DUTCH AND FLEMISH FLOWER PIECES

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DUTCH AND FLEMISH FLOWER PIECES: Paintings, Drawings and Prints up to the Nineteenth Century About the pagination of this eBook Copyright Contents Introduction Acknowledgements Chapter 1 | Backgrounds: Historical, Botanical, Cultural and Aesthetic The Northern and Southern Netherlands in the Seventeenth Century Flower Still Lifes and Flower Pieces The Function and Meaning of Flower Still Lifes Symbolism and Religion Decoration Practice and Artistic Skill Composition and Style Appreciation and Appraisal Flowers in Interiors Botanical Writings after Antiquity Gardens and Garden Flowers Flower Fashion Tulips Roses Native Species Chapter 2 | On the Symbolism of Flowers and Animals in Still Life Paintings Sources The Bible and Apocrypha Scientific Works of Classical Antiquity Medieval Encyclopaedists Literary Works and Mythology from Classical Antiquity Religious and Profane Poetry and Prose since the Middle Ages Collections of Proverbs and Sayings Engravings with Texts Books of Symbols Emblem Books Devices Herbals, Medicinal Books, and Cookbooks Florilegia and Other Flower Books, Fruit Books, Insect Books and Animal Books Manuals by and for Painters Works of Art and Their Traditions Satirical Texts Books of Fables Old Dictionaries Publications on Symbolism Generalized Meanings Interpretations Themes Symbols of Mary, Christ and God The Glory of Creation The Song of Songs The Seasons The Months Vanitas: Vanity, Vacancy and Transience The Choice between Good and Evil The Symbolism of Flowers and Plants in Paintings – A Selection Adonis species – Pheasant’s Eye, including Fire Pheasant’s Eye Agrostistemma githago – Corn Cockle Alcea rosea – Hollyhock Amaranthus tricolor – St. Joseph’s Coat Anemone species – Anemone Aquilegia vulgaris – Columbine Arctium species – Burdock Bellis perennis sensu lato – Daisy Borago officinalis – Borage Calendula officinalis – Pot Marigold Celosia cristata – Cockscomb Centaurea cyanus – Cornflower Chelidonium majus – Greater Celandine Citrus aurantium – Orange Blossom Convallaria majalis – Lily of the Valley Consolida and Delphinium – Larkspur Convolvulaceae species – Bindweed/Morning Glory Crocus sativus – Saffron Crocus Cyclamen species – particularly Annulated Sowbread (Cyclamen hederifolium) Cypripedium calceolus – Lady’s Slipper Dianthus caryophyllus – Pink/Carnation Erysimum cheiri – Wallflower (see also Matthiola incana, Stock) Fragaria vesca – Strawberry Fritillaria imperialis – Crown Imperial Fritillaria meleagris – Snake’s Head Fritillary Hedera helix – Ivy Helianthus annuus – Sunflower Hyacinthus orientalis – Hyacinth Iris – various species Lilium species – Lily Lilium candidum – Madonna Lily Malva species – Mallow Matthiola incana – Stock Myosotis species – Forget-me-not Narcissus – various species – Narcissuses Paeonia – various species – Peony Papaver somniferum – Opium Poppy Passiflora species – Passion Flower Pisum sativum – Pea Plantago species – Plantain Primula species – Auricula Rosa – various species – Rose Rosmarinus officinalis – Rosemary Taraxacum officinale sensu lato – Dandelion Trifolium species – Clover Triticum aestivum – Wheat Tulipa – various species – Tulip Veronica species – Speedwell Vinca species – Periwinkle Viola odorata – Sweet Violet Viola tricolor – Pansy The Symbolism of Animals in Paintings – A Selection Deer Mice Lizards Frogs Birds Goldfinches Spiders Insects Dragonfly Grasshoppers Dung Beetles and Sexton Beetles Stag Beetle Ladybird Caterpillars and Butterflies Honeybee Bumblebee Wasps Ants Flies Shells Nautilus Snails Chapter 3 | Artists’ Materials and Techniques The Support The Ground Imprimatura Underpainting and Underdrawing Paint Layers Pigments Preparation Coherence Dutch vs. Flemish Still Lifes The Representation of a Flower or Animal Alterations and Restorations Butterflies Drawings Research into Flower Pieces Roses Tulips Irises Chapter 4 | The Development of Flower Pieces Style Material Expression The Picture Plane Background Foreground Containers The Bouquet Space Depth and Perspective Colour Composition Light The Flowers Supplementary Work Chapter 5 | The Prehistory of the Flower Piece Illuminated Manuscripts The Ghent Altarpiece Flower Pieces in other Religious Paintings and Portraits Precursors of the Painted Flower Piece Early Flower Studies The Earliest Painted Flower Pieces – A Comparative Analysis Chapter 6 | The Early Period (ca. 1600-1620) Characteristics of the Earliest Flower Pieces Artists of the Northern Netherlands Artists of the Southern Netherlands Chapter 7 | The Second Quarter of the Seventeenth Century (ca. 1620-1650) Tulip Mania Important Innovators of the Flower Piece Characteristics of the Flower Piece in the Second Period (ca. 1620-1650) Artists of the Northern Netherlands The Painters of the Bosschaert Dynasty Other Artists in the Tradition of Bosschaert and Savery Artists following in the Footsteps of Jacques de Gheyn Other Painters of the Northern Netherlands Artists of the Southern Netherlands Artists in the Tradition of Jan Brueghel I Daniël Seghers and his Followers Frans Snyders and his Followers Other Painters of the Southern Netherlands Chapter 8 | The Second Half of the Seventeenth Century (ca. 1650-1700) Characteristics of the Flower Piece in the Second Half of the Seventeenth Century Artists of the Northern Netherlands The Declining Influence of the Bosschaerts Jan Davidsz de Heem and his Circle Willem van Aelst and his Followers Abraham van Beyeren and other Painters with a Fluid or Loose Brushstroke Other Painters of the Northern Netherlands Artists of the Southern Netherlands The Brueghel Dynasty Artists following in the Footsteps of Daniël Seghers Gaspar Peeter Verbruggen II and his Followers Artists following in the Footsteps of Jan Davidsz de Heem Artists following in the Footsteps of Joannes Fyt Other Painters of the Southern Netherlands Chapter 9 | The Eighteenth Century (ca. 1700-1800) Characteristics of the Flower Piece in the Eighteenth Century Artists of the Northern Netherlands Rachel Ruysch, her Family, and her Followers The Van Huysum Dynasty Artists following in the Footsteps of Jan van Huysum Artists following in the Footsteps of Jan van Huysum: Watercolourists and Draughtsmen Gerard van Spaendonck and his Followers Other Painters of the Northern Netherlands Artists of the Southern Netherlands Artists following in the Footsteps of Jan van Huysum and Gerard van Spaendonck Artists following in the Footsteps of Gaspar Peeter Verbruggen II Other Painters of the Southern Netherlands Chapter 10 | The Flower Piece as Print Replication, Loss and Dispersion: Challenges for the Researcher of Prints The Uses of Prints Early Prints of Flower Pieces The Later Tradition of Printed Flower Pieces Influences on – and from – Foreign Art Dutch and Flemish Printmakers of Flower Pieces up to 1800 Chapter 11 | About Florilegia What is a Florilegium? Charles Jourdain Adriaen Collaert, Crispyn de Passe I and Jacques le Moyne Crispyn de Passe II Pierre Vallet, Johann Theodor de Bry and Emanuel Sweert Basilius Besler Other Florilegia and Flower Books from the Late Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Centuries Manuscripts Chapter 12 | Botanical and Zoological Aspects in Art The History of Flowers in Science and Art The Systematic Organization of the Plant Kingdom and Names Used in this Study Flower Classification and Flower Pieces Tulips Narcissuses Irises Opium Poppy Auricula Garden Nasturtium Forget-me-not Roses Animal Classification and Flower Pieces Appendix 1 | Flora Flower and Plant Species in Still Lifes and other Paintings, Prints and Drawings Glossary of Botanical Terms Select Bibliography Appendix 2 | Animalia Animal Species in Still Life Paintings and Drawings Select Bibliography Bibliography Index Photograph Credits