Atlas of Emergency Medicine Procedures

Description

The significantly expanded second edition of this full-color atlas provides a step-by-step, visual guide to the most common procedures in emergency medicine. Completely revised, it also includes new procedures such as REBOA, the HINTS test, sphenopalatine ganglion block, occipital nerve block, and lung ultrasonography.  Procedures are described on a single page, or two-page spreads, so that the physician can quickly access and review the procedure at hand. The atlas contains more than 700 diagnostic algorithms, schematic diagrams, and photographic illustrations to highlight the breadth and depth of emergency medicine. Topics are logically arranged by anatomic location or by type of procedure, and all procedures are based on the most current and evidence-based practices. Atlas of Emergency Medicine Procedures, Second Edition is an essential resource for physicians and advanced practice professionals, residents, medical students, and nurses in emergency medicine, urgent care, and pediatrics. Preface Contents Contributors Part I: Vascular Procedures 1: Arterial Cannulation (Radial and Femoral) Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedures Procedure: Radial Artery Cannulation—Standard Over-the-Needle Catheter Technique Procedure: Radial Artery Cannulation—Over-the-Needle Catheter Technique with Integrated Guide Wire (Arrow and Other Brands) Procedure: Radial Artery Cannulation—The Allen Test Procedure: Femoral Artery Cannulation—The Seldinger Technique Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Selected Reading 2: Ultrasound-Guided Peripheral Intravenous Access Indications Contraindications Materials Procedure Complications and Tips Pearls and Pitfalls Probe Cleaning and Disinfection Reference Suggested Reading 3: Central Venous Line Placement: Internal Jugular Vein, Subclavian Vein, and Femoral Vein Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedures Internal Jugular Vein Access Procedure Subclavian Vein Access Procedure Subclavian Vein Pearls and Pitfalls Femoral Vein Access Procedure Femoral Vein Pearls and Pitfalls Complications Jugular and Subclavian Complications Femoral Complications Ultrasound-Guided Cannulation: Tips for Each Approach Removing a Central Line Suggested Reading Internal Jugular Vein Access Subclavian Vein Access Femoral Vein Access 4: Pulmonary Artery Catheter Placement Uses Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Complications Suggested Reading 5: Peripheral Venous Cutdown Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications (Fig. 5.1) Choice of Vessel for Cutdown Procedure Standard Venous Cutdown Technique “Mini-Cutdown” Technique Modified/Guidewire Technique Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading Part II: Airway Procedures 6: Bag Valve Mask Ventilation Indications Contraindications Materials (Fig. 6.1) Procedure Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 7: Awake Intubation Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 8: Rapid Sequence Intubation Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Selected Reading 9: Direct Laryngoscopy Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications (Fig. 9.1) Procedure Complications [3, 7] Pearls and Pitfalls References 10: Laryngeal Mask Airway Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedures LMA Unique or Classic Excel LMA Fastrach Endotracheal Intubation Through the LMA Fastrach Removing the LMA Fastrach After Successful Intubation Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 11: Combitube Indications Contraindications Materials Procedure Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 12: Assessment of the Difficult Airway Indications Materials and Medications Procedure Predicting Bag Valve Mask Difficulty Predicting Difficult Laryngoscopy Optimizing Laryngoscopy in the Obese Patient Other Difficult Factors Pearls and Pitfalls References Selected Reading 13: GlideScope Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Complications Pearls and Pitfalls References Suggested Reading 14: Endotracheal Tube Introducer (Bougie) Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Complications Pearls and Pitfalls References 15: Lighted Stylet Intubation Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Methods Pearls and Pitfalls References Suggested Reading 16: Fiber-Optic Stylet Intubation (Rigid and Semirigid) Indications Contraindications Relative Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Pearls and Pitfalls References 17: Storz Video Laryngoscope Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications (Fig. 17.1) Procedure Complications (as with Any Direct Laryngoscopy) Pearls and Pitfalls References Suggested Reading 18: Cricothyroidotomy Indications Contraindications Techniques Scalpel-Bougie Materials and Medications (Fig. 18.1) Procedure Scalpel-Trousseau Materials and Medications (Fig. 18.5) Procedure Complications Pearls References Suggested Reading 19: Percutaneous Cricothyroidotomy Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 20: Tracheostomy Tube Malfunction Indications Materials and Medications Procedure Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 21: Percutaneous Transtracheal Jet Ventilation Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications (Fig. 21.1) Procedure Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading Part III: Thoracic Procedures 22: Needle Thoracostomy Indications Absolute Indications Contraindications Materials Procedure Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 23: Tube Thoracostomy (Chest Tube) Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 24: Pigtail Catheter Placement Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications (Fig. 24.1) Procedure Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 25: Thoracentesis Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Complications Considerations Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 26: Open Chest Wounds and Flail Chest Background Initial Evaluation of Thoracic Trauma Open Pneumothorax (“Sucking Chest Wound”) Flail Chest References 27: Emergent Resuscitative Thoracotomy, Open Cardiac Massage, and Aortic Occlusion Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications (Fig. 27.1) Procedure Resuscitative Thoracotomy and Open Cardiac Massage Aortic Occlusion Complications Suggested Reading 28: Lung Ultrasonography Indications Contraindications Materials Preparations Procedure Lung Ultrasound Findings in SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 Patients Suggested Reading 29: Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta (REBOA) Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading Part IV: Cardiac Procedures 30: Repair of Cardiac Injuries Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 31: Synchronized Electrical Cardioversion Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 32: Unsynchronized Electrical Cardioversion (Defibrillation) Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 33: Pharmacologic Cardioversion for Tachyarrhythmias Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 34: Transcutaneous Pacing Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 35: Transvenous Cardiac Pacing Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications (Fig. 35.1) Procedure Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 36: Pericardiocentesis with Ultrasound Guidance Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Subxiphoid Approach (Fig. 36.1) Apical Approach (Fig. 36.2) Parasternal Long-Axis Approach Complications Pearls and Pitfalls References 37: Ultrasound Evaluation of Pulmonary Embolism and Heart Strain Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Findings Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 38: Pacemaker Evaluation in the Emergency Department Pacemaker Function Common Pacemaker Codes [3] Pacemaker Malfunction Initial Evaluation of the Patient with a Pacemaker [4, 5–7] Interpreting the Type of Malfunction Based on ECG Management of Pacemaker-Mediated Tachycardia References Part V: Spine Evaluation 39: Cervical Collar Placement Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure (Aspen Collar) Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 40: Cervical Spine Clearance Indications Contraindications National Emergency X-Radiography Utilization Study (NEXUS) and Canadian C-Spine Rules (CCR) to Assess the Need for Imaging Type of Imaging Materials Procedure (Fig. 40.2) Complications Pearls and Pitfalls References Suggested Reading 41: Log Roll Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading Part VI: Neurologic and Neurosurgical Procedures 42: Burr Hole Craniotomy Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Complications Pearls and Pitfalls References Suggested Reading 43: External Ventricular Drain placement Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Complications Pearls and Pitfalls References 44: Lumbar Puncture in Adults Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 45: Reflex Eye Movements (Doll’s Eyes and Caloric Testing) Doll’s Eyes (Oculocephalic Reflex Testing) Indications: Doll’s Eyes Contraindications: Doll’s Eyes Procedure: Doll’s Eyes (Fig. 45.1) Pearls and Pitfalls: Doll’s Eyes Caloric Reflex Testing (Vestibuloocular Reflex) Indications: Caloric Reflex Testing Contraindications: Caloric Reflex Testing Materials and Medications: Caloric Reflex Testing Procedure: Caloric Reflex Testing (Fig. 45.2) Complications: Caloric Reflex Testing Pearls and Pitfalls: Caloric Reflex Testing Suggested Reading 46: Dix-Hallpike Maneuver Indications Contraindications Materials Procedure (Fig. 46.1) Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 47: HINTS Exam for Evaluation of the Dizzy Patient Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Head Impulse Nystagmus Test of Skew Pearls Pitfalls Suggested Reading 48: Epley Maneuver for Vertigo (Particle Repositioning or Canalith Repositioning Procedure) Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure (Fig. 48.1) Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 49: Clinical Brain Death Examination in Adults Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Pearls and Pitfalls Controversies Suggested Reading 50: Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Tap Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications (Fig. 50.2) Procedure Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 51: Occipital Nerve Block for Migraine Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications (Table 51.1) Procedure (Fig. 51.1) Complications Pearls and Pitfalls References Suggested Reading 52: Sphenopalatine Ganglion Block Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Pitfalls and Complications Suggested Reading Part VII: Ophthalmic Procedures 53: Slit Lamp Examination Indications Contraindications Materials Procedure Complications Pitfalls Fluorescein Testing Indications and Uses Procedure Complications Pitfalls Reference Suggested Readings 54: Eye Irrigation Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 55: Corneal Foreign Body Removal Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Complications Reference Suggestevd Readings 56: Ultrasound Evaluation of Ocular Pathology and Retinal Detachment Ultrasound Evaluation of Ocular Pathology Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 57: Tonometry Indications Contraindications Overview Schiøtz Tonometry Procedure: Schiøtz Tonometry (Fig. 57.3) Pitfalls Tono-Pen Tonometry Overview Calibration of the Tono-Pen Procedure: Tono-Pen Tonometry Pitfalls Complications Suggested Reading 58: Lateral Canthotomy Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 59: Fluorescein Eye Staining Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading Part VIII: Otorhinolaryngologic Procedures 60: Epistaxis Control Etiology Malignancy Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure: Anterior Epistaxis Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Procedure: Posterior Epistaxis Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 61: Treatment of Septal Hematoma Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Pitfalls and Complications Suggested Reading 62: Nasal Foreign Body Removal Indications Contraindications: Need Urgent Referral Materials and Medications Procedures (Based on the Method Chosen, Tailor to FB Size, Location, Patient Age) Alligator Forceps Pitfalls and Complications Curved Hook Pitfalls and Complications Foley Catheter Removal Pitfalls and Complications Suction Pitfalls and Complications Nasal Positive Pressure Pitfalls and Complications Suggested Reading 63: Cerumen Removal Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Pearls, Pitfalls, and Complications Suggested Reading 64: Ear Foreign Body Removal Indications Contraindications: Need Urgent Referral Materials and Medications Procedures (Based on the Method Chosen) Alligator Forceps Pitfalls and Complications Curved Hook Pitfalls and Complications Suction Pitfalls and Complications Irrigation Pitfalls and Complications Cyanoacrylate Pitfalls and Complications Suggested Reading 65: Treatment of Auricular Hematoma Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure (Needle Aspiration) Pitfalls and Complications Suggested Reading 66: Incision and Drainage of Peritonsillar Abscess Indication Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure: Aspiration Procedure: Incision and Drainage Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 67: Incision and Drainage of Sublingual Abscess Indication Contraindications Materials and Medications (Fig. 67.2) Procedure: Incision and Drainage Complications (Generally Minimal) Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 68: Incision and Drainage of Parotid Duct Abscess Indication Contraindications Materials and Medications (Fig. 68.1) Procedure (Figs. 68.2 and 68.3) Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading Part IX: Dental Procedures 69: Techniques of Mandibular Anesthesia Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block Nerves Anesthetized Areas Anesthetized (Fig. 69.1) Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Buccal Nerve Block Nerve Anesthetized Area Anesthetized (Fig. 69.6) Procedure Mental Nerve Block Nerve Anesthetized Area Anesthetized (Fig. 69.8) Indications Procedure Suggested Reading 70: Reduction of Dislocated Temporomandibular Joint Indications Contraindications for Closed Reduction Materials and Medications Procedure Manual Closed Reduction Without Local Anesthesia (Fig. 70.1) Manual Closed Reduction with Local Anesthesia Complications Pearls Suggested Reading 71: Dry Socket (Alveolar Osteitis, Fibrinolytic Osteitis) Indications (Fig. 71.1) Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 72: Postextraction Hemorrhage Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 73: Fractured Tooth Indication (Fig. 73.1) Methods of Sustaining Dental Fracture Four Types of Fractured Tooth (Fig. 73.2) Contraindication Materials and Medications Procedure Complications Pearls Suggested Reading 74: Dental Avulsion Management Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading Part X: Gastrointestinal Procedures 75: Excision of Thrombosed External Hemorrhoid Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Complications Pearls and Pitfalls References Selected Reading 76: Diagnostic Peritoneal Lavage Indications (Table 76.1) Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Patient Preparation Three DPL Techniques 76.5. Complications Pearls and Pitfalls References Selected Reading 77: Manual Reduction of Abdominal Hernia Indication Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 78: Extended Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma Indications Contraindication Materials and Medications Procedure Subxiphoid Four-Chamber View (Fig. 78.3) Right Upper Quadrant View (Fig. 78.4) Left Upper Quadrant View (Fig. 78.5) Pelvic View (Figs. 78.6 and 78.7) EFAST with Lung Views (Figs. 78.8 and 78.9) Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Subxiphoid Four-Chamber View Right Upper Quadrant View Left Upper Quadrant View Pelvic View Lung Views Suggested Reading 79: Nasogastric Tube Placement Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Complications Pearls Suggested Reading 80: Esophageal Foreign Body Removal Indications Contraindications Materials and Methods Procedure Complications Pearls References Suggested Reading 81: Activated Charcoal Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 82: Gastric Lavage Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 83: Whole-Bowel Irrigation Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Complications Pearls Suggested Reading 84: Sengstaken-Blakemore Tube Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 85: Gastrostomy/Jejunostomy Tube Replacement Indications Indications for Placement Indications for Replacement Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Complications Troubleshooting Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 86: Paracentesis Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure (Fig. 86.1) Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 87: Anal Fissure Management Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading Part XI: Genitourinary Procedures 88: Bladder Catheterization Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 89: Pelvic Examination and Wet Preparation Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 90: Bartholin Gland Abscess/Cyst Drainage Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 91: Sexual Assault Forensic Examination Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure: “Prepare the Patient, Prepare the Room” Pearls and Pitfalls References 92: Treatment of Priapism Indication Contraindications Materials and Medications (Fig. 92.1) Noninvasive Therapy Preprocedure Procedures Dorsal Penile Nerve Block Procedure: Often Unnecessary Intracorporeal Injection Procedure Cavernosal Aspiration Procedure Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Considerations Blood Gas Analysis Sickle Cell Testing Hemoglobin Electrophoresis Complete Blood Count Color Duplex Ultrasonography Urine Toxicology and Psychoactive Drug Screen Suggested Reading 93: Reduction of Paraphimosis Indication Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure: Manual Reduction for Paraphimosis Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 94: Manual Testicular Detorsion Indications Contraindications Materials and Equipment Procedure Pearls and Pitfalls Pearls Pitfalls Suggested Reading Part XII: Skin and Soft Tissue Procedures 95: Local Anesthesia Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications (Fig. 95.1) Procedure Complications Pearls References 96: Regional Anesthesia (Nerve Blocks) Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications (Fig. 96.1) Procedure: General Block Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Selected Specific Blocks Facial Blocks: Trigeminal Nerve (Fig. 96.2) [2, 3] Supraorbital (Fig. 96.3) and Supratrochlear Nerve Block Infraorbital Nerve Block Mental Nerve Block External Ear Block (Fig. 96.8) [4] Wrist Block (Fig. 96.10) [3, 5, 6] Wrist Block: Median Nerve (Fig. 96.11) Wrist Block: Radial Nerve (Figs. 96.12 and 96.13) [3, 7, 10] Wrist Block: Ulnar Nerve (Fig. 96.14) Digital Nerve Blocks: Ring, Web Space, and Tendon Sheath (Fig. 96.15) [3, 8–11] Ring Block (Fig. 96.16) [3, 10] Web Space Digital Block (Fig. 96.17) [9] Intrathecal Digital Block: Flexor Tendon Sheath (Fig. 96.18) [8] References 97: Burn Care Burn Description Indications Materials and Medications Sizing Fluid Resuscitation Procedure Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Admission Criteria References Suggested Reading 98: Wound Closure Indications Contraindications Methods Preparation Suture Repair Materials and Medications General Guidelines Suture Material Suture Techniques Suture Size Recommendations Alternative Methods of Wound Closure Cyanoacrylate Tissue Adhesives Adhesive Tape Staple Closure (Fig. 98.9) Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 99: Wound Closure with Tissue Adhesive Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Optional Materials Procedure Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 100: Fishhook Removal Indication Contraindications Materials and Medications (Depend on Method Utilized) Procedures Post-Removal Wound Care Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 101: Tick Removal Indication Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 102: Conducted Energy Weapon (e.g., TASER) Probe Removal Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 103: Entrapped Ring Removal Indications Contraindications Non-cutting Techniques Materials and Medications Procedure: Winding Technique Procedure: Compression Technique Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Cutting Techniques Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 104: Subungual Hematoma Drainage Causes Indication Contraindications Materials and Medications Optional Materials Procedure Complications (Rare) Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 105: Nail Removal and Nail Bed Laceration Repair Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 106: Bone Rongeur for Distal Finger Avulsion Indications Materials and Medications Procedure Pearls and Pitfalls References Suggested Reading 107: Incision and Drainage of Abscess Indication Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Loop Drainage Technique Complications Pearls Suggested Reading Part XIII: Orthopedic Procedures 108: Splinting Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications (Fig. 108.1) Procedure Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 109: Shoulder Dislocation Reduction Techniques Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Stimson Maneuver (Fig. 109.3) Scapular Manipulation Technique (Fig. 109.4) External Rotation Method (Fig. 109.5) Milch Technique (Fig. 109.6) Spaso Technique (Fig. 109.7) Traction-Countertraction Technique (Fig. 109.8) Posterior Shoulder Dislocation Reduction Postreduction Complications Pearls Suggested Reading 110: Elbow Dislocation Reduction Indication Contraindications Materials and Medications General Approach to Reduction Procedure for Posterior Dislocations Method A (Fig. 110.2) Method B (Fig. 110.3) Method C (Fig. 110.4) Procedure for Anterior Dislocations (Fig. 110.5) Procedure for Radial Head Subluxations Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading Part XIV: Obstetric Procedures 111: Distal Interphalangeal Joint Reduction Indication Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 112: Hip Dislocation Reduction Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Stimson Maneuver Allis Maneuver Whistler Technique Captain Morgan Technique Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 113: Knee Dislocation Reduction Indication Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Knee (Femur/Tibia) Dislocation Reduction Fibular Head Dislocation Reduction Lateral Patellar Dislocation Reduction Complications Knee (Femur/Tibia) Dislocations Fibular Head Dislocations Patellar Dislocations Pearls and Pitfalls Knee (Femur/Tibia) Dislocations Fibular Head Dislocations Patellar Dislocations Selected Reading 114: Ankle Dislocation Reduction Indication Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Posterior Dislocations Anterior Dislocations Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 115: Arthrocentesis Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure The Approach Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 116: Intra-articular Injection Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Complications Pearls Suggested Reading 117: Measurement of Compartment Pressure Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Anatomic Considerations Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 118: Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring Indications Contraindications Methods Equipment and Procedures Doppler Ultrasound Is a Noninvasive Method to Monitor FHR (Fig. 118.1) Internal Fetal ECG Is an Invasive Method to Monitor FHR and Is Used Only in the Intrapartum Period (Fig. 118.2) Complications References Suggested Reading 119: Ultrasonography for Ectopic Pregnancy Indications Contraindications Risk Factors for Ectopic Pregnancy Materials and Medications Procedure Complications Pearls and Pitfalls References Suggested Reading 120: Ultrasonography for Hydatidiform Mole Indications Contraindication Materials and Medications Procedure Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Reference Suggested Reading 121: Ultrasonography for Threatened, Incomplete, or Compete Abortion Indication Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 122: Ultrasonography for Placenta Previa Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Complications Pearls and Pitfalls References Selected Reading 123: Ultrasonography for Placental Abruption Indication Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Complications Pearls and Pitfalls References Suggested Reading 124: Emergency Vaginal Delivery Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications (Fig. 124.1) Procedure Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 125: Episiotomy Indications (Relative) Relative Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 126: Shoulder Dystocia Reduction Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Foley Catheter Placement McRoberts Maneuver (Also Known as the Extreme Lithotomy Position) Suprapubic Pressure Gaskin All-Fours Maneuver Rubin Maneuver Woods Corkscrew Maneuver Barnum Maneuver Fetal Clavicular Fracture Zavanelli Maneuver Complications Pearls and Pitfalls References Suggested Reading 127: Breech Delivery in the Emergency Department Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 128: Management of Primary Postpartum Hemorrhage Indications Materials and Medications Procedure Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 129: Perimortem Cesarean Section Indication Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading Part XV: Common Pediatric Procedures 130: Peripheral Venous Catheterization Indications (see also Chap. 2) Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 131: Umbilical Venous Catheters (Insertion and Removal) Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure (Insertion) Procedure (Removal) Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 132: Intraosseous Access Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure: Proximal Tibia (Most Common Site) Procedure: Alternative Sites Procedure: Removal Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 133: Lumbar Puncture in Pediatrics Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Early Stylet Removal Technique Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 134: Suprapubic Bladder Aspiration Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 135: Removal of Hair/Thread Tourniquet Indications Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedures Complications Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 136: Use of the Broselow Tape Indications Contraindications Material Procedure Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 137: Nursemaid’s Elbow Definition Clinical Diagnosis Indication Contraindications Materials and Medications Procedure: Hyperpronation (Preferred Method) (Fig. 137.2) Alternative Procedure: Supination (Fig. 137.3) Evaluation After Procedure Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading 138: Push-Pull Technique for Fluid Administration During Pediatric Resuscitation Indications Contraindications Materials (Fig. 138.1) Procedure Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Reading Index