Drugs and society

Description

Title Copyright Brief contents Contents Features Preface What Is New and Improved? Chapter Breakdown How to use this book Acknowledgments About the authors Chapter 1 Introduction to Drugs and Society Introduction Drug Use Dimensions of Drug Use Major Types of Commonly Abused Drugs Prescription and Performance-Enhancing Drugs Stimulants Bath Salts Hallucinogens/Psychedelics and Other Similar Drugs Depressants Alcohol Nicotine Cannabis (Marijuana and Hashish) Designer Drugs/Synthetic Drugs or Synthetic Opioids Anabolic Steroids Inhalants/Organic Solvents Narcotics/Opiates An Overview of Drugs in Society How Widespread Is Drug Abuse? Extent and Frequency of Drug Use in Society Drug Use: Statistics, Trends, and Demographics Current Patterns of Licit and Illicit Drug Use Types of Drug Users Drug Use: Mass and Electronic Media and Family Influences Drug Use and Drug Dependence When Does Use Lead to Abuse? Drug Dependence The Costs of Drug Use to Society Drugs, Crime, and Violence Drugs in the Workplace: A Persistent Affliction Employee Assistance Programs Venturing to a Higher Form of Consciousness: The Holistic Self-Awareness Approach to Drug Use Discussion Questions Key Terms Summary Chapter 2 Explaining Drug Use and Abuse Introduction Drug Use: A Timeless Affliction The Origin and Nature of Addiction Defining Addiction Models of Addiction Factors Contributing to Addiction The Vicious Cycle of Drug Addiction Other Nondrug Addictions Major Theoretical Explanations: Biological Abused Drugs as Positive Reinforcers Drug Abuse and Psychiatric Disorders Genetic Explanations Major Theoretical Explanations: Psychological Distinguishing Between Substance Abuse and Mental Disorders The Relationship Between Personality and Drug Use Theories Based on Learning Processes Social Psychological Learning Theories Major Theoretical Explanations: Sociological Social Influence Theories Structural Influence Theories Danger Signals of Drug Abuse Low-Risk and High-Risk Drug Choices Discussion Questions Key Terms Summary Chapter 3 Drug Use, Regulation, and the Law Introduction Cultural Attitudes About Drug Use The Road to Regulation and the FDA The Rising Demand for Effectiveness in Medicinal Drugs Regulating the Development of New Drugs The Effects of the OTC Review on Today’s Medications The Regulation of Drug Advertising Federal Regulation and Quality Assurance Drug Abuse and the Law Drug Laws and Deterrence Factors in Controlling Drug Abuse Strategies for Preventing Drug Abuse Supply Reduction Strategy Demand Reduction Strategy Inoculation Strategy Drug Courts Current and Future Drug Use Drug Legalization Debate Drug Testing Pragmatic Drug Policies Discussion Questions Summary Key Terms Chapter 4 Homeostatic Systems and Drugs Introduction Overview of Homeostasis and Drug Actions Section 1: Introduction to Nervous Systems Section 2: Comprehensive Explanation of Homeostatic Systems The Building Blocks of the Nervous System Major Divisions of the Nervous System The Autonomic Nervous System The Endocrine System Conclusion Key Terms Discussion Questions Summary Chapter 5 How and Why Drugs Work Introduction The Intended and Unintended Effects of Drugs The Dose–Response Relationship of Therapeutics and Toxicity Margin of Safety Potency Versus Toxicity Drug Interaction Additive Effects Antagonistic (Inhibitory) Effects Potentiative (Synergistic) Effects Dealing with Drug Interactions Pharmacokinetic Factors That Influence Drug Effects Forms and Methods of Taking Drugs Distribution of Drugs in the Body and Time–Response Relationships Inactivation and Elimination of Drugs from the Body Physiological Variables That Modify Drug Effects Pathological Variables That Modify Drug Effects Pharmacokinetics and Drug Testing Adaptive Processes and Drug Abuse Tolerance to Drugs Drug Dependence Psychological Factors The Placebo Effect Addiction (Substance Use Disorder) and Abuse: The Significance of Dependence Hereditary Factors Drug Craving Other Factors Key Terms Discussion Questions Summary Chapter 6 CNS Depressants: Sedative-Hypnotics Introduction An Introduction to CNS Depressants The History of CNS Depressants The Effects of CNS Depressants: Benefits and Risks Types of CNS Depressants Benzodiazepines: Valium-Type Drugs Barbiturates Other CNS Depressants Patterns of Abuse with CNS Depressants Treatment for Withdrawal Natural Depressants Key Terms Discussion Questions Summary Chapter 7 Alcohol: Pharmacological Effects Introduction The Nature and History of Alcohol Alcohol as a Drug Alcohol as a Social Drug Impact of Alcohol Alcohol and Crime Alcohol and Cancer Alcopops Drinking and College Students Underage Drinking The Properties of Alcohol The Physical Effects of Alcohol Alcohol and Tolerance Alcohol Metabolism Polydrug Use Short-Term Effects Dependence Alcohol and Genetics The Effects of Alcohol on Organ Systems and Bodily Functions Brain and Nervous System Liver Digestive System Blood Cardiovascular System Sexual Organs Endocrine System Kidneys Mental Disorders and Damage to the Brain The Fetus Gender Differences Malnutrition Key Terms Summary Chapter 8 Alcohol: Behavioral Effects Introduction Alcohol Consumption in the United States Current Statistics and Trends in Alcohol Consumption Percentages of the Drinking Population: A Pyramid Model Dual Problems: Underage and Adult Drinking Economic Costs of Alcohol Abuse History of Alcohol in America Drinking Patterns Historical Considerations Defining Alcoholics Cultural Differences Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Disorders Types of Alcoholics Major Traditional Distinctions Between “Wet” and “Dry” Cultures Cultural Influences Culture and Drinking Behavior Culture and Disinhibited Behavior Culture Provides Rules for Drinking Behavior Culture Provides Ceremonial Meaning for Alcohol Use Culture Provides Models of Alcoholism Cultural Stereotypes of Drinking May Be Misleading Culture Provides Attitudes Regarding Alcohol Consumption Culture Determines What Is Considered Acceptable Amounts of Drinking College and University Students and Alcohol Use Binge Drinking Gender and Collegiate Alcohol Use Alcohol Consumption Patterns of Women The Role of Alcohol in Domestic Violence Alcohol and Sex Alcohol and the Family: Destructive Types of Social Support and Organizations for Victims of Alcoholics Codependency and Enabling Children of Alcoholics (COAs) and Adult Children of Alcoholics (ACOAs) Treatment of Alcoholism Getting Through Withdrawal Helping the Alcoholic Family Recover Discussion Questions Summary Key Terms Chapter 9 Narcotics (Opioids) Introduction What Are Narcotics? The History of Narcotics Opium in China American Opium Use Pharmacological Effects Narcotic Analgesics Other Therapeutic Uses Abuse of Prescription Opioid Painkillers Mechanisms of Action Side Effects Abuse, Tolerance, Dependence, and Withdrawal Heroin Abuse Treatment of Heroin and Other Narcotic Dependence Other Narcotics Morphine Methadone Fentanyls Hydromorphone Oxycodone Meperidine Hydrocodone Buprenorphine MPTP: A “Designer” Tragedy Codeine Pentazocine Tramadol Narcotic-Related Drugs Dextromethorphan Clonidine Naloxone/Naltrexone Natural Narcotic Substances Discussion Questions Summary Key Terms Chapter 10 Stimulants Introduction Major Stimulants Amphetamines Cocaine Minor Stimulants Caffeine-Like Drugs (Xanthines) OTC Sympathomimetics Herbal Stimulants Global Stimulant Abuse Stimulant Production Global Stimulant Consumption Global Drug Policy Discussion Questions Summary Key Terms Chapter 11 Tobacco Tobacco Use: Scope of the Problem Current Tobacco Use in the United States Cigarette Smoking: A Costly Addiction The History of Tobacco Use Popularity in the Western World History of Tobacco Use in America Tobacco Production Government Regulation Pharmacology of Nicotine Effects of Nicotine on the Central Nervous System Other Effects of Nicotine Cigarette Smoking Cardiovascular Disease Cancer Bronchopulmonary Disease Effects on Pregnancy “Light” Cigarettes Electronic Cigarettes Tobacco Use and Exposure Without Smoking Smokeless Tobacco Secondhand Smoke Reasons for Smoking and the Motivation to Quit Reasons for Smoking Benefits of Cessation The Motivation to Quit Smoking Prohibition Versus Smokers’ Rights Discussion Questions Summary Key Terms Chapter 12 Hallucinogens (Psychedelics) Introduction The History of Hallucinogen Use The Native American Church Timothy Leary and the League of Spiritual Discovery Hallucinogen Use Today The Nature of Hallucinogens Sensory and Psychological Effects Mechanisms of Action Types of Hallucinogenic Agents Traditional Hallucinogens: LSD Types Phenylethylamine Hallucinogens Anticholinergic Hallucinogens Other Hallucinogens Natural Substances Naturally Occurring Hallucinogens Salvia divinorum Discussion Questions Summary Key Terms Chapter 13 Marijuana Introduction Marijuana: History and Current Trends Historical Roots of Marijuana Current Use of Marijuana Recent Trends in Use of Marijuana: 8th, 10th, and 12th Graders Marijuana: Is It the Assassin of Youth? Major Factors Affecting Marijuana Use Is Marijuana Really a Gateway Drug? Misperceptions of Marijuana Use Characteristics of Cannabis Synthetic Marijuana Trends in Use Perceived Risk The Behavioral Effects of Marijuana Use The “High” Subjective Euphoric Effects Driving Performance Critical-Thinking Skills Amotivational Syndrome Therapeutic Uses and the Controversy over Medical Marijuana Use Reduction in Intraocular (Eye) Pressure Cancer Antiasthmatic Effect Muscle-Relaxant Effect Antiseizure Effect Antidepressant Effect Analgesic Effect Antinauseant Appetite Stimulant Short-Term Consequences of Smoking Marijuana Long-Term Consequences of Smoking Marijuana The Physiological Effects of Marijuana Use Effects on the Brain Effects on the Central Nervous System Effects on the Respiratory System: Smoking Marijuana Effects on the Respiratory System: Vaporizing Marijuana Effects on the Cardiovascular System Effects on Sexual Performance and Reproduction Tolerance and Dependence Chronic Use Discussion Questions Key Terms Summary Chapter 14 Inhalants Introduction History of Inhalants Types of Inhalants Volatile Substances Anesthetics Nitrites Legislation Current Patterns and Signs of Abuse Adolescent and Teenage Usage Gender, Race, Socioeconomics, and Abuse Signs of Inhalant Abuse Dangers of Inhalant Abuse Discussion Questions Summary Key Terms Chapter 15 Over-the-Counter, Prescription, and Herbal Drugs Introduction OTC Drugs Abuse of OTC Drugs Federal Regulation of OTC Drugs OTC Drugs and Self-Care Types of OTC Drugs OTC Herbal (Natural) Products Prescription Drugs Prescription Drug Abuse Prescription Abuse and Pregnancy Necessary Drug Information for Healthcare Providers Drug Selection: Generic Versus Proprietary Common Categories of Prescription Drugs Common Principles of Drug Use Discussion Questions Summary Key Terms Chapter 16 Drug Use in Subcultures of Special Populations Introduction Athletes and Drug Abuse Laws Intended to Stop the Use of Performance-Enhancing Drugs in Professional Sports Drugs Used by Athletes Prevention of Abuse Drug Use Among Women Women Are More Concerned About Drug Use Than Men Patterns of Drug Use: Comparing Females with Males Female Roles, Seeking Treatment, and Drug Addiction Women’s Responses to Drugs Treatment of Drug Dependence in Women Prevention of Drug Dependence in Women Drug Use Among Adolescents Consequences of Underage Drug Use Why Adolescents Use Drugs Patterns of Drug Use in Families of Adolescents Noteworthy Findings Regarding Teen Drug Use Adolescent Versus Adult Drug Abuse Consequences and Coincidental Problems Prevention, Intervention, and Treatment of Adolescent Drug Problems Summary of Adolescent Drug Abuse Drug Use Among College Students Reasons for College Students’ Drug Use Additional Noteworthy Findings Regarding Drug Use by College Students Recommendations for Reducing Drug Use and Abuse on College Campuses HIV and AIDS Major U.S. Statistics and Trends in Specific Populations Living with HIV/AIDS The Nature of HIV Infection and Related Symptoms Diagnosis and Treatment Who Is at Risk for AIDS? Women and Men Acquiring HIV and Drugs of Abuse Youth and HIV/AIDS What to Do About HIV and AIDS The Entertainment Industry and Drug Use Promoter of Drug Use: The Internet Social Networking Motivating Drug Use The Dark Web: The Place to Go to Anonymously Purchase Illicit Drugs? Discussion Questions Key Terms Summary Chapter 17 Drug Abuse Prevention Introduction How Serious Are the Problems of Substance Use Disorders? Drug Prevention Risk Factors and Protective Factors Considering the Audience and Approach Prevention Research: Key Findings An Example of Drug Prevention at Central High in Elmtown Comprehensive Prevention Programs for Drug Use and Abuse Harm Reduction Model Community-Based Drug Prevention School-Based Drug Prevention Family-Based Prevention Programs Individual-Based Drug Prevention and Treatment: Harm Reduction Therapy Drug Prevention Programs in Higher Education Overview and Critique of Existing Prevention Programs Examples of Large-Scale Drug Prevention Programs The BACCHUS Peer Education Network and NASPA Fund for the Improvement of Postsecondary Education Drug Prevention Programs Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.) The Drug Court Model Problems with Assessing the Success of Drug Prevention Programs Other Viable Alternatives to Drug Use Meditation The Natural Mind Approach Discussion Questions Key Terms Summary Chapter 18 Treating Drug Dependence Treatment of Addiction Assessing Addiction Severity and Readiness to Change Principles of Treatment Comorbidity Drug Addiction Treatment in the United States Historical Approaches General Therapeutic Strategies Behavioral Therapies Pharmacological Strategies Discussion Questions Summary Key Terms Appendix A Federal Agencies with Drug Abuse Missions Drug Enforcement Administration The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration State Regulations Appendix B Drugs of Use and Abuse Glossary Index