Politics and Slum Upgrading in Kenya: A Case Study on the Influence of Politics on Slum Upgrading in Kibera

Description

Why was the slum upgrading project in Kibera, Kenya, facing resistance? This study uses both qualitative and quantitative methods in data collection to reveal that politics revolving around the interests of local politicians, slum dwellers and business operators as well as external players such as NGOs hamper successful implementation of the slum upgrading project Kenya Slum Upgrading Program in Kibera. The key obstacles include poverty, corruption, tribalism, political interpretation of the project aims, bureaucracy, slum oriented businesses (kadogo economy) as well as NGO activity and youth unemployment. Cover Editors’ Preface Table of Contents Acknowledgements List of Tables List of Figures List of Plates Acronyms Abstract 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Problem Statement 1.2 Related Literature 1.3 Research Questions and Relevance of the Study 1.4 Methodological Presentation 1.4.1 Justification for the Choice of Case Study Method and the Process of the Survey 1.4.2 Methods of Analysis 1.4.2.1 Data Collection Methods 1.4.2.2 Sampling 1.4.3 Limitations of the Study 1.5 The Structure of the Text 2.0 Theoretical Framework 2.1 General Perspectives on the Theoretical Foundation 2.2 The North-South Relations in View of Development and Poverty Reduction in the South: Theoretical Controversies 2.3 The Evolution of Single Party Dictatorship and Socio-Economic Decay 2.4 Environmental Management: The Bane of Cities in the South 2. 5 Theoretical Frame of Reference and Working Hypotheses 3.0 Selected Cases of Successful Slum Improvement Approaches 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Housing Upgrading Credit Financing Specifically for the Poor 3.3 Housing Subsidies 3.4 Using Land as a Resource 3.5 Microfinance Institutions 3.6 Public/Private Partnership 3.7 Bank/MFI/NGO Partner Model in Financing for Slum Upgrading 3.8 Development Credit Enhancement Mechanisms 3.9 Test Saving Programs in Slum Upgrading Projects 3.10 Income Generating Projects 3.11 Community-Driven Projects 4.0 The Evolution of Slums in Kenya 5.0 Background of the Study Area 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Location 5.3 Physiographical Features of Kibera 5.4 Climatology of Kibera 5.5 Historical Politico-Economic Context of Kibera Relative to Environmental Management and Slum Upgrading 5.5.1 Historical Background 5.5.2 Politico-Economic Context 5.5.3 Sociological Context 5.6 Land Use Differentiation in Relation to Slum Upgrading 5.7 Roads and other Amenities 5.8 Economic and Demographic Profiles of Kibera 5.9 Institutional Infrastructure for Environmental Management in Kibera 5.10 The Socio-Political Dynamics in the Context of Environmental Management and KENSUP 6.0 The Envisaged Kenya Slum Upgrading Program (Kensup) 6.1 The Genesis of KENSUP 6.2 The KENSUP Strategy 6.2.1 Community Organization and Mobilization 6.2.1.1 Conflict Prevention and Management 6.2.1.2 Preparation of City/Town Development Strategies 6.2.1.3 Provision of Tenure and Residential Security 6.2.1.4 Provision of Social and Physical Infrastructure 6.2.1.5 Development and Promotion of Micro Finance and Credit Systems 6.2.1.6 Income Generation Activities 6.2.1.7 Shelter Improvement 6.2.1.8 Environmental and Waste Management 6.2.1.9 Vulnerable Households and Disadvantaged Groups 6.2.1.10 HIV/AIDS Prevention and Impact Mitigation 6.2.1.11 Capacity Building 6.3 The Housing Policy in the Context of Slums 6.3.1 Slum Clearance and Forced Migration 6.3.2 Slum Clearance and Public Housing 6.3.3 Provision of Minimum Services 6.3.4 Extension of Tenure Security and Physical Upgrading 6.3.5 Recognition of the Legitimate Role of the Low Income Earners in Urban Development 6.4 Policy and Legal Framework 6.5 Institutional Framework 6.6 The Financing Plan 6.7 The Program Implementation Context 6.7.1 Political Environment 6.7.2 Economic Climate 6.7.3 Social Environment 6.7.4 Technological Endowment 6.7.5 Legal and Regulatory Framework 6.7.6 Policy Framework 6.8 The Current Status of the Program in Kibera 6.9 The Redevelopment Approach in Kibera 7.0 Findings and Conclusions 7.1 Results of the Empirical Examination of the Hypotheses 7.2 Hypotheses about the Poor Economic Environment 7.2.1 Limited Financial Resources 7.2.2 Low and Irregular Incomes 7.2.3 The Slum-Oriented Businesses (Slum-Based Economy) 7.3 Hypotheses about the Functioning of the Political System 7.4 Hypotheses about Bureaucracy 7.5 Hypotheses about Policy and Institutional Weaknesses in the Implementation of KENSUP 7.6 Hypothesis about legal Inconsistencies in KENSUP and Environmental Management 7.6.1 The Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act 7.6.2 The Local Government Act Cap. 265 7.6.3 The Physical Planning Act Cap. 286 7.6.4 The Public Health Act Cap. 242 7.7 Hypotheses about the Social System 7.7.1 The “Landlords” 7.7.2 The Tenants 7.7.3 The Transitional Worker 7.7.4 The NGOs 7.7.5 Youth Unemployment 7.7.6 Tribalism 7.7.7 Corruption 8.0 Recommendations 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Slum-Centric Approach to Planning 8.3 Establish a Simple Administrative Structure 8.4 The Government to Play Regulatory Function 8.5 Security of Tenure 8.6 Incentives to Private Investors in Low Income Housing 8.7 Encourage CSO Involvement 8.8 Pursuit of Multiple Financing Approaches for Housing 8.8.1 Capacity Building 8.8.2 Credit Enhancement 8.8.3 Public-Private Partnership 8.8.4 Partnership with NGOs 8.8.5 Loans to Individuals 8.8.6 Encouragement and Promotion of Small- and Medium Scale Enterprises 8.8.7 Encouraging Self-Help Initiatives 8.9 Youth Empowerment 8.9.1 Neighborhood Security Management 8.9.2 Training in Entrepreneurial Skills 8.9.3 Waste Management 9.0 Concluding Remarks Bibliography