Ascorbic Acid in Plant Growth, Development and Stress Tolerance

Description

Preface Contents About the Editors Chemistry and Metabolism of Ascorbic Acid in Plants 1 Introduction 2 Chemical Properties and Redox Reaction of Ascorbic Acid 3 Metabolism of Ascorbic Acid 3.1 Biosynthetic Pathways of Ascorbic Acid 3.2 d-Mannose/l-Galactose Pathway 3.3 d-Galacturonate Pathway 3.4 Euglenid Pathway 3.5 d-Glucuronate Pathway 3.6 Degradation of Ascorbic Acid 4 Conclusions References The Role of Ascorbate in Plant Growth and Development 1 Introduction 2 Cell Cycle and Cell Elongation 3 Embryogenesis 4 Seed Germination 5 Root and Shoot Development 6 Flowering 7 Conclusions References Ascorbate as a Key Player in Plant Abiotic Stress Response and Tolerance 1 Introduction 2 H2O2 Scavenging and Ascorbate Recycling Under Abiotic Stress 2.1 Monodehydroascorbate Radical: Generation and Decay 2.2 Extracellular ROS Scavenging by Ascorbate in Abiotic Stress 3 Non-enzymatic Antioxidative and Pro-oxidative Activities of Ascorbate 4 Signalling Role of Ascorbate Under Abiotic Stress 4.1 Subcellular Distribution of Ascorbate Under Abiotic Stress 5 Photoprotective Role of Ascorbate to High Light 5.1 Ascorbate in Cross-Tolerance to High Light and UV-B Radiation 5.2 Ascorbate and Anthocyanins Biosynthesis 6 Ascorbate and Phytohormones in Cross-Tolerance 7 Role of Ascorbate in Response to Drought 8 Role of Ascorbate Under Metal Excess 9 Ascorbate as a Major Player in Growth-Defence Trade-Offs 10 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References Ascorbate Peroxidases: Crucial Roles of Antioxidant Enzymes in Plant Stress Responses 1 Introduction 2 Distribution of APX Isoforms in Plant Cells 3 Expression and Regulation 3.1 Transcriptional Regulation 3.2 Post-transcriptional Regulation 3.3 Post-transcriptional Regulation 4 Role as Antioxidant Enzymes 4.1 Chloroplastic APXs 4.2 Cytosolic APXs 4.3 Peroxisomal and Mitochondrial APXs 5 Role as Redox Signaling Regulators 6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives References Molecular and Functional Characterization of Monodehydro- ascorbate and Dehydroascorbate Reductases 1 Introduction 2 Monodehydroascorbate Reductase (MDHAR) 2.1 Molecular Properties 2.2 Isoforms and Their Localization 2.3 Enzymatic Properties 2.4 Structure 3 Dehydroascorbate Reductase (DHAR) 3.1 Molecular Properties 3.2 Isoforms and Localization 3.3 Enzymatic Properties 3.4 Structure References Regulation of Ascorbic Acid Biosynthesis in Plants 1 Introduction 2 Ascorbic Acid Accumulation in Plants 3 Internal Factors to Regulate Ascorbic Acid Biosynthesis 4 Environmental Factors to Regulate Ascorbic Acid Biosynthesis 5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives References Ascorbate-Glutathione Cycle and Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants 1 Introduction 2 AsA and GSH Functions 2.1 As Antioxidants 2.2 Other Functions of AsA and GSH 3 Subcellular Localization and Transport of AsA and GSH 4 Role of AsA-GSH Cycle Under Stress Conditions 4.1 General Considerations 4.2 The Role of AsA-GSH Cycle Under Different Abiotic Stress 4.2.1 Drought 4.2.2 Salinity 4.2.3 Light 4.2.4 Chilling 4.2.5 Heat Shock 5 Manipulating AsA and GSH Levels in Plants: A Promise to Deal with Abiotic Stress Improving Yield and Health Properties of Fruits and Vegetables 6 Conclusions References Ascorbate-Glutathione Cycle and Biotic Stress Tolerance in Plants 1 Introduction 2 The Ascorbate and Glutathione-Related Redox Modules 3 The Ascorbate-Glutathione Cycle in Plants Under Biotic Stress 4 The Role of Compartment-Specific Changes in the AsA-­GSH Cycle Activity in Biotic Stress Signalling 5 The Ascorbate- and Glutathione-Dependent Mechanisms in Plant Response to Abiotic and Biotic Stress Combinations 6 Conclusions References Exogenous Ascorbic Acid Mediated Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants 1 Introduction 2 Antioxidative Mechanism 3 Cell Membrane Stability 4 Photosynthesis 5 Ion Homeostasis 6 Interactions with Phytohormones and Other Molecules 7 Plant Growth and Yield 8 Concluding Remarks and Future Research Perspectives References The Role of Ascorbic Acid in  Plant–Pathogen Interactions 1 Introduction 2 Key Insights from Studies of Mutations in AsA Synthesis 3 ROS Neutralization by AsA in Response to Pathogen Attacks 4 Host-Innate Defense Facets Regulated by AsA-Related Redox Status 4.1 NPR1 Transcription Factor Activation 4.2 Cell Wall Strengthening 4.3 Modulation of Defense-Hormonal Signalling Pathways 5 Involvement of AsA in the Establishment of Induced Resistance (IR) 5.1 AsA as a Component of IR Process 5.2 AsA as an Inducer of Disease Resistance 6 Conclusion References Ascorbate Oxidase in Plant Growth, Development, and Stress Tolerance 1 Introduction 2 Ascorbate Oxidase Structure 3 Enzyme Mechanism and Substrate Specificity 4 Posttranscriptional Modifications of Ascorbate Oxidase 5 Ascorbate Oxidase Is Present in Higher and Lower Plants and Fungi 6 Tissue Specificity and Cellular Compartmentation 7 Ascorbate Oxidase Gene Regulation: Clues to Function? 8 Ascorbate Oxidase and Auxin 9 Cell Division and Cell Expansion 10 Plant Physiological Changes: Stomata, Flowering Time, Senescence 11 Tolerance to Abiotic and Biotic Stresses 12 Photosynthesis, Metabolism, and Resource Allocation 13 Ascorbate Oxidase: Roles in Oxygen Sensing and Cofactor Control 14 Conclusions, Future Directions References AsA/DHA Redox Pair Influencing Plant Growth and Stress Tolerance 1 Introduction 2 The Role of AsA/DHA Redox Pair in Plant Growth and Development 2.1 AsA and its Redox State Regulate Cell Cycle 2.2 AsA and its Redox State Regulate Tissue and Organ Level 3 The Role of AsA/DHA Redox Pair Under Abiotic and Biotic Stress Responses 3.1 AsA Redox State in the Chloroplast Under High Light Stress 3.2 AsA Redox State in the Mitochondria Under Temperature Stress 3.3 Drought and Salt Stress 3.4 Flooding 3.5 Metal Stress 3.6 AsA Redox State in the Apoplast: Biotic Stress and Environmental Oxidative Pollutants 4 Conclusions and Perspectives References The Role of Plant High-Throughput Phenotyping in the Characterization of the Response of High Ascorbate Plants to Abiotic Stresses 1 Introduction 2 Successful Metabolic Engineering Strategies to Enhance Ascorbate Content in Plants 3 Effect of Ascorbate in the Ability of Plants to Withstand Abiotic Stresses 3.1 Low AsA Plants Are Sensitive to Abiotic Stresses 3.2 High AsA Lines Are Tolerant to Abiotic Stresses 4 Plant Phenomics, a Modern Approach to Characterize Plant Phenotypes 4.1 Closing the Gap Between Genomics and Phenomics 4.2 Plant High-Throughput Phenotyping 4.3 Key Sensors in Plant Phenomics 4.4 Phenomics to Understand Plant Abiotic/Biotic Stress Response 4.5 Data Analysis and Handling 5 Conclusions References Physiological Role of Ascorbic Acid Recycling Enzymes in Plants 1 Introduction 2 The Primary Structures of Ascorbic Acid Recycling Enzymes in Plants 3 The Role of Ascorbic Acid Recycling Enzymes in Regulating Ascorbic Acid Contents and its Redox State 4 The Role of Ascorbic Acid Recycling Enzymes in the Chloroplast, the Cytosol, and the Guard Cell 5 Contribution of Ascorbic Acid Recycling Enzymes to Environmental Stress Tolerance 6 Conclusion References Ascorbic Acid Biofortification in Crops 1 Introduction 2 Ascorbic Acid Metabolism 2.1 Overview 2.1.1 l-galactose Biosynthetic Pathway 2.1.2 The l-Gulose, Myo-inositol, and d-Galacturonate Biosynthetic Pathways 2.2 Oxidation and Recycling of Ascorbic Acid 2.3 Cellular Localization and Regulation of Ascorbic Acid Metabolism 3 Improvement of Ascorbic Acid Metabolism in Crops 3.1 Improvement of l-Galactose Biosynthetic Pathway in Crops 3.2 Improvement of Alternative Ascorbic Acid Biosynthetic Pathways in Crops 3.3 Improvement of Oxidation and Recycling of Ascorbic Acid in Crops 3.4 Improvement of Regulation of Ascorbic Acid Metabolism in Crops 4 Modern Technologies for Improving Ascorbic Acid Content in Crops 4.1 Phenotyping Platforms for Screening Ascorbic Acid Concentration in Crops 4.2 Development of Genome Selection for Trait Improvement 4.3 Mutational Breeding and Genome Editing for Trait Improvement in Crops 5 Current Economic Marketplace for AsA 5.1 Ascorbate as an Additive Compared to Engineering Plants with Higher Content 6 Conclusion References Evolution of the Metabolic Network Leading to Ascorbate Synthesis and Degradation Using Marchantia polymorpha as a Model System 1 Introduction 2 Effect of Exogenous Ascorbate in the Phenotype of Marchantia Cultures 3 Interrogating the Marchantia polymorpha Genome to Identify Ascorbate Biosynthetic and Recycling Genes 3.1 The d-Mannose/l-Galactose (Man/Gal) Pathway 3.2 The d-Galacturonate (GalUR) Pathway 3.3 The myo-Inositol (MIOX) Pathway 3.4 Ascorbate Recycling 4 Precursor Feeding Studies as a Proxy to Test the Operation of Ascorbate Pathways in Marchantia 5 Conclusions References Ascorbic Acid in Processed Plant-Based Foods 1 Introduction to Ascorbic Acid in Plants and its Importance for Human Health 2 An Overview of Food Processing Techniques for Fruit and Vegetables 3 The Impact of Conventional Processing on the Levels of Ascorbic Acid in Plant-Based Foods 3.1 Heat Treatment 3.1.1 Cooking 3.1.2 Blanching 3.1.3 Drying 3.2 Freezing 3.2.1 Freeze-Drying 4 The Potential for Novel Processing Techniques to Maintain Ascorbic Acid Levels in Plant-Based Foods 4.1 Pulsed Electric Fields Processing 4.2 High Hydrostatic Pressure Processing 5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References Ascorbate Metabolism and Nitrogen Fixation in Legumes 1 Introduction 2 Overall Roles of AsA in Plants 3 General Introduction to Biological Fixation 4 Production of ROS and RNS in Nodules 5 AsA and Associated Antioxidant Enzymes in Nodules 6 Benefits of Exogenous AsA on N2 Fixation 7 Metabolic Pathways for AsA Biosynthesis in Plants and Nodules 8 Regulation of AsA Biosynthesis in Nodules During Senescence and Stress 9 Conclusions References Importance of Vitamin C in Human Health and Disease 1 Introduction 2 Ascorbic Acid and Human Health 2.1 Ascorbic Acid as a General Antioxidant 2.2 Ascorbic Acid as a Cofactor 3 Role of AsA in Iron Absorption 4 Ascorbic Acid and the Common Cold 5 Recommended Daily Intake of AsA 6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives References Index