The Neuroscience of Normal and Pathological Development

Description

Diagnosis, Management and Modeling of Neurodevelopmental Disorders: The Neuroscience of Development is a comprehensive reference on the diagnosis and management of neurodevelopment and associated disorders. This book discusses the mechanisms underlying neurological development and provides readers with a detailed introduction to the neural connections and complexities in biological circuitries, as well as the interactions between genetics, epigenetics and other micro-environmental processes. It also examines pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions of development-related conditions. Factors Affecting Neurodevelopment: Genetics, Neurology, Behavior, and Diet is a comprehensive reference on the genetic and behavioral features associated with proper and abnormal development. This book discusses the mechanisms underlying neurological development and provides readers with a detailed introduction to the neural connections and complexities in biological circuitries, as well as the physiological, behavioral, molecular, and cellular features of neurodevelopment. It also examines in vitro and in vivo modelling of development with stem cells and model systems. Front Cover Diagnosis, Management and Modeling of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Diagnosis, Management and Modeling of Neurodevelopmental Disorders: The Neuroscience of Development Copyright Contents Contributors Preface I - Introductory chapters: Settingthe scene for the neuroscience of development 1 - The structure of the human brain as revealed in six histological sections Mini-dictionary of terms Introduction Section 1: occipital cortex Section 2: temporal cortex Hippocampus (HC) Dentate gyrus Section 3. the basal ganglia Section 4: the midbrain The superior colliculus (SC) The oculomotor nucleus and nerve Red nucleus (RN) Substantia nigra (SN) The cerebral peduncles Section 5. the medulla Section 6. the cerebellum Cerebellar cortex White matter Applications to other areas of development Key facts of brain structure Summary points References 2 - Neural tube defects: embryonic origin, cell survival equilibrium impact, and clinical features Mini-dictionary of terms Introduction Main text Neural tube defects: embryonic origin Neurulation in mammals Primary and secondary neurulation Neural tube defects: cell survival equilibrium impact Neural tube defects: clinical features Epidemiology Open NTDs Exencephaly/anencephaly Open spina bifida: myelomeningocele/myelocele Craniorachischisis Closed NTDs Rostral closed defects: encephalocele Caudal closed defects: Meningocele Caudal closed defects: Closed spina bifida Mixed defect: iniencephaly Conclusions Application to other areas of development Key facts Summary points Acknowledgments References 3 - Chemical substances affecting neurodevelopment Mini-dictionary of terms Application in other areas of development Morphogenesis in the neocortex The roles of estrogen signaling in the developing neocortex Endocrine disruptors that affect neocortical development: bisphenol A Endocrine disruptors that affect neocortical development: phthalates Endocrine disruptors that affect neocortex development: neonicotinoids Effects of brain inflammation and microglial abnormalities on neocortical development Association of chemicals exposure with brain inflammation and microglial abnormalities Summary points References 4 - High-risk babies and neurodevelopmental outcome Mini-dictionary of terms Introduction Preterm babies Birth asphyxia Early intervention (EI) for high-risk babies When to do follow-up? Follow-up care of high-risk infants Schedule for follow-up 6months’ corrected age 12months’ corrected age 18–24months’ corrected age 3–4years 6years 8years Summary points References 5 - Genomic imprinting and neurodevelopment Mini-dictionary of terms Introduction Genomic imprinting and gene dosage control Establishment of imprints during development Neural stem cells and neurodevelopment Imprinted genes regulation during brain development Genomic imprinting in postnatal neurogenesis Loss of imprinting and developmental syndromes Aberrations of imprinting and cancer Applications to other areas of development Key facts Key facts of genomic imprinting Key facts of neurogenesis Summary points References 6 - Insights from model systems: alcohol, neurodevelopment, and zebrafish Mini-dictionary of terms Introduction The zebrafish in FASD research: advantages, disadvantages, and consideration of the comparative approach Zebrafish in FASD research: the alcohol exposure method Characterization of phenotypical effects of embryonic alcohol exposure: starting the analysis with behavioral tests Mechanisms underlying embryonic alcohol-induced impairment of the shoaling response Developmental stage of exposure Concluding remarks Applications to other areas of development Key facts Summary points References 7 - Maternal iodine nutrition and neurodevelopment in the offspring Mini-dictionary of terms Introduction Iodine and its role in brain development Brain development during the fetal stage The role of thyroid hormone in neurodevelopment Iodine requirements and the consequences of iodine deficiency Iodine requirements and the recommended dietary intake for iodine The consequences of iodine deficiency Assessment of iodine status Maternal iodine nutrition and neurodevelopment of offspring Maternal thyroid function in pregnancy and neurodevelopment of offspring Maternal iodine intake or status in pregnancy and neurodevelopment in the offspring Iodine supplementation in pregnancy and neurodevelopment in the offspring Conclusion Applications to other areas of development Key facts of universal salt iodization (USI) Summary points References 8 - Endocrine aspects of development. Thyroid hormone actions in neurological processes during brain development Mini-dictionary of terms Hormones in brain development Thyroid hormones have an essential role in brain development Role of thyroid hormones in neurogenesis Role of thyroid hormones in neuronal migration Effects of thyroid hormones in astroglial cells maturation Involvement of thyroid hormones in later events of neurodevelopment Neurite outgrowth Synaptogenesis Myelination Neurotransmission Pathologies related to altered thyroid hormone levels during brain development Applications to other areas of development Key facts on neurodevelopmental actions of thyroid hormones Summary points References II - Impairments and diseases 9 - Pediatric brain tumors Mini-dictionary of terms Introduction Epidemiology Risk factors Genetic risk factors Neurofibromatosis type I (NF1) Turcot syndrome Li–Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) Environmental risk factors Embryonal brain tumors Medulloblastoma Epidemiology Clinical presentation Histology and molecular subgroups Workup Treatment Surgery Adjuvant treatment Standard risk disease High-risk disease Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors (AT/RT) Epidemiology Clinical picture Workup Treatment Surgery Adjuvant therapy Pediatric glioma Low-grade glioma Epidemiology Clinical picture Workup Treatment Surgery Chemotherapy Radiation therapy High-grade glioma Epidemiology Clinical picture Workup Treatment Surgery Adjuvant therapy Optic pathway glioma Epidemiology Clinical picture Workup Treatment Diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPGs) Epidemiology Clinical picture Workup Treatment Surgery Adjuvant therapy Germ cell tumors Central nervous system germinoma Epidemiology Clinical picture Workup Treatment Surgery Adjuvant therapy Central nervous system nongerminomatous germ cell tumors (NGGCT) Clinical picture Workup Treatment Surgery Chemotherapy Radiation therapy Ependymoma Epidemiology Treatment Childhood craniopharyngioma Epidemiology Clinical picture Workup Treatment Surgery Radiation therapy Treatment-related toxicity Neurocognitive dysfunction Ototoxicity Endocrine dysfunction Secondary malignancy Proton therapy Key facts of proton therapy Summary points References 10 - Neurofibromatosis type 1: from cellular phenotypes to human brain function Mini-dictionary of terms Introduction The need to simultaneously understand pre- and postsynaptic phenotypes in NF1 The visual system as a model system to study inhibitory phenotypes in NF1 Contrast processing and inhibition Neural oscillations in visual cortex—a new functional probe in NF1? Applications to other areas of development with a focus on ASD What is the interest of this disorder in the general context of neurodevelopmental disorders? Heterogeneity in ASD and NF1 Visual dorsal stream deficits Impulsivity and inhibitory control Social cognition deficits Implications for therapy Key facts of ASD prevalence in NF1 Key facts of comorbid phenotypes in NF1 Key facts of GABA in NF1 Key facts of cognitive function in NF1 Key facts of the mouse model in NF1 Summary points References 11 - Current insights into neural crest cell development and pathologies Mini-dictionary of terms Introduction Early neural crest cell development Tissue interactions during neural crest cell induction Early specification of neural crest and lineage segregation Signaling pathways governing neural crest cell formation WNT signaling Bone morphogenetic protein signaling Fibroblast growth factor signaling Gene regulatory network governing neural crest specification and formation Neural plate border specifiers Neural crest specifiers Relationship to human pathologies Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) Neuroblastoma Familial dysautonomia Stem cell models of neural crest development Application to other areas of development Key facts of neural crest cells Summary points Acknowledgements References 12 - Spina bifida: a biopsychosocial perspective Mini-dictionary of terms Diagnosis Epidemiology Causation Prevention and surgical intervention Neurological presentation Physical presentation Cognitive presentation Intellectual functioning Visual–spatial Attention Executive functioning Memory Academic functioning Psychological functioning Social functioning Family functioning Self-management and independent functioning Interventions Attention and Executive Functioning Psychosocial interventions Academic interventions Burgeoning research Sleep Pain Cultural considerations Applications to other areas of development Key facts of spina bifida Summary points References 13 - Diabetic ketoacidosis and neurodevelopment Mini-dictionary of terms Introduction Definition and pathophysiology of DKA Frequency of DKA Clinical manifestations of DKA Morbidity and mortality of DKA Neurocognitive complications due to DKA Brain structural differences in DKA Clinical implications Applications to other areas of development Key facts about diabetic ketoacidosis Summary points References 14 - Four-dimensional features of fetal brain: applications to diabetes Introduction Assessment of fetal neurobehavior in diabetic patients The differences in fetal behavior between diabetic and nondiabetic patients Fetal behavior in diabetes: differences and factors that affect it References Further reading 15 - Developmental effects of nicotine on cognitive, motivated, and executive behaviors Mini-dictionary of terms Nicotine exposure and replacement therapies during pregnancy Nicotine is teratogenic Prenatal smoking exposure is associated with structural changes in the human brain Animal models of prenatal nicotine exposure Prenatal nicotine exposure is associated with alterations in cognitive- and emotional-related behaviors Conclusion Applications to other areas of development Key facts Summary points Acknowledgments References 16 - Maternal methamphetamine and impact on the developing brain Mini-dictionary of terms Introduction Clinical studies Experimental studies The effect of methamphetamine on maternal care Critical developmental period Influence on future generations The effect of prenatal sensitization Conclusion Applications to other areas of development Key facts of methamphetamine Key acts of critical developmental period Summary points References 17 - Alcohol, cannabis, and brain development Mini-dictionary of terms Introduction Prenatal alcohol exposure Brain and behavioral alterations associated with FASD Possible interventions for FASD Prenatal cannabis exposure Brain and behavioral alterations associated with prenatal cannabis exposure Electronic cigarette use Combined use of alcohol and cannabis during pregnancy Applications to other areas of development Summary points References 18 - The environmental pollutant trichloroethylene disrupts key neural pathways during brain development List of abbreviations Mini-dictionary of terms Introduction Trichloroethylene overview Sources of TCE exposure Human health risks Developmental neurotoxicity TCE exposure during development Developmental neurotoxicity Toxic mechanisms of neuronal pathology Receptor and channel disruption Mitochondrial dysfunction Genotoxicity and epigenetics Neurodevelopmental pathology Hippocampal toxicity Cerebellar abnormalities Immune modulation Conclusions Applications to other areas of development Key facts of developmental TCE exposure Summary points References 19 - Developmental neurotoxicity of the herbicide atrazine Mini-dictionary of terms Introduction Toxicant profile Toxicokinetics Occupational exposure Environmental exposure Health risks Toxicity studies Neuroendocrine system toxicity Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis Serotonin and the HPA axis Hypothalamus–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) axis Dopamine Conclusions Application to other areas of development Key facts of the developmental neurotoxicity of the herbicide atrazine Summary points References 20 - Neurodevelopmental delays and in utero exposure to hyperemesis gravidarum Mini-dictionary of terms Introduction HG and neurodevelopmental delay in babies and children HG exposure in utero and autism spectrum disorder HG exposure and psychological/behavioral disorders in adulthood Potential mechanisms GDF15 and IGFBP7 Maternal stress Maternal starvation/dehydration Medication/treatment Maternal postpartum complications Conclusion Applications to other areas of neurodevelopmental delay Key facts of hyperemesis gravidarum Summary points References 21 - Neurodevelopment and PCDH19-related developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (PCDH19-DDE) Mini-dictionary of terms Introduction Clinical features of PCDH19-DDE PCDH19-DDE core symptoms Differential diagnosis and neuroimaging PCDH19 mutations PCDH19-DDE treatments The contribution of Pcdh19 to the different phases of brain development Neurulation Proliferation of NPCs and neurogenesis Neuronal migration and sorting Neuronal maturation and circuit formation The molecular mechanisms underpinning PCDH19 neurodevelopmental role Applications to other areas of development Key facts of PCDH19-related neurodevelopmental disorder Summary points References 22 - Neurodevelopment in turner syndrome Mini-dictionary of terms Introduction Genetics Physical features and key medical issues Skeletal system Reproductive system Cardiovascular system Auditory system Neurocognitive profile Vulnerability to learning disabilities and neuropsychiatric conditions Altered brain structure and function Visuospatial circuits Social processing circuits Circuits involved in attention and executive functions Circuits involved in arithmetical abilities Early development Mechanisms Haploinsufficiency of gene expression Failure to express imprinted genes Uncovering of X-linked mutations Functional disomy Clinical recommendations Conclusions Applications to other areas of development Key facts of the sex chromosomes Summary points References 23 - Very preterm children and the impact on neurodevelopmental outcomes Mini-dictionary of terms Introduction Neurodevelopmental impairments following very preterm birth Cognitive outcomes Attention and memory Executive function Language Academic achievement Motor outcomes Behavioral outcomes Socialemotional outcomes Mental health outcomes Factors associated with neurodevelopmental outcomes Applications to other areas of development Key facts about prematurity Summary points References 24 - Linking congenital heart disease and brain functional connectivity in newborns Mini-dictionary of terms Brain dysmaturity in CHD Brain injury in newborns with CHD Resting-state functional connectivity MRI Resting-state networks in newborns Functional connectome of the newborn brain Functional connectome in CHD Application to other areas of development Key facts about resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) Summary points References 25 - Brain growth in congenital heart disease from prenatal environment to adulthood Mini-dictionary of terms Introduction Timing, pattern, and trajectory of impaired brain growth Abnormal brain growth begins prenatally Perioperative and infant brain growth Persistent impairments in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood Potential mechanisms impeding brain growth Fetal cardiac physiology Effects of transitional physiology Cardiac surgery Genetic variants and brain growth Brain growth and neurodevelopment Applications to other areas of development Key facts Summary points References 26 - Adolescent dopamine development: connecting experience with vulnerability or resilience to psychiatric disease Mini-dictionary of terms Adolescence is a critical period for prefrontal cortex development Mesocortical dopamine development drives prefrontal cortex maturation The Netrin-1/DCC guidance cue system is a molecular regulator of PFC dopamine development Drugs of abuse alter adolescent dopamine development via DCC signaling MicroRNAs: linking experience, DCC expression, and adolescent dopamine development Conclusion Applications to other areas of development Key facts Summary points References 27 - Developmental coordination disorder Mini-dictionary of terms Introduction What is DCD? Diagnosis of DCD Common co-occurring conditions Prognosis of DCD Neural basis of DCD Genetic contributions to DCD Environmental exposures Hypothesized mechanisms underlying DCD Intervention Summary Applications to other areas of development Key facts Summary points References III - Biomarkers, screening, methods and diagnosis 28 - Neurodevelopment and the Ages and Stages Questionnaire, third edition (ASQ-3) Mini-dictionary of terms Introduction Systemized neurodevelopmental screening Types of instruments ASQ-3 Validations of ASQ-3 Comparison validations of ASQ-3 between different populations Screening and assessment of global development and specific developmental problems: the case of language delay and autism Outcomes from longitudinal well-child visits in young children with psychoeducative intervention sheets for parents and tea ... Assessment of neurodevelopment at daycare centers from adverse communities Applications to other areas of development Key facts Summary points References 29 - Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder screening in childhood and adolescence Mini-dictionary of terms adapted from last’s dictionary of epidemiology (Last, 2002) Introduction Screening performance among children and adolescents Large (N≥500) and/or population representative samples of school-age children and adolescents Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) (Goodman, 1997) (Fig. 29.1; Table 29.1) Screening of childhood autism – tics, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and other comorbidities (A-TAC) (Larson et a ... Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham Questionnaire (4th Revision, SNAP-IV) (Swanson et al., 2001) Screening performance in large (N≥500) studies of pre-school age children (Fig. 29.3; Table 29.4) Meta-analysis of small studies of children and adolescents Applications to other areas of development Conclusion Key facts of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children Summary points References 30 - The Mini-Mental State Pediatric Examination: a cognitive screening test for Italian children Mini-dictionary of terms Introduction Neuropsychological assessment and cognitive screening The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) Cognitive screening in developmental age MMSE and developmental age: different approaches compared Structure and flexibility of the MMSPE (Mini-Mental State Pediatric Examination) Child’s age and parental education predict the MMSPE global cognitive score Applications to other areas of development Key facts of pediatric neuropsychological assessment Summary points References 31 - Prediction of neurodevelopment in preterm infants: from the neonatal intensive care unit into adulthood Mini-dictionary of terms Introduction Neurodevelopmental impairment at 2years Baby/infant examinations Neurological examination Head circumference General movements (GMs) Neuroimaging Cranial ultrasound Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Other prediction studies Electroencephalography/amplitude integrated encephalography (EEG/aEEG) Neurodevelopment at school age Neurodevelopment at school age Neuroimaging Prediction of language skills Prediction of sensory disorders Prediction of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) Neurodevelopment in adolescents and adults Applications to other areas of development Key facts of prediction of neurodevelopment in preterm infants Summary points References 32 - Antenatal fetal neurodevelopment test: KANET assessment Mini-dictionary of terms Introduction Kurjak antenatal neurodevelopment test (KANET) Applications of KANET Limitations of KANET Mini KANET Conclusions Applications to other areas of development Key facts regarding KANET Summary points References IV - Management and treatments 33 - Pain evaluation and management in neurodevelopmental conditions Mini-dictionary of terms Introduction Mechanisms of pain Pain in specific neurodevelopmental conditions Cerebral palsy (CP) Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Pain assessment and management Pain evaluation Pain management Nociceptive pain Neuropathic pain Applications to other areas of development Key facts Summary points References 34 - Use of levetiracetam in neonates: features and applications (a narrative review) Mini-dictionary of terms Introduction Pharmacology of LEV Pharmacokinetics of LEV and considerations in neonates Acute and chronic effects of traditional AEDs and LEV on the immature brain Safety and efficacy of LEV in neonates Application to other areas of development Key facts of neonatal seizures Summary points References 35 - Quetiapine treatment in pediatric scenarios Mini-dictionary of terms Introduction Quetiapine and neuroscience Quetiapine use in early-onset schizophrenia and bipolar mania The use of quetiapine in other disorders in youth Quetiapine metabolic side effects and potential for abuse Applications to other areas of development Key facts about quetiapine Summary points References 36 - Treatments with cannabinoids and brain development Mini-dictionary of terms Introduction Cannabinoids and the endocannabinoid signaling ECS in neurodevelopment Cannabinoid-based products in pediatrics Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) Motor and tic disorders Schizophrenia Bipolar disorder Infantile epilepsy Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy Other neurodevelopmental conditions: behavioral, cognitive, and mood disorders Conclusions Applications to other areas of development Key facts of cannabinoids in neurodevelopmental disorders Summary points References 37 - Deep brain stimulation for pediatric dystonia: neurophysiological, behavioral, and functional changes and thei ... Mini-dictionary of terms Introduction Dystonia pathogenesis: a brief overview Inherited dystonia without nervous system pathology DYT-TOR1A: pathophysiology and genetics Myoclonus dystonia (SGCE/DYT11): pathophysiology and genetics Inherited dystonia with nervous system pathology Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN): pathophysiology and genetics Glutaric aciduria type 1 (GA1) Acquired dystonia Cerebral palsy (CP): pathophysiology Idiopathic dystonia Deep brain stimulation DBS clinical impact Applications in other areas of development Key facts (5–10 in bulleted format) Summary points (5–10 in bulleted format) Appendix References 38 - Use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in neurodevelopment: a narrative review Mini-dictionary of terms Introduction Applications of rTMS in individuals of ASD Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) Mechanism of action of TMS Clinical effectiveness of rTMS in ASD A new type of TMS treatment, theta-burst stimulation Safety and tolerability concerns of rTMS in ASD Ethical concerns of rTMS in ASD Applications to other areas of neurodevelopmental disorders Conclusions Key facts of TMS Key facts of ASD Summary points References 39 - Cognitive behavioral therapy in children with anxiety disorders Mini-dictionary of terms Introduction Prevalence and onset of pediatric anxiety disorders Cognitive behavioral therapy for pediatric anxiety disorders Evidence supporting CBT for pediatric anxiety disorders Manualized treatment protocols Parent involvement Treatment timing and intensity Treatment delivery formats Disorder-specific treatment Impact of comorbid disorders Effectiveness studies Conclusion Applications to other areas of development Key facts about cognitive behavioral therapy for pediatric anxiety disorders Summary points References 40 - Cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety in children with autism spectrum disorders Mini-dictionary of terms Introduction Presentation of anxiety disorders in ASD Treating anxiety in children with autism spectrum disorder Examples of adapting CBT for youth with ASD Review of key supporting evidence Limitations to available evidence Applications to other areas of development Key facts about cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety in youth with autism spectrum disorder Summary points References 41 - Nutritional treatment in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) Mini-dictionary of terms Introduction Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) Mechanisms of alcohol toxicity in FASD Postnatal nutritional treatment in FASD Choline Vitamin E (a-tocopherol) and vitamin C Omega-3 Resveratrol Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) Other antioxidant therapies Applications to other areas of development Key facts of postnatal nutritional treatment of FASD References 42 - Nurturing the developing brain to reduce neurological delay Mini-dictionary of terms Introduction Considering differential susceptibility within prematurity Effects of nurturing within prematurity Prematurity: mechanism of change Nurturing child language development Language: clinical implications Unique challenges for dual language learners Language: mechanism of change Applications to other areas of development Key facts of nurturing child language development Key facts about dual language learners Summary points References 43 - Normalizing perinatal neurological development via intervention Mini-dictionary of terms Introduction Normative brain development in the perinatal period Neuroplasticity Nurturance in the NICU—pain Nurturance in the NICU—caregiver interaction Interventions in the NICU context Applications to other areas of development Key facts Summary points References V - Models and modelling 44 - Microplatforms as a model for neurological conditions Mini-dictionary of terms Introduction Neural network development The nervous system in research Microfluidic systems Microfluidic models for brain disease The hope and hype of using microplatforms in brain pathology Application to other areas of development Key facts of neural development modeling on microplatforms Summary points References 45 - Disease models in neurodevelopmental disorders Mini-dictionary of terms Introduction Features of the Drosophila nervous system The genetic toolkit and resources in Drosophila Drosophila models of Charcot–Marie–Tooth peripheral neuropathy Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase genes Mitochondrial dynamics genes Endolysosomal pathway Mouse as a model for neurodevelopmental disorders: from genes to cells, circuits, and behavior Brain development, a stepwise process Major milestones in cortical development NRG1, a major SZ-risk gene Roles of NRG1 in neural development: migration Roles of NRG1 in neural development: circuitry Applications to other areas of development Key facts of disease models in neurodevelopmental disorders Summary points References 46 - Developmental neurotoxicity of endosulfan: modeling with zebrafish Mini-dictionary of terms Introduction Animal models in testing of chemicals with DNT potential General mechanisms in developmental neurotoxicity Developmental neurotoxicity of environmental contaminants Developmental neurotoxicity of insecticides Neurotoxic properties of endosulfan Developmental neurotoxicity of endosulfan Human Rodents Fish Endosulfan-induced developmental neurotoxicity in zebrafish Morphology Behavior Oxidative stress Protective effects of vitamin E Applications to other areas of development Relevance to human disease Relevance to human nutrition Key facts of endosulfan Summary points References 47 - Neurodevelopment of the zebrafish spinal serotonin system Mini-dictionary of terms Introduction The use of zebrafish to study vertebrate neurodevelopment Neurodevelopment and ontogeny of swimming behavior Development of the serotonergic phenotype Comparative sources of spinal serotonin Embryonic cerebrospinal fluid–contacting neurons Postembryonic intraspinal serotonergic neurons Inferior raphe axons Applications to other areas of development Key facts of the zebrafish spinal serotonin system Summary points References 48 - Inbred mouse model of brain development and intestinal microbiota Mini-dictionary of terms Introduction Laboratory animal housing and translational neuroscience research: where are the missing points and challenges? Revisiting animal models of brain development considering the intestinal microbiota Use of humanized mouse microbiota What is needed to consider Conclusion Applications to other areas of development Key facts of intestinal microbiota in translational neuroscience research Summary points Acknowledgments References 49 - The myelin mutant taiep rat as a model for developmental brain disorders Mini-dictionary of terms Development of central nervous system Animal models of myelin diseases Different paths to obtain myelin mutants Leukodystrophies Tubulinopathies and leukodystrophies Taiep a myelin mutant model of leukodystrophy Developmental characteristics of taiep rats Developmental of gait in taiep rats Future trends in myelin diseases Applications to other areas of development Key facts of myelin taiep rats Summary points References 50 - The MAM-E17 neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia Mini-dictionary of terms Introduction Validity of the MAM model of schizophrenia Construct validity Face validity Predictive validity Epigenetic regulation in the MAM-E17 model Adolescent abnormalities in the MAM-E17 model Adolescent environmental factors in the development of schizophrenia-like abnormalities in the MAM-E17 model Adolescent environmental enrichment Adolescent environmental risk factors Applications to other areas of development Key facts of schizophrenia Summary points References VI - Resources 51 - Recommended resources on the neuroscience of development Introduction Resources Summary points Acknowledgments References Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Back Cover