Current Trends and Future Developments on (Bio-) Membranes: Recent Advances on Membrane Reactors

Description

Integrated Membrane Reactors explores recent developments and future perspectives in the area of membrane reactor (MR) systems. It includes fundamental principles, the different types of membrane materials (such as polymeric and inorganic), the different types of membrane reactors (such as Micro MRs, Enzymatic MRS, Photo-catalytic MRs, Pervaporation MRs, Electrochemical MRs, etc.), their industrial perspective and, finally, there also is an economic evaluation of the metallic MRs. The book provides an extensive review in the area of MRs for each kind of application present in the specialized literature and discusses their modelling and design approaches necessary for MR systems validation in achieving high conversions, energy savings, high yields and high hydrogen (or others) products of the reactions studied. Cover Current Trends and Future Developments on (Bio)Membranes Copyright List of contributors Contents Preface 1 Introduction to membrane and membrane reactors 1.1 Introduction and principles 1.2 Membranes 1.3 Membrane bioreactors 1.4 Combination of membranes and catalytic reactions 1.4.1 Interfacial contactor mode 1.4.2 Flow-through contactor mode 1.5 Conclusions and future trends Nomenclature Acronyms Symbols References 2 Protonic electrocatalytic membrane reactors 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Ammonia synthesis 2.2.1 The common design of protonic electrocatalytic membrane reactors for the ammonia synthesis 2.2.2 Electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction mechanism 2.2.3 Electrolyte materials 2.2.4 Cathode materials 2.2.5 Anode hydrogen feedstocks 2.3 CO2 reduction 2.3.1 The common design of Protonic electrocatalytic membrane reactors for the CO2 reduction 2.3.2 Mechanisms of the CO2 electrocatalytic reduction 2.3.3 Electrolyte materials 2.3.4 Cathodic materials and catalysts 2.3.5 Anodic materials 2.4 Hydrocarbon dehydrogenation 2.4.1 Methane upgrading 2.4.1.1 Electrocatalytic methane coupling 2.4.1.2 Electrocatalytic methane dehydroaromatization 2.4.1.3 Electrocatalytic methane reforming 2.4.2 Conversion of alkanes to alkenes 2.5 Other reactions 2.6 Conclusion and future trends Nomenclature Acronyms References 3 Packed bed membrane reactors 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Latest developments in packed bed membrane reactors 3.3 Conclusions and future trends Nomenclature Acronyms References 4 Fluidized bed membrane reactors 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Latest developments in fluidized bed membrane reactors 4.3 Conclusions and future trends Nomenclature Acronyms References 5 Microstructured membrane reactors for process intensification 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Design and fabrication 5.3 Examples of microstructured membrane reactors 5.3.1 Polymeric 5.3.2 Metallic membranes 5.3.3 Zeolite membranes 5.3.4 Ceramic oxygen and proton conducting membranes 5.4 Conclusion and future trends Nomenclature Acronyms Symbols References 6 Pervaporation membrane reactor 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Pervaporation membrane reactors 6.3 Fields of application 6.3.1 Esterification reactions 6.3.2 Etherification reactions 6.3.3 Acetalization reactions 6.3.4 Condensation reactions 6.3.5 Bio-alcohol production (pervaporation bioreactors) 6.4 Conclusions and future trends Nomenclature Acronyms References 7 Polymeric membrane reactors 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Polymeric membranes 7.2.1 Structure of polymeric membranes 7.2.1.1 Dense symmetric membranes 7.2.1.2 Mixed matrix membranes 7.2.1.3 Porous membranes 7.2.1.4 Preparation of porous membranes 7.2.1.4.1 Phase-inversion 7.2.1.4.2 Track-etching 7.2.1.4.3 Electrospinning 7.2.1.5 Ionic liquid membranes 7.2.1.6 Microporous membranes 7.3 Classification of membrane reactors 7.3.1 Extractor-type membrane reactors 7.3.1.1 Pervaporation membrane reactors 7.3.2 Contactor-type membrane reactors 7.3.2.1 Interfacial contactor membrane reactors 7.3.2.2 Forced flow-through membrane reactors 7.3.2.2.1 Non-selective flow-through catalytic membrane reactors 7.3.2.2.2 Selective flow-through catalytic membrane reactors 7.3.3 Distributor-type membrane reactors 7.4 Polymeric membrane microreactors 7.5 Conclusions and future trends 7.6 Acronyms References 8 Current trends in enzymatic membrane reactor 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Designs of enzymatic membrane reactor 8.3 Membrane characteristics 8.4 Enzyme immobilization in enzymatic membrane reactor 8.5 Enzymatic membrane reactor versus other reactor configurations 8.6 Applications of enzymatic membrane reactor 8.7 Conclusion and outlook Nomenclature Acronyms References 9 Membrane reactors in bioartificial organs 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Bioartificial organs—design issues 9.3 Transport phenomena 9.4 Membrane bioreactor as bioartificial liver 9.4.1 Membrane bioartificial livers in flat configuration 9.4.2 Membrane bioartificial livers in hollow fiber configuration 9.5 Membrane bioreactors for bioartificial kidney 9.5.1 Membranes for BAK 9.5.2 BAK devices in animal studies and clinical trials 9.6 Membrane bioreactor as a biomimetic model for nervous tissue analogue 9.7 Conclusions and future perspectives Nomenclature References 10 Photocatalytic membrane reactors 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Basic principles of photocatalysis 10.3 Basic of photocatalytic membrane reactors 10.3.1 Types of photocatalysts 10.3.2 Types of membranes 10.3.3 Membrane modules and system configurations 10.3.3.1 Pressurized membrane photoreactors 10.3.3.2 Depressurized (submerged) membrane photoreactors 10.3.3.3 Coupling of photocatalysis with nonpressure membrane operations 10.4 Applications of photocatalytic membrane reactors 10.4.1 Photocatalytic membrane reactors in photodegradation of pharmaceuticals in water 10.4.2 Photocatalytic membrane reactors in the conversion of CO2 in solar fuels 10.5 Advantages and limitations of photocatalytic membrane reactors 10.6 Conclusion and future trends List of symbols List of acronyms Acknowledgments References 11 Electrochemical membrane reactors 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Electrochemical reactors 11.2.1 General principles 11.2.1.1 Thermodynamics 11.2.1.2 Kinetics 11.2.1.3 Electrochemical efficiency 11.2.2 Endergonic transformers 11.2.3 Exergonic transformers 11.2.4 Cell separators 11.3 Diaphragms for liquid electrolytes 11.3.1 Asbestos 11.3.2 Thermoplastic diaphragms 11.4 Polymer membrane materials 11.4.1 Proton conducting ionomers 11.4.1.1 Chemistry and microstructure 11.4.1.2 Key physical properties 11.4.1.3 Limitations and perspectives 11.4.2 Hydroxyl-ion conducting ionomers 11.4.2.1 Chemistry and microstructure 11.4.2.2 Limitations and perspectives 11.5 Ceramic membrane materials 11.5.1 Nonorganic proton conductors 11.5.2 Oxide-ion conductors 11.5.2.1 Ionic conductivity 11.5.2.2 Limitations and perspectives 11.6 Selected endergonic applications 11.6.1 Water electrolysis 11.6.2 Main water electrolysis technologies 11.6.3 Brine electrolysis 11.6.3.1 Brief historical perspective 11.6.3.2 Performances and technological developments 11.6.3.3 Perspectives 11.7 Conclusions and future trends Nomenclature References Further reading 12 Modeling of membrane reactors 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Packed bed membrane reactors 12.2.1 1D pseudo-homogeneous model 12.2.1.1 Continuity equation 12.2.1.2 Total momentum balance equation 12.2.1.3 Friction coefficient 12.2.1.4 Component mass balance 12.2.1.5 Energy balance 12.2.1.6 1D heterogeneous model 12.2.1.7 Component mass balance 12.2.1.8 Catalyst phase mass balance 12.2.1.9 Energy balance for gas phase 12.2.1.10 Energy balance for solid phase 12.2.2 2D pseudo-homogeneous model 12.2.2.1 Continuity equation 12.2.2.2 Total momentum balance equation 12.2.2.3 Friction coefficient 12.2.2.4 Component mass balance 12.2.2.5 Energy balance 12.2.3 Modeling of fluidized bed membrane reactors 12.3 Conclusions and future trends Nomenclature References 13 Techno-economic analysis of membrane reactors 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Latest developments in techno-economic analysis for membrane reactors 13.3 Conclusions and future trends Nomenclature References Index