Ocular Disease and Sight Loss: Meeting Psychosocial Needs

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​Background:   Psychosocial care remains an extremely important part of the holistic approach to care, but one which has been underestimated in clinical practice and only superficially addressed in the ophthalmic literature to date.  This aspect of care most often gets less attention by healthcare professionals due to the dominance of a technology-enhanced approach to caring practice. Clearly, the skills afforded by science and technology are important for healthcare professionals in practice, but it is also important for them to be aware of the impact of the transfer of such skills on patients from a humanistic perspective. The delivery of technology-enhanced care can often trigger innermost feelings and needs such as fear, anxiety, stress, loss of control, and a sense of alienation. This book seeks to address the imbalance often observed between nursing both as an art and science, and to emphasise the importance of raising the healthcare knowledge and understanding of the value of social psychology and its application to ophthalmic practice in addressing this imbalance.   Main aims:   (1) To discuss the psychosocial needs and care of patients with ocular disease and sight loss. (2) To discuss the importance and relevance of the psychosocial aspects of ophthalmic care with reference to psychosocial theory and its application. (3) To discuss the psychosocial role of the healthcare professional in facilitating emotional recovery and promoting quality of life in the care and management of patients with ocular disease and sight loss.   1 Foreword Preface Acknowledgements Contents About the Authors 978-3-031-21728-9_1 Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Introduction 2 Background 2.1 The Eyes as Sensory Organs 3 Global Statistics 4 Psychosocial and Holistic Care Needs 4.1 Barriers to the Provision of Psychosocial Care 4.2 Establishing Well-Being 5 Outline of Chapters References 978-3-031-21728-9_2 Chapter 2: The Value of Applying Psychosocial Theory and Models to Ocular Disease 1 Introduction 2 Background 2.1 Theory 2.2 Seven Steps of Theory 3 Roy’s Adaptation Model 3.1 Origins 3.2 Meaning 3.3 Logical Adequacy 3.4 Usefulness 3.5 Generalizability 3.6 Parsimony 3.7 Testability 3.8 Report of Utilization of Theory in Research and/or Practice 3.9 Application to Ophthalmic Nursing Practice 4 Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory 4.1 Origins 4.2 Meaning 4.3 Logical Adequacy 4.4 Usefulness 4.5 Generalizability 4.6 Parsimony 4.7 Testability 4.8 Report of Utilization of Theory in Research and/or Practice 4.9 Application to Ophthalmic Nursing Practice 5 Bandura’s Social Learning Theory 5.1 Origins 5.2 Meaning 5.3 Logic 5.4 Usefulness 5.5 Generalizability 5.6 Parsimony 5.7 Testability 5.8 Report of Utilization of Theory in Research and/or Practice 5.9 Application to Ophthalmic Nursing Practice 6 Lazarus and Folkman’s Transactional Stress Theory 6.1 Origins 6.2 Meaning 6.3 Logical Adequacy 6.4 Usefulness 6.5 Generalizability 6.6 Parsimony 6.7 Testability 6.8 Report of Utilization of Theory in Research and/or Practice 6.9 Application to Ophthalmic Nursing Practice 7 Pender’s Health Promotion Model 7.1 Origins 7.2 Meaning 7.3 Logical Adequacy 7.4 Usefulness 7.5 Generalizability 7.6 Parsimony 7.7 Testability 7.8 Report of Utilization of Theory in Research and/or Practice 7.9 Application to Ophthalmic Nursing Practice 8 Future Directions 9 Conclusion References 978-3-031-21728-9_3 Chapter 3: The Psychosocial Impact of Ocular Disease on Body Image 1 Introduction 2 Body Image 3 Ocular Conditions with Altered Body Image 3.1 Losing an Eye 3.2 Strabismus (Fig. 2) 3.3 Thyroid Eye Disease (Fig. 3) 3.4 Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus (Fig. 4) 4 Psychosocial Impact of Disfiguring Eye Conditions Altering Body Image 5 Model of Care for Patients with Altered Body Image 5.1 Price’s (2016) Body Image Model 5.2 Losing an Eye 5.2.1 Psychosocial Care 5.2.2 Counseling 5.3 Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus (Fig. 4) 5.3.1 Psychosocial Care 5.3.2 Counseling to Regain Self-Esteem 5.4 Strabismus (Fig. 2) 5.4.1 Psychosocial Care 5.4.2 Counseling 5.5 Thyroid Eye Disease (Graves’ Ophthalmopathy) (Fig. 3) 5.5.1 Psychological Care and Counseling 6 Positive Mental Health 7 Conclusion References 978-3-031-21728-9_4 Chapter 4: Stigma Related to Sight Loss and Psychosocial Care 1 Sight Loss and Its Impact in a Social Context 2 Stigma: Conceptualization and Theory 3 Stigmatization of People with Sight Loss 4 Effects of Stigma on People with Sight Loss 4.1 Social Isolation and Loneliness 4.2 Stress and Negative Attitudes of Others 4.3 Education, Employment, and Travel Challenges 4.3.1 Education 4.3.2 Employment 4.3.3 Travel and Transport 4.4 Psychological Challenges 5 Improving Awareness and Education in Reducing Stigma Related to Sight Loss 5.1 Knowledge about Vision Loss 5.2 Education and Training 6 The Role of Healthcare Professionals in Supporting People with Sight Loss Experiencing Stigma 6.1 Identification of Risk Groups and Meeting Their Needs 6.2 Facilitating Social Adjustment and Inclusion 6.3 Humor 6.4 Ensuring Personal Safety and Security 6.5 Encouraging Self-Care, Self-Management, and Empowerment 6.6 Guiding, Counseling, and Peer Support 6.7 Maintaining Competence in Healthcare Professionals 7 Conclusion References 978-3-031-21728-9_5 Chapter 5: Living with Ocular Disease and Quality of Life 1 Emotional Reactions 2 Quality of Life 3 Ocular Disease and Quality of Life 3.1 Cataract 3.1.1 Psychosocial Theory and Care 3.2 Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma 3.2.1 Psychosocial Care 3.2.2 Practical Implications 3.3 Age-Related Macular Degeneration 3.3.1 Psychosocial and Functional Needs 3.3.2 Psychosocial Care 3.4 Charles Bonnet Syndrome 3.4.1 Psychosocial Care 3.4.2 Controlling the Hallucinations 3.5 Depression and Sight Loss 3.5.1 Psychosocial Interventions 3.5.2 Counseling 3.5.3 Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) 3.5.4 Stepped Care Interventions 3.6 Clinical Implications for Depression and Sight Loss 3.7 Conclusion References 978-3-031-21728-9_6 Chapter 6: Conclusion 1 Summary 1 (1) Index