Introduction to physics in modern medicine

Description

Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Contents Instructor’s Preface Student Preface Preface Acknowledgments 1. Introduction and Overview Suggested Reading 2. Telescopes for Inner Space: Fiber Optics and Endoscopes 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Optics: The Science of Light 2.2.1 How to see around corners 2.2.2 Reflecting and bending light 2.2.3 Why does light bend? The index of refraction 2.2.4 Optional: How lenses form images 2.2.5 Making pipes for light 2.3 Fiber Optics Applications in Medicine: Endoscopes and Laparoscopes 2.3.1 Different types of endoscopes and their typical construction 2.3.2 Some advantages and disadvantages 2.3.3 Laparoscopic gallbladder removal 2.4 Recent Innovations 2.4.1 Robotic surgery and virtual reality in the operating room 2.4.2 Telemedicine and military applications 2.4.3 Emerging techniques Resources Questions Problems Reflection and refraction Total internal reflection and fiber optics Advanced Problems 3. Lasers in Medicine: Healing with Light 3.1 Introduction 3.2 What is a Laser? 3.3 Beyond the Rainbow: The Dual Nature of Light and the Electromagnetic Spectrum 3.4 How Lasers Work 3.5 How Light Interacts with Body Tissues 3.6 Laser Beams and Spatial Coherence 3.7 Cooking with Light: Photocoagulation 3.8 Trade-Offs in Photocoagulation: Power Density and Heat Flow 3.9 Cutting with Light: Photovaporization 3.10 More Power: Pulsed Lasers 3.11 Lasers and Color 3.12 The Atomic Origins of Absorption 3.13 How Selective Absorption is Used in Laser Surgery 3.14 Lasers in Dermatology 3.15 Laser Surgery on the Eye 3.16 Lasers in Dentistry 3.17 Advantages and Drawbacks of Lasers for Medicine 3.18 Photodynamic Therapy: Killing Tumors with Light 3.19 New Directions: Diffusive Optical Imaging 3.20 New Directions: Optical Coherence Tomography Suggested reading Questions Problems 4. Seeing with Sound: Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Sound Waves 4.3 What is Ultrasound? 4.4 Ultrasound and Energy 4.5 How Echoes are Formed 4.6 How to Produce Ultrasound 4.7 Images from Echoes 4.8 Ultrasound Scanner Design 4.9 Ultrasound is Absorbed by the Body 4.10 Ultrasound Image Quality and Artifacts 4.11 How Safe is Ultrasound Imaging? 4.12 Obstetrical Ultrasound Imaging 4.13 Echocardiography: Ultrasound Images of the Heart 4.14 Origins of the Doppler Effect 4.15 Using the Doppler Effect to Measure Blood Flow 4.16 Color Flow Images 4.17 Advanced Ultrasound Techniques 4.18 Portable Ultrasound: Appropriate Technology for the Developing World 4.19 Current Research Directions: Ultrasound-Mediated Drug Delivery Suggested Reading Questions Problems Basic physics of sound waves Echo ranging and echo intensity Absorption of ultrasound Sources of distortion Doppler ultrasound Another Useful Source of Problems on Ultrasound Imaging 5. X-ray Vision: Diagnostic X-rays and CT Scans 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Diagnostic X-ray Images: The Body’s x-ray Shadow 5.3 How X-rays are Generated 5.3.1 Bremsstrahlung radiation 5.3.2 X-ray tube spectrum and tube rating 5.3.3 Image resolution and blurring 5.3.4 Development of new x-ray sources 5.4 Types of X-ray Interactions with Matter 5.5 Basic Issues in X-ray Image Formation 5.6 Contrast Media Make Soft Tissues Visible on an X-ray 5.7 X-ray Image Receptors and Digital X-ray Imaging 5.7.1 Film-based image receptors 5.7.2 Digital radiography 5.7.3 Fluoroscopy 5.7.4 Computerized image processing 5.8 Mammography: X-ray Screening for Breast Cancer 5.9 Computed Tomography (CT) 5.10 Application: Spotting Brittle Bones: Bone Mineral Scans for Osteoporosis 5.11 New Directions: X-ray Phase Contrast Imaging Suggested Reading Questions Problems X-ray sources Interaction of x-rays with matter Contrast, contrast media, and x-ray absorption X-ray detectors 6. Images from Radioactivity: Radionuclide Scans, SPECT, and PET 6.1 Introduction: Radioactivity and Medicine 6.2 Nuclear Physics Basics 6.3 Radioactivity Fades with Time: The Concept of Half-Lives 6.4 Gamma Camera Imaging 6.5 Emission Tomography with Radionuclides: SPECT and PET 6.6 Application: Emission Computer Tomography Studies of the Brain 6.7 Hybrid Scanners Suggested Reading Questions Problems Useful Sources of Problems 7. Radiation Therapy and Radiation Safety in Medicine 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Measuring Radioactivity and Radiation 7.3 Origins of the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation 7.4 The Two Regimes of Radiation Damage: Radiation Sickness and Cancer Risk 7.5 Radiation Therapy: Killing Tumors with Radiation 7.6 New Directions in Radiation Therapy Suggested Reading Comprehensive Summaries of the Risks of Ionizing Radiation Useful Sources of More Advanced Problems Questions Problems 8. Magnetic Resonance Imaging 8.1 Introduction 8.2 The Science of Magnetism 8.3 Nuclear Magnetism 8.3.1 Elementary sources of magnetism 8.3.2 Nuclear magnetic moment 8.3.3 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) 8.3.4 Nuclear induction 8.4 Contrast Mechanisms for MRI 8.5 Listening to Spin Echoes 8.6 How MRI Maps the Body 8.7 How Safe is MRI? 8.8 Creating Better Contrast 8.9 Sports Medicine and MRI 8.10 Magnetic Resonance Breast Imaging 8.11 Mapping Body Chemistry with MR Spectroscopy 8.12 Brain Mapping and Functional MRI Suggested Reading Questions Problems Index