5 Efficacy and Effect of Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna Vaccines Against Ancestral SARS-CoV-2 Strains 31.5.1 In the UK (First Country to Use Pfizer-BioNTech Vaccine) 31.5.2 In the USA (Second Country to Use Pfizer-BioNTech Vaccine) 31.5.3 In Israel (the Most Vaccinated Country) 31.5.4 In Spain 31.5.5 Other Results 31.6 How Long Do Pfizer-BioNTech and Modern mRNA Vaccines Provide Protection? 31.6.1 Types of Neutralizing Antibodies (nAb) 31.6.2 Longevity of Vaccine-Induced Neutralizing Antibodies (nAb) 31.6.3 Vaccine Breakthrough Infection 31.6.4 Should COVID-19 Survivors Take COVID-19 Vaccine? 31.6.5 Which mRNA Vaccine Can Elicit Stronger Immune Response? 31.7 SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Surveillance 31.7.1 SARS-CoV-2 Variants 31.7.2 Genomic Surveillance 31.8 Effectiveness of COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines vs. SARS-CoV-2 VOCs 31.8.1 Against B.1.1.7 (First Identified in the UK) 31.8.2 Against B.1.351 (First Identified in South Africa) 31.8.3 Against P1 (First Identified in Brazil) 31.8.4 Against B.1.617.2 (First Identified in India) 31.8.5 Against B.1.526 (First Identified in New York) 31.8.6 Against B.1.429 (First Identified in California) 31.9 Do COVID-19 Vaccines Block Virus Spread? 31.10 The Safety of COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines 31.10.1 Common and Rare Side Effects of mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines 31.11 Conclusion and Final Remarks References 32: CRISPR-Cas Technology: A Genome-Editing Powerhouse for Molecular Plant Breeding 32.1 Introduction 32.2 Principle Mechanism of CRISPR-Cas System, Cas9 Variants and Cas9 Orthologs 32.2.1 Classification of CRISPR-Cas System 32.2.1.1 Mechanism of Class 2 Type-II CRISPR-Cas System Acquisition (or Adaptation) Expression and Interference 32.2.2 Cas9 Variants 32.2.3 Cas9 Orthologs 32.2.4 Other Class 2 CRISPR-Cas Systems 32.2.5 CRISPR-Cas Systems with the Smallest Cas Enzymes 32.3 Application of Bacterial CRISPR-Cas System for Eukaryotic Genome Manipulation 32.4 Favorite CRISPR Systems Used for Genome Editing in Plants 32.4.1 CRISPR Vectors and Promoters of Cas9 and sgRNA for Plant Cell Expression 32.4.2 Delivery Systems 32.4.2.1 Delivery Tools 32.4.2.2 Format of CRISPR Components for Delivery into Plant Cells 32.5 Utility of CRISPR-Cas Systems for Precise Molecular Plant Breeding 32.5.1 Rapid Production of Desired Homozygous Mutation Lines for Gene Function Study 32.5.1.1 Produce Homozygous Mutant Lines with Less Chimera 32.5.1.2 Produce Transgene-Free Homozygous Mutant Lines 32.5.2 Multiplex Editing to Modify Multiple Alleles at Multiple Genomic Loci 32.5.3 For Removal of Entire Chromosome, Gene, or Short DNA Fragment 32.5.4 Utility of CRISPR System to Reverse Gene Silencing 32.5.5 For Allele Repair or Replacement Through HDR-Mediated Gene Targeting 32.5.6 Utility of CRISPR System for Gene Stacking at the Same Locus 32.5.7 For Single-Base Editing 32.5.8 CRISPR-Based Diagnostic Tool for Rapid Detection of Viral Infections, GMO and DNA Quantification 32.5.9 For Rapid Creation of Novel Genetic Diversity and Variation for Plant Breeding Stock 32.5.10 Combined Use of CRISPR and Microspore Technology for Double Haploid (DH) Breeding 32.5.11 Utility of CRISPR System to Generate Male Sterility Lines to Facilitate Hybrid Breeding 32.5.12 Utility of CRISPR System to Produce `Clonal Seeds´ from Hybrid Plants 32.5.13 Utility of CRISPR System to Generate Apomixis Plants 32.5.14 For Rapid Breeding of Parthenocarpic Crops 32.5.15 For Rapid Breeding of Gynoecious Crops from Monoecy 32.5.16 To Enhance Crop Production 32.5.17 For Studying and Improving Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation 32.5.18 For Breeding New Crop Varieties to Adapt to New Regions 32.5.19 Using CRISPR-based `Gene-Drives´ or `Allelic-Drives´ for Agricultural Pest Control or Augmentation of Favorable Allele... 32.5.20 Utility of CRISPR System for Changing Fruit Ripening Time, Metabolic Pathway Engineering and Plant Architecture Study ... 32.5.21 Utility of CRISPR Systems in Tolerating Plant Biotic Stress 32.5.21.1 For Fungus Resistance For Bacterial Resistance 32.5.21.2 For Virus Resistance 32.5.21.3 Some Concerns of Using Genome-editing Tools for Generating Disease Resistance in Plants Could Generate Unwanted Virus Resistance The Pleiotropic Effect and the Trade-offs of Resistance 32.5.22 Utility of CRISPR Systems in Tolerating Plant Abiotic Stress 32.5.22.1 Drought Tolerance 32.5.22.2 Salinity Tolerance 32.5.22.3 Cold Tolerance 32.5.23 Utility of CRISPR Systems for Food Safety 32.5.24 Utility of CRISPR System for Crop De Novo Domestication 32.6 CRISPR-Based Novel Tools (Beyond Genome-editing) 32.6.1 CRISPR-Based Imaging Tools 32.6.2 Regulatory Switch for Gene Transcription 32.7 Concerns of Using CRISPR Technology 32.8 Regulation of CRISPR-Edited Crops 32.9 Concluding Remarks References 33: Recent Reductive Transformation from Lignin Derivatives to Aliphatic Hydrocarbons 33.1 Introduction 33.2 Conventional and Recent Reduction of Lignin Derivates 33.2.1 Hydrogenation of Lignin 33.2.1.1 Hydrogenation Using Heterogeneous Catalyst 33.2.1.2 Homogeneous Hydrogenation 33.2.2 Electron Transfer Reduction 33.2.2.1 Reduction by Metals 33.2.2.2 Reduction by Electrochemical Method 33.3 Hybrid Reduction by Simultaneous Electron Transfer Reduction and Hydrogenation 33.3.1 Hybrid Reduction 33.3.2 Reduction of Lignophenol by Calcium-Catalytic Reduction 33.4 Conclusion References 34: Understanding the Environment and Sustainability with Molecular Approaches 34.1 Introduction 34.2 Genomic DNA Isolation 34.3 Polymerase Chain Reaction 34.3.1 Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) 34.3.2 Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) 34.4 Genotyping 34.5 RFLP and Restriction Mapping 34.5.1 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) 34.5.2 Identification by Nucleic Acid Hybridization and Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH) 34.5.3 Expression Analysis by Reverse Transcriptase PCR and the Quantitative PCR 34.6 Gel Electrophoresis: Agarose Gel and SDS-PAGE 34.6.1 Separating DNA Fragments 34.6.2 Separating RNA and Proteins 34.7 Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) 34.8 2D Gel Electrophoresis 34.9 The Omics Approach 34.10 Some Examples of Successful Applications of the Molecular Approaches 34.10.1 Monitoring Bioremediation in Soil Microcosms Using Molecular Tools 34.10.2 Bioremediation Effect of Plants and Earthworms on Contaminated Marine Sediments 34.10.3 Asbestos Bioremediation by Microcosm Approach 34.10.4 Toxicity of Ag+ on Trifolium pratense L. Seedlings with Special Reference to Phytoremediation 34.10.5 Heavy Metal Accumulation Among Metallicolous and Non-Metallicolous Facultative Metallophyte Biscutella laevigata Subsp... 34.10.6 Study of Subcellular Proteome-Wide Alterations of the Degradative System of Penicillium oxalicum 34.10.7 Microbial Diversity and Functional Profiling of Solid Tannery Waste 34.10.8 Bacterial and Fungal Diversity and Their Bioremediation Potential from Sediments of River Ganga and Yamuna in India 34.11 Conclusions References 35: Bxb1-att Site-Specific Recombination System-Mediated Autoexcision to Prevent Environmental Transgene Escape 35.1 Introduction 35.2 The Site-Specific Recombination (SSR) Systems 35.2.1 The Basics of SSR Systems 35.2.2 Uni- Vs. Bidirectional SSR Systems 35.2.3 Unidirectional Bxb1-att SSR Systems 35.2.4 SSR Systems Used for Plant Research 35.2.5 Other Applications of SSR Technology 35.3 Autoexcision of SMG from Potential Energy Crop 35.3.1 Autoexcision Mechanism 35.3.2 Case Study: Bxb1-att-Mediated Autoexcision in Tobacco Plants 35.3.2.1 Materials and Methods Construction of Binary Vectors pRB140-Bxb1-op and Agrobacterium Strain 35.3.2.2 Plant Materials and Tissue Culture Conditions 35.3.2.3 Agrobacterium-Mediated Genetic Transformation of Tobacco 35.3.2.4 Kanamycin Selection of T1 and T2 Seedlings 35.3.2.5 Histochemical GUS Assay 35.3.2.6 Genomic DNA Isolation 35.3.2.7 PCR Analysis 35.3.2.8 Gel Extraction and Sequencing 35.3.3 Results 35.3.3.1 T0 Putative Transgenic Lines and GUS Staining 35.3.3.2 GUS Staining on T1 Seeds 35.3.3.3 PCR Analysis for Autoexcision Events in T1 Seeds 35.3.3.4 Autoexcision Evaluation for T1 Seedlings 35.3.3.5 Autoexcision Assay for T2 Seedlings 35.3.3.6 Sequencing Analysis for Autoexcision Events 35.3.4 Discussion 35.3.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective References 36: Microorganisms: An Eco-Friendly Tools for the Waste Management and Environmental Safety 36.1 Introduction 36.2 The Role of Microorganisms for a Sustainable Eco-Friendly Environment 36.2.1 The Role of Microorganisms as Biofertilizers 36.2.2 Heavy Metal Removal 36.2.3 Oil Spill Bioremediation 36.2.4 Microbes and Natural Farming 36.2.5 Microorganisms and Biocomposting 36.3 Microbes as Vital Additive for Solid Waste Management 36.4 Management of Domestic Waste 36.4.1 Methods of Management 36.4.1.1 Sanitary Landfills 36.4.1.2 Composting 36.4.1.3 Vermicomposting 36.4.1.4 Biomethanation 36.4.1.5 Incineration 36.4.1.6 Fuel Pelletization 36.4.1.7 Recycling 36.4.1.8 Farmyard Manure Composition of FYM Factors Affecting the Quality and Composition of FYM Preparation Methods of FYM How to Apply FYM in the Field Microorganisms Which Decompose the FYM 36.5 Bioremediation 36.6 Wastewater Treatment 36.7 Aerobic Treatment of Wastewater 36.7.1 Types of Aerobic Treatment Systems 36.7.1.1 Fixed Film Systems 36.7.1.2 Continuous Flow Suspended Growth Aerobic Systems (CFSGAS) 36.7.1.3 Retrofit or Portable Aerobic Systems 36.7.1.4 Composting Toilets 36.8 Anaerobic Treatment of Industrial Wastewater 36.8.1 Anaerobic Degradation of Organic Polymers 36.8.2 Anaerobic Reactor Types 36.8.2.1 Completely Mixed Anaerobic Digester 36.8.2.2 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor (UASB Reactor) 36.8.2.3 Anaerobic Fluidized Bed (AFB) and Expanded Granular Sludge Bed Reactors (EGSB) 36.8.2.4 Anaerobic Filters (AF) 36.9 Environment Safety for Health Hazards from Industrial Wastewater 36.10 Factor Affecting Waste Management 36.11 Future Challenges References 37: Biochemical Effect of Nanoparticle-Treated Plant Extract on Water-Borne Pathogen: A Way Toward Future Technique for Water ... 37.1 Introduction 37.2 Methodology 37.2.1 Characterization of Synthesized Nanoparticles 37.2.2 Nanoparticle Treatment to Plants 37.2.3 Isolation of Bacterial Species from Water Samples 37.2.4 Characterization of Bacterial Species 37.2.5 Assessment of the Defensive Nature of Bacteria Against Various Nanoparticles 37.2.6 Method 1: Bacterial Growth in the Presence of Nanoparticles 37.2.7 Method 2: Bacterial Kinetics in the Presence of Nanoparticle in Suspension Medium 37.2.8 Test the Nanoparticles in Agar Medium 37.2.9 Preparation of Extracts from Treated Plants 37.2.10 Antimicrobial Activity of B. juncea Treated with Nanoparticles 37.3 Result and Discussion 37.3.1 Characterization of Nanoparticles 37.3.2 Effect of Nanoparticles on Water-Borne Pathogen 37.3.3 Confirmation of Nanoparticle Uptake 37.3.4 Antibacterial Effect of Nanoparticle-Treated B. juncea Plant Extract 37.4 Conclusion References 38: Modern Waste Management 38.1 Introduction 38.2 Recycling, Selective Collection, and Life Cycle Assessment 38.3 Mathematical Models 38.4 Waste Management Systems and the Zero Waste Target 38.5 Smart Waste Management and Smart Cities: Internet of Things 38.5.1 Singapore 38.5.2 Barcelona 38.5.3 Seattle 38.5.4 Seoul 38.5.5 Toronto 38.6 Waste Management System in the COVID-19 Pandemic 38.7 Conclusions References 39: Health Aspects of Indoor Environmental Quality 39.1 Introduction 39.1.1 The Need for Good Indoor Environmental Quality 39.2 Parameters Affecting Indoor Environmental Quality 39.2.1 Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) 39.2.1.1 Present Status in India 39.2.1.2 Factors Determining Health Effects of Indoor Air Pollutants 39.2.2 Thermal Comfort 39.2.3 Relative Humidity 39.2.4 Lighting Conditions 39.2.5 Noise Intensity 39.2.6 Volatile Organic Compound 39.2.7 Ventilation and Carbon Dioxide Levels 39.2.8 Odor 39.3 Prevention Strategies References 40: Innovation Elements in the Sustainable Production of Indigenous Coffee in the Amazon 40.1 Introduction 40.2 Theoretical Background 40.2.1 Contextualization of the Concepts of Innovation 40.2.2 Description of the Environment of Sustainable Development and Sustainability with Sustainable Production 40.3 Methodology 40.3.1 Case Selection: Research Subjects 40.3.2 Data Collection and Analysis 40.3.3 Area of Study 40.4 Results and Discussion 40.4.1 Characterization of Coffee Growing in the Indigenous Land Sete de Setembro 40.4.2 Identification of the Main Factors of Sustainable Production 40.4.3 Description of the Innovation Framework for Sustainable Development in the Indigenous Land Sete de Setembro 40.4.3.1 Social Dimension Analysis 40.4.3.2 Analysis of the Economic Dimension 40.4.3.3 Environmental Dimension Analysis 40.5 Conclusions References Appendix