ENGLISH

Thinking by Machine: A Study of Cybernetics

By Pierre de Latil

Book information

Publisher
Houghton Mifflin Company
Year
1957
Language
english
Format
PDF
Filesize
43 MB (45598417 bytes)
Edition
1
Pages
355\377
Time added
2021-04-05 09:23:18

Description

VII Foreword 3 - Chapter I: An Explosive Science --------------------------------- 4 - The New Round Table Conference 6 - The Advantages of Feedback 8 - A Quick Review of the Milestones 11 - Are Machines capable of Reasoning? 14 - The Science of Self-government 17 - The Mathematics of Human Activity 21 - Synthetic Animals? 25 - Chapter II: The Realm of the Artificial -------------------------------------------- 25 - What is a Tool? What is a Machine? 29 - Controlling Energy and Operational Energy 32 - The Determination of Automatism 41 - The Recording of Thought 43 - The Nine Components of Action 47 - Chapter III: The Miracles of Feedback ---------------------------------------- 48 - Where the Machine surpasses Itself 52 - The Wonderful Mechanism of Anti-fading 55 - An Industrial Revolution 61 - Chapter IV: Towards Factories Without Men: Automatic Control --------------------------------------------------------------- 61 - The Defects of Feedback: Lack of Strength and Delay in Regulation 65 - The Farcot Servo-motor 73 - Fixed and Variable References 76 - Regulators and Servo-mechanisms 79 - An Important Mechanism: the Amplifier with Negative Feedback 81 - General Definitions 83 - Master and Slave Mechanisms 86 - Chapter V: The Logic of Effects ------------------------------------ 87 - The Study of Well-trodden Paths 89 - Constancy Effectors and Tendency Effectors 91 - Direction of the Effects and the Factors 92 - The Regulation and the Guiding of a Factor 96 - Regulation by Interaction 101 - Regulation by Retroaction 105 - More Complex Cases 107 - The Universal Law of Regulation 108 - Interaction and Retroaction 112 - Chapter VI: Retroaction and the Secret of Natural Activity ---------------------------------------------------------------- 112 - All Stabilization is effected by Feedback 116 - The "Baille-blé" (Mill-hopper), Progenitor of Retroaction 118 - Chemical Equilibria 122 - Vital Equilibria 123 - Where Logic destroys Mankind 125 - Stable and Unstable Equilibria 127 - A Strange Relationship: An Oscillating Circuit and an Atomic Pile 130 - The End-Goal as a Logical Concept 133 - From Bus Queues to Indian Famines 137 - A New Light on Political Economy 141 - The Secret of the Stars 143 - Bancroft’s "Universal Law" 146 - Chapter VII: Functional Causality --------------------------------------- 148 - Progressive Organization 150 - Facing a Blank Wall 151 - The Uncertainties of Causality 153 - The Effect as a Function 157 - The Law and the Field 161 - The Enchanted Field of the Lady Variables 164 - Does Chance Exist? 168 - The Probability of Effects 171 - When the Causal Chains fuse 174 - A Definition of Probability 177 - Chapter VIII: Anti-Chance ------------------------------- 178 - The Important Concept of "Clinamen" 181 - The Law of Twofold Function 185 - Eddington’s Views on Anti-chance 186 - When the Cause is Part of the Effect 191 - Contingency, Determinism, Organization 195 - The Establishment of Order 198 - Essential Laws and Existential Laws 201 - An Image of the Universe 204 - Entropy and Anatropy 208 - Chapter IX: Synthetic Animals ----------------------------------- 212 - Subtle Behaviour 216 - The Secrets of the Tortoises 220 - A Principle of Life: the Economy of Means 224 - Chapter X: The Use of Models ---------------------------------- 228 - The "Animal-Machine" of Descartes 230 - Condillac’s Statue and Grey Walter’s Tortoises 234 - The Tropism of the Tortoise 238 - The Chess Player of Torres y Quevedo 240 - An Essential Concept: the Unpredictable 244 - Why should the Problem not be Equally Simple? 245 - The Art of Compromise 247 - The Learning Box 250 - Chapter XI: Calculating Machines -------------------------------------- 250 - The Principle of Calculating Machines 253 - Addition by Electrical Impulses 255 - Binary System: the Logical Language 258 - The Way of the Mind and the Way of the Machine 259 - The First American Realizations 262 - In the Land of Descartes 264 - The "Memory" Unit 267 - Electronic Brains? 271 - Chapter XII: The Mechanisms of Anticipation and Memory ------------------------------------------------------------ 271 - Where Feedback is Powerless 273 - Has Cybernetics many Practical Applications? 275 - The "Intellectual" Operations of Anti-aircraft Defence 278 - A Parallel between a Gun and a Man 278 - Mechanical Reasoning 284 - Machines without Men 287 - Memory and Logic 289 - The Machine which teaches Itself 295 - Chapter XIII ------------------ 295 - Ashby's Homeostat and Fifth Degree of Automatism 295 - Walter Cannon and Homeostatis 297 - A Mechanism that is like No Other 299 - Spare "Determinisms" 301 - The Machine which finds Its Own Way 304 - Artificial Education 306 - The Machine that receives Punishment 307 - Design for a Brain 310 - Towards Machine Government 312 - Chapter XIV: At the Level of Human Functions -------------------------------------------------- 314 - The Multistat, a Multiple Goal-seeking Machine 316 - Equilibrium: the Ultimate Goal 319 - The Organism integrates what It perceives 323 - Machina Liberata: The Integration of the Machine, seen from the Temporal Aspect 332 - A Model of Nervous Function 334 - The Machine is Something Else 336 - Where Certain Words are Meaningless 341 - Chapter XV: The Highest Degrees of Automatism --------------------------------------------------- 343 - Does Matter arise out of the Void? 345 - The "Qualities" of Freedom 348 - Between Probability and Certainty 351 - The Logic of Effects List of Illustrations ===================== 34 - Vivian Dovey and Grey Walter with their two children: Timothy, a human baby, and Elsie, the electronic tortoise. 35 - Pioneers of cybernetics: W. Ross Ashby, W. Mc­Culloch, Grey Walter and Norbert Wiener 50 - The internal anatomy of Elsie, machina speculatrix, created by Grey Walter 51 - The Conditional Reflex Analogue, CORA, made by Grey Walter to demonstrate his hypothesis of learning 258 - A game of chess played betweeen the classical mechanical device and a cybernetician 259 - Louis Couffignal and Aiken at the Cybernetic Conference of Paris 274 - Ashby’s machine: a revolutionary concept 275 - The behaviour of the electronic tortoise Elsie during a period of two minutes

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