Gm-C Filter Synthesis for Modern RF Systems (Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 807)

Description

This book discusses synthesis of Gm-C filter for modern radio frequency systems. Analogue filters are an inevitable part of the chain of signal processing in modern radio and telecommunication systems. Among the technologies implemented for these purposes are the so-called Gm-C filters which are built of operational transconductance amplifiers and capacitors. This technology allows for integration of the filter into a CMOS system-on-chip so making it very attractive for application in low-power (battery operated) devices. The objective of this book is to achieve three goals: (1) to fully describe the circuit synthesis procedures for parallel, cascade, and a realization based on LC prototypes; (2) to make a thorough evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of these methods and to recommend the “preferable” one; and (3) to create an extensive table of element values of cascaded Gm-C filters realizing the best-known low-pass filter functions. The book will influence the design community to embrace this technology even for non-communication applications. Preface Contents About the Author 1 The Design of Gm-C Filters 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Specifics of the RF Filter Synthesis References 2 A Glimpse to the Active and Lumped Passive Integrated High Frequency Electronic Components 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Passive Components 2.2.1 Integrated Resistor 2.2.2 Integrated Capacitor 2.2.3 Integrated Planar Inductor 2.3 Operational Amplifiers 2.3.1 Conventional CMOS Operational Amplifier 2.3.2 CMOS Operational Transconductance Amplifier References 3 Parallel Realization of Gm-C Single- and Two-Phase Integrated Filters 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Design Based on General Second-Order Cell 3.3 Decomposition of the Transfer Function 3.4 Physical Implementation 3.5 The Adder Cell (Summing Amplifier) 3.6 Design Example 3.7 Polyphase Filters 3.7.1 Physical Implementation of the Polyphase Case 3.7.2 Example Two-Phase Linear-Phase Filter References 4 Cascade Realization of Active Gm-C Circuits 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Structure of the Cascaded Gm-C Filter 4.3 First-Order Cell 4.3.1 Low-Pass 4.3.2 High-Pass 4.3.3 Zero on the Real Axis and All-Pass 4.4 Second-Order Cell 4.4.1 Low-Pass 4.4.2 Band-Pass 4.4.3 High-Pass 4.4.4 Band-Stop 4.4.5 Second-Order Low-Pass with a First-Order Zero at the σ-axis 4.4.6 Complex Zero and All-Pass 4.5 General Structure of a Gm-C Cell for Cascade Realization 4.6 Design Example, a Band-Stop Cascaded Gm-C Filter 4.7 Design Example, a Band-Pass Cascaded Gm-C Filter 4.8 Two-Phase Cell Synthesis 4.9 Design Example, a Two-Phase Cascaded Gm-C Filter References 5 Use of LC-to-Gm-C Transformation for Synthesis of Gm-C Single- and Two-Phase Integrated Filters 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The Gyrator and the Simulated Inductor 5.2.1 Floating Simulated Inductor 5.2.2 Simulated Ideal Grounded Transformer 5.3 Circuit Synthesis 5.4 Design Example No. 1 5.5 Design Example No. 2 5.6 Creation of the Two-Phase Cells 5.7 Design Example 3 References 6 Synthesis of Analog Gm-C Hilbert Transformer and Its Implementation for Band-Pass Filter Design 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The Algorithm 6.3 Physical Implementation 6.4 The FileRef="517735_1_En_6_Figc_HTML.png" Format="PNG" Color="BlackWhite" Type="Linedraw" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="300" Width="167" Height="51" Program 6.5 Illustrative Example 6.6 On the Design of Arithmetically Symmetrical Wideband Selective Linear-Phase Band-Pass Gm-C Filters 6.7 Design Example References 7 Implementation Issues 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Study of the Worst-Case Tolerance of Gm-C Filters 7.3 Worst-Case Tolerance of Two-Phase Gm-C Filters Due to the Coupling 7.4 A Short Discussion on the Noise in Gm-C Filters 7.5 On the Influence of the Electrical Characteristic of the Transconductor to the Filter Response 7.6 Comparisons 7.7 The Ultimate Example References 8 Element Values of Cascaded Gm-C and Two-Phase Gm-C Filters 8.1 Introduction 8.2 How to Use the Tables 8.3 Polynomial Filters 8.3.1 LSM Filters 8.3.2 Papoulis (Legendre or Optimal) Filters 8.3.3 Halpern Filters 8.3.4 Butterworth (Maximally Flat) Filters 8.3.5 Chebyshev Filters 8.3.6 Thomson (Bessel or Maximally Flat Group Delay) Filters 8.3.7 Equi-ripple Group Delay Filters 8.4 Filters with Maximum Number of Transmission Zeros at the ω-Axis 8.4.1 LSMZ Filters 8.4.2 PapoulisZ Filters 8.4.3 HalpernZ Filters 8.4.4 ButterworthZ (Inverse Chebyshev) Filters 8.4.5 Modified Elliptic (Zolotarev) Filters 8.4.6 ThomsonZ Filters 8.4.7 Equi-ripple-TdZ Filters Reference Index