Clinical Imaging: With Skeletal, Chest, & Abdominal Pattern Differentials

Description

Clinical Imaging by Dennis Marchiori is a comprehensive text with a clear, concise writing style that allows students and practitioners to quickly develop a better understanding of diagnostic imaging. Covering soft tissue imaging and skeletal imaging, including brain and spinal cord, chest, and abdomen, Clinical Imaging seamlessly integrates plain film with MRI and CT. And with more than 3,500 illustrations all contained in one volume, this trusted text offers the most effective, realistic and comprehensive approach available today. "In terms of value for money, the recommended price is very fair for 1,462 pages, especially when one includes the additional online content (available using a scratch card code) that includes case studies, flash cards, interactive examinations and image collections" Reviewed by RAD Magazine,Jan 2015 "For students who need to get up to speed with abnormal radiographic appearances this book is a good start." Reviewed by RAD Magazine, Jan 2015 Combines the innovative pattern approach with more traditional detailed descriptions to emulate real-world patient interaction without sacrificing more in-depth content on disease states.Innovative Pattern Approach uses the patterns that link similar abnormalities to help you learn to identify, and just as importantly, differentiate abnormalities.Extensive cross-referencing from pattern to disease descriptions enables the reader to quickly find more detailed information.Dedicated chapter on the key subject of radiology physics, including algorithms for improving film quality. A glossary of nearly 500 radiological terms.NEW! Over 800 new or updated images.NEW! State-of-the-art MRI images deliver more comprehensive content for this growing field within imaging.NEW! Updated photographs familiarize you with radiographic positioning equipment.NEW! Clearer, more detailed line art visually reinforces your understanding of new concepts.NEW! Additional contributors provide fresh perspectives on important topics and trends. Inside front cover Clinical Imaging Copyright page Contributors Dedication Preface Acknowledgments 1 Plain Radiographic Imaging Concepts of Radiation X-Ray Discovery Properties of X-Rays Atomic Structure Radiation Particle Radiation. Electromagnetic Radiation. Radiation Units of Measurement X-Ray Tube Tube Housing Glass Envelope Cathode. Anode. Line-Focus Principle Off-Focus Radiation Heel Effect Filtration Generator The Power to Generate X-Rays Single-Phase Generators Three-Phase Generators Constant Potential Generators Timer Control Automatic Exposure Control Tube Failure Primary Factors Controlling X-Ray Exposure Control Console X-Ray Production Bremsstrahlung Radiation Characteristic Radiation Diagnostic X-Ray Interactions with Matter Photoelectric Effect Compton Scattering Classical Rayleigh Scattering Scatter Radiation Control for Contrast Improvement Factors Contributing to Scatter Radiation Production Methods of Scatter Control Peak Kilovolts Limitation. Beam Limitation. Aperture Diaphragm Cones and Cylinders Collimators Patient Recumbency. Air-Gap Technique. Compression Devices. Grids. Grid Design Grid Ratio Grid Frequency Application X-Ray Film Construction Film Characteristics Speed. Contrast. Latitude. Spectral Response. Film Types Direct-Exposure Film. Screen Film. Single-Emulsion Film. Duplicating Film. Storage and Handling Intensifying Screens Construction Phosphors Screen Speed Cassettes The Latent Image Gurney-Mott Theory of Latent Image Formation Processing the Latent Image Darkroom Environment Lighting. Chemical Processes Developing. Fixing. Washing. Drying. Time?Temperature Method Manual Processing Apparatus and Procedure Automatic Film Processor Silver Recovery Image Quality Photographic Properties Film Density. Film Contrast. Visibility of Detail. Geometric Properties Recorded Detail. Distortion. Troubleshooting Image Quality Technique Fixed Peak Kilovoltage/Variable Milliampere-Seconds Technique Variable Peak Kilovoltage/Fixed Milliampere-Seconds Technique Technique Application Radiation Protection Protection of the Patient Protection of Personnel Dose Limits. X-Ray and Pregnancy Pregnant Patients. Pregnant Workers. Problem Solving Pictorial Summary References Suggested Readings 2 Specialized Imaging Primer on Digital Imaging Magnetic Resonance Imaging History Magnetic Resonance Imaging Principals and Equipment Image Production Imaging Techniques T1, T2, and Proton Density Sequences Patient Preparation Safety Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agents Magnetic Resonance Arthrography Magnetic Resonance Angiography Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Magnetic Resonance Imaging Comparison with Computed Tomography Computed Tomography Background Image Production Helical and Multidetector Computer Tomography Imaging Techniques Patient Preparation and Experience Contrast Agents Computed Tomography Examination Contraindications and Disadvantages Clinical Applications Spine and Appendicular Skeleton. Computed Tomography Myelography Computed Tomography Arthrography Abdomen. Thorax. Body/Trauma Radionuclide Imaging Background Image Production Patient Experience Clinical Application Stress Fractures. Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy. Metastatic Bone Disease. Paget Disease. Infection. Pulmonary Ventilation-Perfusion Lung Scan. Brain. Heart. Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Background Image Production Patient Experience Clinical Application Myelography Background Image Production Clinical Application Disc Herniations. Arachnoiditis. Intradural?Intramedullary Lesions. Intradural?Extramedullary Lesions. Extradural Lesions. Discography Digital X-Ray Imaging Background Equipment Acquisition Systems Computed Radiography. Digital Radiography. Charged Couple Device Technology Film Digitizer Image Processing DICOM Picture Archiving and Communication Systems Radiology Workstation Monitors Image Printing Benefits of Digital Radiography Positron Emission Tomography Background Image Production Patient Experience Clinical Application Oncology. Cardiology. Neurology. Fusion Imaging Molecular Imaging References 3 Radiographic Positioning Radiographic Equipment Radiographic Technique Patient Preparation Using the Charts 4 Roentgenometrics References Suggested Readings 5 Film Interpretation and Report Writing Focus on Radiographs Common Uses of Radiographs Criteria for Ordering Radiographs Image Interpretation Equipment and Resources Errors in Film Interpretation Ambiguous Image Mach Bands Appearance of the Radiograph Visual Search ABCS of Film Interpretation Use of Checklists in Film Interpretation Common Problem Areas of Film Interpretation Identify, Define, and Summarize Abnormal Findings The Aunt Minnie Phenomenon The Anatomic Pattern or Gamut Approach Use of Mnemonics and Disease Categories Report Writing Radiology Report Writing Report Format and Content Letterhead. History. Body of the Radiology Report. Findings. Search Patterns?The ABCS. Alignment Bone Cartilage Soft Tissue Application of the ABCS. Avoid Diagnostic Terminology. Phrases to Avoid. Pertinent Negatives. Impressions. Recommendations. Signature. Stylistic Attributes of a Good Radiology Report Communicating Results Outside of the Standard Radiology Report Be Aware of All Potential Readers Voice Dictation Proofreading and Editing Report Documentation Radiology Reporting Consultation Services Diagnostic Imaging Services Radiology Reporting on Special Studies Chest Radiography Sample Chest Radiology Report Abdomen Radiography Specialized Imaging Reports Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Summary References 6 Normal Anatomy Embryology Bone Bone Development Bone Composition Bone Formation Enchondral Ossification Intermembranous Ossification Bone Structure Macroscopic Structure Microscopic Structure Compact Bone Cancellous Bone Cells Joints Anatomic Figures Suggested Readings 7 Normal Variants References 8 Congenital Diseases Achondroplasia Background Imaging Findings General. Epiphyses. Limb Lengthening. Spine. Clinical Comments Chondroectodermal Dysplasia Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Cleidocranial Dysplasia Background Imaging Findings Skull. Clavicles. Face and Sinuses. Other Anomalies. Clinical Comments Congenital Insensitivity to Pain Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Diastrophic Dysplasia Background Imaging Findings General. Hands. Epiphyses. Spine. Clinical Comments Down Syndrome Background Imaging Findings Atlantoaxial Instability. Atlas Hypoplasia. Cervical Spine. Organ Systems. Other Anomalies. Specialized Imaging Clinical Comments Leukemia. Atlantoaxial Instability. Other Findings Epiphyseal Dysplasias Chondrodysplasia Punctata Background. Imaging Findings. Clinical Comments. Multiple Epiphyseal Dysplasia Background. Imaging Findings. Clinical Comments. Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia Background. Imaging Findings. Clinical Comments. Dysplasia Epiphysealis Hemimelica Homocystinuria Background Imaging Findings Osteopenia. Skeleton. Clinical Comments Klippel-Feil Syndrome Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Marfan Syndrome Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Melorheostosis Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Mucopolysaccharidoses Background Imaging Findings General. Intracranial. Spine. Thorax. Pelvis. Extremities. Clinical Comments Os Odontoideum Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Osteogenesis Imperfecta Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Osteopetrosis Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Pyknodysostosis Pycnodysostosis Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Scheuermann Disease Background History. Terminology. Diagnosis. Prevalence. Imaging Findings Clinical Comments General. Activity. Scoliosis. Osteoporosis. Intervertebral Disc Disease. Treatment. Turner Syndrome Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Van Buchem Disease Background Imaging Findings References 9 Arthritides Imaging Classification Inflammatory Arthritides Rheumatoid Arthritis Adult Rheumatoid Arthritis Background. Imaging Findings. Hands and Feet. Wrist. Elbows. Shoulders. Hips. Knees. Cervical Spine. Lungs. Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Clinical Comments. The 2010 ACR/EULAR Classification Criteria for RA Laboratory Tests. Treatment and Management. Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Background Imaging Findings Knees. Ankles And Feet. Hands and Wrist. Hips. Cervical Spine. Mandible. Radiographic Changes In Enthesitis-Related Arthritis. Clinical Comments Presentation. Laboratory Abnormalities. Therapy and Management. Seropositive and Connective Tissue Arthropathies Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Background. Imaging Findings. Hands and Wrists. Axial Skeleton. Chest. Osteonecrosis. Insufficiency Fractures. Septic Arthritis and Osteomyelitis. Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Clinical Comments. Presentation. Laboratory Tests. Treatment and Management. Scleroderma/Systemic Sclerosis Background. Imaging Findings. Hands. Subcutaneous Calcifications. Gastrointestinal Tract. Chest. Mandible. Clinical Comments. Laboratory Tests. Treatment and Management. Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis Background. Imaging Findings. Soft-Tissue Abnormalities. Joints. Lungs. Clinical Comments. Laboratory Tests. Treatment and Management. Jaccoud Arthropathy Background. Imaging Findings. Hands and Feet. Clinical Comments. Seronegative Spondyloarthropathy Ankylosing Spondylitis Background. Imaging Findings. Sacroiliac Joint. Spine. Discovertebral Junction. Apophyseal Joints and Posterior Ligaments. Costovertebral and Costotransverse Joints. Spinous Processes. Cervical Spine. Appendicular Skeleton. Hips. Shoulders. Enthesopathy. Lungs. Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Tomography. Clinical Comments. Laboratory Tests. Treatment and Management. Enteropathic Arthritis Background. Imaging Findings. Axial Skeleton. Appendicular Skeleton. Enthesitis. Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Clinical Comments. Laboratory Tests. Treatment and Management. Psoriatic Arthritis Background. Imaging Findings. Hands and Wrist. Feet. Sacroiliac Joints. Spine. Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Clinical Comments. Laboratory Tests. Treatment and Management. Reactive Arthritis Background. Imaging Findings. Feet. Tendons. Large Joints of Lower Extremities. Sacroiliac Joints and Symphysis Pubis. Spine. Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Clinical Comments. Laboratory Tests. Treatment and Management. Crystal-Induced Arthritides Gouty Arthritis Background Imaging Findings Acute. Chronic. Lower Extremities. Upper Extremities. Axial Skeleton. Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Clinical Comments Laboratory Tests. Treatment and Management. Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Crystals Background Imaging Findings Chondrocalcinosis. Pyrophosphate Arthropathy. Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Clinical Comments Laboratory Tests. Treatment and Management. Hemochromatosis Background. Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Treatment and Management. Hydroxyapatite Deposition Disease Background Imaging Findings Shoulders. Elbows. Hands and Wrist. Hips. Knees. Cervical Spine. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinical Comments Laboratory Tests. Treatment and Management. Degenerative Arthritides Degenerative Joint Disease Background Etiology. Risk Factors. Bone Density. Age. Gender. Obesity. Physical Activity. Trauma. Heredity. Imaging Findings Spine. Intervertebral Disc. Uncovertebral Joints. Zygapophyseal Joints. Costovertebral Joints. Sacroiliac Joints. Shoulders. Hands. Hips. Knees. Feet. Advanced Imaging. Clinical Comments Intervertebral Disc Herniation Background Intervertebral Disc Anatomy. Nucleus Pulposus. Anulus Fibrosus. Cartilage Endplates. Intervertebral Disc Health.* Nutrient Supply. Increased Cellular Demand. Injury and Intervertebral Disc Motion. Motion and Intervertebral Disc Injury. Pathophysiology of the Disc. Normal Function. Injury to Anulus Fibrosus. Injury to Nucleus Pulposus. Inflammation and Intervertebral Disc Injury. Intervertebral Disc Herniation. Classifying Disc Displacements. Distribution of Herniations. Imaging Findings Plain Films. Myelography. Discography. Computed Tomography. Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Anular Tears. Intervertebral Disc Herniations. Clinical Comments Clinical Complaint. Pain Types. Myelopathy. Asymptomatic Herniations. Physical Examination. Clinical Course. Management. Conservative Management. Surgery. Spinal Stenosis Background Demographics. Classification System. Imaging Findings Plain Film. Advanced Imaging. Clinical Comments Clinical Symptoms. Spinal Region. Neurogenic Claudication. Differentiating Disc Herniation. Treatment and Management. Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis Background Imaging Findings Spine. Sacroiliac Joints. Extraspinal Enthesopathy. Clinical Comments Neuropathic Arthropathy Background Imaging Findings Hypertrophic. Atrophic. Clinical Comments References 10 Trauma Chapter Format Imaging Bone and Joint Trauma Background Bone Injuries. Types of Fractures. Stress Fractures. Epiphyseal Injuries Salter-Harris Classification. Joint Injuries. Fracture Healing. Fracture Complications Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Battered Child Syndrome Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Myositis Ossificans Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Osteochondritis Dissecans Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Spondylolisthesis and Spondylolysis Background Definition. Spondylolysis. Classification. Imaging Findings Clinical Comments References 11 Hematologic Bone Diseases Avascular Necrosis Background Imaging Findings Osteochondritis Dissecans. Medullary Bone Infarction. Epiphyseal Necrosis. Avascular Phase. Inflammatory Phase. Revascularization Phase. Clinical Comments Hemochromatosis Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Hemophilia Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Hereditary Spherocytosis Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Leukemia Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Sickle Cell Anemia Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Thalassemia Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments References 12 Infections Nonsuppurative Infections Blastomycosis Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Coccidioidomycosis Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Maduromycosis Mycetoma or Eumycetoma Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Syphilis Background Imaging Findings Congenital Syphilis. Early. Late. Acquired Syphilis. Clinical Comments Tuberculosis Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Suppurative Infections Brodie Abscess Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Septic Arthritis Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Suppurative Osteomyelitis Background Region of Involvement. Causative Agents. Dissemination. Risk Factors. Garré Chronic Sclerosing Osteomyelitis. Imaging Findings Plain Film Radiography. Specialized Imaging. Clinical Comments References 13 Bone Tumors and Related Diseases Imaging Modalities Laboratory Tests Bone Biopsy Tumor Staging Signs and Symptoms Tumor Discriminators Patient Age Location Soft-Tissue Involvement Host Bone Reaction Pattern of Bone Destruction Size of the Lesion Rate of Growth Margination and Zone of Transition Tumor Matrix Multiplicity Treatment Options Bone Origin Benign Bone Island Enostosis, Osteoma, and Osteopoikilosis Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Osteoid Osteoma and Osteoblastoma Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Ossifying Fibroma Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Malignant Osteosarcoma Background Intraosseous Osteosarcoma Surface Osteosarcoma Other Osteosarcomas Patient Age Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Bone Marrow Origin Malignant Plasmacytoma and Multiple Myeloma Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Ewing Sarcoma Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Lymphoma of Bone Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Leukemia Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Cartilage Origin Benign Chondroma, Ollier Disease, and Maffucci Syndrome Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Chondroblastoma Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Chondromyxoid Fibroma Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Osteochondroma and Hereditary Multiple Exostoses Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Malignant Chondrosarcoma Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Fibrous, Histiocytic, and Fibrohistiocytic Origin Benign Fibrous Dysplasia Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Nonossifying Fibroma and Fibrous Cortical Defect Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Desmoplastic Fibroma Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Malignant Fibrosarcoma and Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Synovial Origin Benign Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Synoviochondrometaplasia Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Malignant Synoviosarcoma Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Muscle Origin Benign Leiomyoma Malignant Leiomyosarcoma Rhabdomyosarcoma Fat Origin Benign Lipoma Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Malignant Liposarcoma Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Vascular Origin Benign Hemangioma Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Glomus Tumor Lymphangioma Malignant Angiosarcoma Notochord Origin Malignant Chordoma Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Miscellaneous or Unknown Origin Benign Aneurysmal Bone Cyst Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Giant Cell Tumor Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Simple Bone Cyst Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Epidermoid Cyst Interosseous Ganglion Cyst Malignant Adamantinoma Ameloblastoma Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Nonneuromusculoskeletal Origin Malignant Metastatic Bone Disease Background Dissemination. Skeletal Distribution. Cellular Origin. Age. Sensitivity of Imaging. Imaging Findings Clinical Comments References 14 Endocrine, Metabolic, and Nutritional Diseases Endocrine Disorders Acromegaly Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Cushing Syndrome Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Characteristic Features. Giantism Gigantism Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Hyperparathyroidism Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Hypoparathyroidism Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Pseudohypoparathyroidism Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Hypothyroidism Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Metabolic Disorders Osteoporosis Background Regional. Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Laboratory Values. Treatment. Nutritional Disorders Hypervitaminosis A Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Hypervitaminosis D Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Osteomalacia Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Rickets Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Scurvy Hypovitaminosis C Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments References 15 Miscellaneous Bone Diseases Amyloidosis Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Dermatomyositis Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Gaucher Disease Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Heavy Metal Poisoning Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Histiocytosis Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Infantile Cortical Hyperostosis Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Mastocytosis Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Neurofibromatosis Background Neurofibromatosis Type I. Neurofibromatosis Type II. Imaging Findings Skull. Spine. Ribs. Extremities. Clinical Comments Paget Disease Background Imaging Findings Skull. Spine. Pelvis. Extremities. Clinical Comments Complications. Laboratory Values. Treatment. Pharmacology. Scoliosis Background Definition. Prevalence. Classification. Imaging Findings Vertebral Bodies. Ribs. Skeletal Maturity. Clinical Comments Screening. Management. Bracing. Surgery. References 16 Skull Patterns SK1 Basilar Invagination SK2 Button Sequestration of the Skull SK3 Cystic Lesions of the Mandible SK4 Diffuse Demineralization SK5 Enlargement or Destruction of the Sella Turcica SK6 Increased Radiodensity of the Calvarium SK7 Intracranial Calcifications SK8 Mass in the Paranasal Sinuses SK9 Multiple Wormian Bones SK10 Osteolytic Defects of the Skull SK11 Radiodense Mandible Lesions References 17 Spine Patterns SP1 Altered Vertebral Shape SP1a Beaked or Hooked Vertebrae SP1b Biconcave Vertebrae SP1c Blocked Vertebrae SP1d Wide Enlarged Vertebrae SP1e Tall Enlarged Vertebrae SP1f Anterior Scalloped Vertebrae SP1g Posterior Scalloped Vertebrae SP1h Square Vertebrae SP1i Wedged Vertebrae SP2 Atlantoaxial Subluxation SP3 Bony Outgrowths of the Spine SP4 Calcification of the Intervertebral Disc SP5 Narrow Intervertebral Disc Height SP6 Osteolytic Lesions of the Spine SP7 Paraspinal Mass SP8 Radiodense “Ivory? Vertebrae SP9 Radiodense Vertebral Stripes SP10 Sacroiliac Joint Disease SP11 Scoliosis SP12 Diminished Vertebral Height Collapsed Vertebra SP13 Vertebral Endplate Alterations Suggested Readings 18 Extremity Patterns EX1 Acro-osteolysis EX2 Calcified Intraarticular Loose Bodies EX3 Change in Size and Shape of Epiphyses EX4 Cystic Lesions of Extremities and Ribs EX5 Aggressive Osteolytic Lesions of Extremities and Ribs EX6 Osteosclerotic Bone Lesions EX7 Periosteal Reactions EX7a Localized Periosteal Reactions EX7b Generalized Periosteal Reactions EX8 Radiodense Metaphyseal Bands EX9 Radiolucent Metaphyseal Bands Suggested Readings 19 General Skeletal Patterns GN1 Acetabular Protrusion GN2 Arthritides GN3 Dwarfism GN4 Generalized Osteoporosis GN5 Generalized Osteosclerosis GN6 Polyostotic Bone Lesions GN7 Soft-Tissue Calcification and Ossification GN7a Soft-Tissue Calcification GN7b Soft-Tissue Ossification Suggested Readings 20 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Patterns General Indications for Magnetic Resonance Imaging Examination MR1 Spine MR2 Joints MR2a Shoulder MR2b Wrist MR2c Hip MR2d Knee MR2e Ankle MR3 General Skeletal MR4 Soft Tissue Suggested Readings 21 Introduction to Chest Radiography Chest Radiography Anatomy Airway Air Space Interstitium Radiographic Signs Air-Bronchogram Sign Air-Crescent Sign Cervicothoracic Sign Extrapleural Sign Fallen Lung Sign Figure 3 Sign Flat Waist Sign Gloved Finger Sign Hilum Overlay Sign “S? Sign of Golden Sail Sign Silhouette Sign Pattern Recognition References 22 Diseases of the Airways Atelectasis Background General. Obstructive Atelectasis. Passive Atelectasis. Compressive Atelectasis. Adhesive Atelectasis. Cicatrization Atelectasis. Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Bronchial Asthma Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Bronchiectasis Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Bronchopulmonary Sequestration Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Congenital Bronchogenic Cysts Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Emphysema Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments References 23 Circulation and the Heart Acquired Valvular Heart Disease Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Aortic Aneurysms Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Coarctation of the Aorta Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Congenital Heart Disease Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Congestive Heart Failure Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Pleural Effusion Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Pulmonary Edema Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Pulmonary Thromboembolism Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Acknowledgment References 24 Pulmonary Infections Empyema Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Lung Abscess Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Pneumonia Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Tuberculosis Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments References 25 Thoracic Neoplasms Bronchial Carcinoid Tumors Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Bronchogenic Carcinoma Background Risk Factors. Categorization Imaging Findings Location. Size. Borders. Calcification. Growth Rate. Clinical Comments Hamartoma Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Lymphoma Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Metastatic Lung Disease Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Pleural Mesothelioma Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Teratomas Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Thymic Masses Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments References 26 Miscellaneous Chest Diseases Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Pneumoconioses Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Pneumothorax Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Sarcoidosis Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments References 27 Chest Patterns CS1 Atelectasis CS2 Chest Wall and Pleural-Based Lesions CS3 Diaphragmatic Abnormalities CS3a Depressed Diaphragm CS3b Elevated Diaphragm CS4 Diffuse Alveolar Air-Space Disease CS5 Localized Alveolar Air-Space Disease CS6 Diffuse Interstitial Disease CS7 Enlarged Hilum CS8 Focal Radiolucent Lesions CS8a Cavities CS8b Cysts CS9 Intrathoracic Calcifications CS9a Cardiovascular Calcifications CS9b Hilar and Mediastinal Calcifications CS9c Lung Parenchymal Calcifications CS9d Pleural Calcifications CS10 Mediastinal Lesions CS10a Anterior Mediastinum CS10b Middle Mediastinum CS10c Posterior Mediastinum CS11 Pleural Effusion CS12 Pulmonary Edema CS13 Solitary Pulmonary Nodule and Mass CS14 Multiple Nodules and Masses Suggested Readings 28 Introduction to Abdomen Radiography Limitations Indications Technical Considerations Other Diagnostic Procedures Other Clinical Considerations Plain Film Anatomy General Interpretation Stomach Small Bowel Large Bowel Appendix Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Spleen Kidneys Adrenals Ureters Bladder Uterus Ovaries Vas Deferens Prostate Blood Vessels Diagnostic Procedures Stomach Small Bowel Large Bowel Appendix Gallbladder Liver Pancreas Kidneys And Bladder Uterus and Ovaries Prostate 29 Genitourinary Diseases Bladder Calculi Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Nephroblastoma Wilms Tumor Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Nephrocalcinosis Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Nephrolithiasis Renal Calculi Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Ovarian Dermoid Cysts Mature Cystic Teratoma Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Other Ovarian Lesions Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Pheochromocytoma Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Small Renal Mass Renal Cell Carcinoma Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Other Small Renal Masses Angiomyolipoma Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Uterine Fibroma Leiomyoma Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments References 30 Gastrointestinal Diseases Radiographic Anatomy of the Gastrointestinal Tract Cholelithiasis Gallstones Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Colon Polyps Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Colorectal Carcinoma Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Crohn Disease Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Diverticular Disease Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Hiatal Hernia Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Pancreatic Lithiasis Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Peptic Ulcer Disease Gastric Ulcers Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Ulcerative Colitis Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments References 31 Miscellaneous Abdomen Diseases Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Definition Incidence Rupture Rates and Mortality Risk Factors Imaging Findings Screening for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Management Acute Abdomen Background Imaging Findings and Clinical Comments Hydatid Disease Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments References 32 Abdomen Patterns AB1 Abdominal Calcifications AB1a Concretions AB1b Conduit Wall Calcification AB1c Cystic Calcification AB1d Solid Mass Calcification AB2 Pneumoperitoneum AB2a Most Common Causes of Pneumoperitoneum AB2b Plain Film Technique for Detection of Pneumoperitoneum AB2c Signs of Pneumoperitoneum on Supine Abdominal Films AB2d Pseudopneumoperitoneum AB3 Abnormal Localized Intraperitoneal Gas Collections AB4 Pneumoretroperitoneum AB5 Abnormal Bowel Gas Resulting from Obstruction AB6 Ascites AB7 Enlarged Organ Shadows AB7a Hepatomegaly AB7b Gallbladder Enlargement AB7c Spleen Enlargement AB7d Gastric Distension AB7e Right Kidney Enlargement AB7f Left Kidney Enlargement AB7g Adrenal Enlargement AB8 Abdominal Masses AB8a True Abdominal Masses AB8b Pseudomasses AB9 Diseases of the Gallbladder AB10 Vascular Calcifications AB11 Miscellaneous Radiopacities and Abdomen Artifacts References 33 Brain and Spinal Cord Trauma Background Imaging Findings Spinal Trauma. Brain and Skull Trauma. Clinical Comments Specific Selected Injuries Acute Cortical Contusion Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Acute Epidural Hematoma Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Acute Subdural Hematoma Background Imaging Findings Acute Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Background Imaging Findings Vascular Injury Background Imaging Findings Traumatic Pseudoaneurysms Background Imaging Findings Vascular Disorders Specific Selected Conditions Stroke Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Nontraumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Background Imaging Findings Vascular Malformation Background Imaging Findings Infectious and Inflammatory Processes of the Central Nervous System Background Specific Selected Conditions Abscess Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Meningeal Infections Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Encephalitis Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Epidural Abscess Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Spinal Infections Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Noninfectious Inflammatory Conditions Multiple Sclerosis Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Sarcoidosis Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Tumors of the Central Nervous System Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Differential Diagnosis Primary Tumors Glioma Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Meningioma Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Neurofibroma or Schwannoma Background Imaging Findings Clinical Findings Pituitary Adenomas Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Medulloblastoma Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Lymphoma Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Craniopharyngioma Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Teratoma Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Secondary Tumors Metastasis Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Miscellaneous Selected Conditions Arnold-Chiari Malformation Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Empty Sella Syndrome Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Syringohydromyelia Background Imaging Findings Clinical Comments Tarlov or Arachnoid Cyst References Glossary Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Radiology Mnemonics Bone Basilar invagination: “COOP? Solitary lytic defect in the skull: “TORMENT? Multiple lytic defects in the skull: “BAMMAH? Button sequestrum of the skull: “TORE ME? Hair-on-end appearance of the skull: “SHITE? Absent greater wing of the sphenoid: “M FOR MARINE? Wormian sutural bones: “PORK CHOPS? Increased skull thickness: “HIPFAM? Atlantoaxial subluxation: “JAP LARD? Ivory vertebra: “My Only Sister Left Home On Friday Past? Vertebra plana: “FETISH? Bullet-shaped vertebra: “HAM? Posterior vertebral body scalloping: “HAMENTS? Anterior vertebral body scalloping: “MALT? Expansile lesions in the vertebral arch: “GO APE? Tumor predisposed to the vertebral body: “CALL HOME? Neoplasms of the sacrum: “CAGE? Protrusio acetabuli: “PORT? Aberrant development of the pubic bone: “CHIEF? Widened symphysis pubis: “EPOCH? Widened sacroiliac joint: “CRAP TRAP? Calcification of the intervertebral disc: “DO IT? Chondrocalcinosis: “WHIP A DOG? Premature osteoarthritis: “COME CHAT? Arthritis with demineralization: “HORSE? Arthritis without demineralization: “PONGS? Arthritis involving distal interphalangeal joints: “POEM? Premature closure of the epiphyseal plate: “JB HIT? Epiphyseal lesions: “CAGGIE? Epiphyseal lesions: “GELCO? Diaphyseal tumors: “FEMALE? Frayed metaphyses: “CHARMS? Rhizomelic dwarfism: “MA CAT? Short fourth metacarpal: “TOP? Radiolucent metaphyseal bands: “SLING? Dense metaphyseal bands: “Heavy Cretins Sift Scurrilously through Rickety Systems? Periosteal reaction in child: “PERIOSTEAL SOCKS? Expansile rib lesion: “THELMA? Destruction of the medial end of the clavicle: “FEMALE? Thick heel pad: “MAD COP? Acroosteolysis: “RADISH? Cystic bone lesions: “FEGNOMASHIC? Multiple lytic lesions: “FEEMHI? Lytic lesion surrounded by sclerosis: “BOOST? Generalized bone sclerosis: “3 Ms PROF? Moth-eaten bone destruction: “LEMON? Avascular necrosis: “PLASTIC RAGS? Failed back surgery: “ABCDEF? Chest Diffuse air-space disease: “AIRSPACED? Diffuse air-space disease: “BEPT? Opacification of hemithorax: “FAT CHANCE? Perihilar bat-wing infiltrates: “Please, Please, Please, Study Light, Don’t Get All Uptight? Interstitial lung disease: “LIFE lines? Interstitial lung disease: “SHIPS & BOATS? Acute interstitial lung disease: “HELP? Chronic infiltrates in child: “ABC’S? Advanced interstitial lung disease honeycomb lung: “B CHIPS? Multiple pulmonary cavities: “CAVITY? Reticulonodular pattern in the upper lung: “TAPE? Reticulonodular pattern in the lower lung: “STAR? Very small miliary pulmonary nodules: “SHRIMP? Very small miliary pulmonary nodules: “TEMPEST? Small pulmonary nodules: “MALTS? Large pulmonary nodules: “GAMMA WARPS? Large pulmonary mass: “CAT PIES? Multiple nodules and masses: “SLAM DA PIG? Right-sided aortic arch: “4 Ts? Discoid atelectasis: “EPIC? Pneumothorax: “THE CHEST SET? Anterior mediastinal mass: “3 Ts and an H? Middle mediastinal mass: “HABIT? Posterior mediastinal mass: “BELLMAN? Unilateral hilar adenopathy: “Fat Hila Suck? Bilateral hilar adenopathy: “Please, Helen, Lick My Popsicle Stick? Pleural calcifications: “HEAT? Abdomen Lower esophageal narrowing: “SPADE? Acquired small bowel obstruction in child: “AIM? Mechanical small bowel obstruction in adult: “SHAVIT? Unilateral kidney enlargement: “AROMA? Small bladder: “SCRITT? Complex pelvic mass: “CHEETAH? Hepatic calcification: “4H TAG MAP? Splenic calcification: “HITCH? Brain and Spinal Cord Intracranial hemorrhage: “ITHACANS? Calcified intracranial mass: “Ca2+ COME? Cerebellopontine angle tumors: “Ever Grave Cerebellopontine Angle Masses? Intramedullary lesion: “I’M ASHAMED? Intradural extramedullary lesion: “MAMA N? Epidural extramedullary lesion: “MANDELIN?