The Middle East: A Geographical Study
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Cover......Page 1 Half Title......Page 2 Title Page......Page 4 Copyright Page......Page 5 Original Title Page......Page 6 Original Copyright Page......Page 7 Acknowledgements......Page 10 Table of Contents......Page 12 0.1 Terms and definitions......Page 20 0.2 Unity and diversity......Page 22 0.3 Geopolitical significance......Page 26 0.4 Middle East: image and reality......Page 31 0.5.Perspective......Page 34 References......Page 35 1.1 Relief......Page 38 1.2 Geology......Page 40 1.3 Geomorphology......Page 47 1.4 Soil......Page 53 1.4.1.1 Turkey......Page 57 1.4.1.2 Iran......Page 59 1.4.1.3 Israel......Page 61 1.4.1.4 Egypt......Page 63 1.4.2.1 Soil erosion......Page 65 References......Page 66 2.1.1 Introduction......Page 69 2.1.2 Weather systems......Page 71 2.1.3 Pressure and winds......Page 73 2.1.4 Temperatures......Page 75 2.1.5 Precipitation......Page 84 2.1.7 Climatic classification......Page 92 2.1.8 Conclusions......Page 97 2.2.2 Available water resources......Page 100 2.2.3 Irrigation......Page 107 2.2.4 The Qanāt......Page 112 2.2.5 Multi-purpose water resource schemes......Page 115 2.2.6 Industrial and domestic demands for water......Page 124 References......Page 127 3.1 Introduction......Page 132 3.2 ‘Natural’ vegetation......Page 136 3.3 Domestication......Page 137 3.4 Effects of domestication......Page 139 3.5 Spatio-temporal variations......Page 142 References......Page 153 4.1 The importance of cultivation and pastoralism......Page 158 4.2 Influence of physical conditions......Page 159 4.3.1 Permanent settlements......Page 162 4.3.2 Land tenure......Page 167 4.3.3 Land reform......Page 171 4.3.4 Water rights......Page 174 4.3.5 ‘Peasant economy’......Page 175 4.3.6 Pastoralism......Page 177 4.4.1 Herding......Page 180 4.4.2 Forestry......Page 185 4.4.3 Cultivation......Page 186 References......Page 200 5.1 Historic perspective......Page 203 5.2 Population size......Page 204 5.3 Birth rates......Page 206 5.4 Death rates......Page 207 5.5 Growth rates......Page 208 5.6 International migration......Page 210 5.7 Distribution and density of population......Page 212 5.8 Conclusion: population growth and change......Page 215 References......Page 216 6.1 Introduction......Page 218 6.2.1 Ancient towns......Page 219 6.2.2 Greco-Roman towns......Page 221 6.3 Islamic towns: seventh to eighteenth centuries......Page 223 6.3.1 Morphology of the Islamic town......Page 225 6.3.3 Urban decline: fifteenth to eighteenth centuries......Page 231 6.4.1 Level of urbanization......Page 233 6.4.2 Rate of urban growth......Page 234 6.4.3 Concentration of urban populations......Page 235 6.4.4 Number of towns......Page 236 6.4.5 New towns......Page 238 6.4.6 Changes in urban form in the twentieth century......Page 239 6.5 The distribution of towns and cities......Page 244 6.5.1 Capital cities......Page 246 6.5.2 Relations between town and country......Page 247 6.6 Urban planning......Page 248 References......Page 249 7.1 Introduction......Page 252 7.2.1 Agriculture......Page 254 7.2.2 Population......Page 259 7.2.3 Regional inequalities......Page 262 7.3 Specific problems of economic development......Page 264 References......Page 268 8.1 Industrial resources......Page 270 8.2 Manufacturing industry......Page 276 8.3 Foreign trade......Page 283 8.4 Transport and internal trade......Page 289 8.5 Financial flows......Page 296 References......Page 298 9.2 The Middle East as an oil producing region......Page 299 9.3 Oil concessions......Page 302 9.4 The oil fields......Page 303 9.5.3 Iraq......Page 305 9.5.5 Kuwait......Page 306 9.5.7 Gulf States......Page 308 9.5.10 Israel......Page 309 9.5.11 Iran......Page 310 9.6 Petroleum reserves......Page 311 9.7 Transport of crude oil and petroleum products......Page 314 9.8 Revenues......Page 318 9.9 The future......Page 325 References......Page 327 10.2 Modern political history......Page 328 10.3 Boundary disputes and territorial claims......Page 335 10.4 Maritime boundaries......Page 339 10.5 The political map: some implications......Page 342 10.6 Future changes......Page 344 References......Page 346 11.1 Introduction......Page 348 11.2 ‘Traditional’ economies......Page 349 11.2.1 Cultivation......Page 351 11.2.2 Other ‘traditional’ economies......Page 352 11.3.1 Cultivation......Page 355 11.3.2 Pastoralism......Page 358 11.3.3 Other activities......Page 359 11.3.4 Petroleum......Page 363 References......Page 365 12.1 The economy......Page 368 12.2 Agriculture and settlement in the alluvial lowlands......Page 374 12.3 History of land use......Page 378 12.4 Contemporary environmental problems and their solution......Page 382 References......Page 387 13.1 Introduction......Page 389 13.2 Expansion of cultivation......Page 392 13.3 Cropping......Page 397 13.4 Expansion of irrigation......Page 399 13.5 Communications and industry......Page 402 References......Page 405 14.1 Introduction......Page 406 14.2 The origin of the principal communities......Page 408 14.3 Some implications of community identity......Page 414 14.4 Demographic and political developments, 1846–1941......Page 415 14.5 Demographic and political developments, 1941–76......Page 417 14.6 Social war and invasion......Page 421 14.7 New patterns......Page 423 References......Page 425 15.2 Transjordan......Page 427 15.3 Jordan......Page 429 15.3.1 Agriculture......Page 431 15.3.2 Mineral resources......Page 441 15.3.3 Industry......Page 443 15.4 Conclusion......Page 446 References......Page 450 16.1 Introduction......Page 452 16.2.1 The coastal plains and the ’Emek Yizre’el......Page 453 16.2.2 The mountains and hills......Page 454 16.2.4 The Negev......Page 455 16.3.1 1882 to 1903......Page 458 16.3.2 1919 to 1931......Page 462 16.3.3 1932 to 1939......Page 463 16.3.4 1940 to May 1948......Page 466 16.4 The Jewish urban population, 1882 to 1948......Page 468 16.5 The occupied areas......Page 470 16.5.1 Sinai and the Gaza Strip......Page 471 16.5.2 The Golan......Page 472 16.5.3 The West Bank......Page 473 References......Page 476 17.1 Introduction......Page 479 17.2 Phase I: the beginnings, about 1800 to 1914......Page 482 17.3 Phase II: a new state, about 1920 to 1940......Page 484 17.4 Phase III: experiment, 1950 to 1960......Page 488 17.5 Phase IV: the return to planning 1960 to 1980......Page 492 References......Page 497 18.1 Introduction......Page 500 18.2 Factors influencing agricultural activity......Page 502 18.3 Agricultural production......Page 506 18.4.1 Economic planning......Page 510 18.4.2 Land reform......Page 514 18.4.3 Developments in crop production......Page 522 References......Page 528 19.1 Introduction......Page 530 19.2 Population growth 1800 to 1986......Page 531 19.3 Man and the land......Page 534 19.3.1 Agrarian reform......Page 536 19.3.2 Expansion of cultivated areas......Page 540 19.3.3 Intensification of agricultural production......Page 544 19.3.4 General restructuring of the economy......Page 546 19.4 Hydropolitical issues in the Nile valley......Page 547 19.5 Conclusion......Page 548 References......Page 550 20.1 Introduction......Page 552 20.2 Urban growth and industrial development......Page 556 20.3 Agriculture......Page 559 20.4 Conclusion......Page 561 References......Page 562 21.1 Change......Page 564 21.2 Continuity......Page 567 References......Page 569 Bibliography......Page 570 Index......Page 628
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