Sex and Gender: A Biopsychological Approach

Description

Using both scientific and feminist approaches in its analysis, Sex and Gender: A Biopsychological Approach provides a current and comprehensive understanding of its titular topics, making it an invaluable textbook for instructors and students. Sex and gendercan only be properly understood when examined in the contexts of biological, psychological, and social processes and the interactions between those processes. The structure of this book facilitates this necessary exhaustive discussion: First section: a biological analysis that discusses evolutionary, cellular, and genetic processes, and their effects on physical and behavioral development Second section: a psychological and sociological analysis that discusses stereotypes, sexism, and theories of gender Final section: a discussion of the current global challenges surrounding sex and gender, such as discrimination and religious and social oppression of various groups Across chapters: bonus features that can be used as discussion topics, student essay topics, or special topics for instructors to expand the text’s discussion into the classroom The text’s unique focus on biological, psychological, and social processes – as separate entities and interacting processes – make Sex and Gender crucial for a comprehensive and advanced understanding of the subject. This is an essential resource for instructors who want to bring a thorough and complex analysis of sex and gender studies to their classrooms. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Table of contents Preface Acknowledgements 1 Human Evolution The Beginnings of Life on Earth Evolution: Basic Principles, Supporting Evidence Evolution of Human: Hominids and Early Homo Species Hominids and Early Homo Species Modern Human Variation The Evolution Controversy Chapter Summary Glossary References 2 The Cellular Basis of Life The Human Body: Cells and Their Basic Structure and Function Organelles, Chromosomes, Genes, DNA Mitosis and Meiosis Meiosis and Variability Autosomes and Sex Chromosomes Problems in Meiosis Chapter Summary Glossary References 3 Genetics Chromosomes, Genes, Alleles: Basic Definitions One-Trait Crosses Simple and Polygenic Inheritance Sex-Linked Traits Sex-Linked Genetic Disorders Autosomal Genetic Disorders Autosomal Dominant Disorders Autosomal Recessive Disorders Epigenetics Chapter Summary Glossary References 4 Human Sexual Reproduction Sex Differentiation in Utero: Body and Mind Genes and Biological Sex Gonads and Hormones Hormones and Fetal Brain Development: Sex and Identity Genetic and Hormonal Disorders Affecting Sex and Gender Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS) Puberty: Developing Body and Sexuality Female and Male Reproductive Systems Fertilization, Pregnancy, and Childbirth Prenatal Health: Nutrition and Teratogens Chapter Summary Glossary References 5 Gender Stereotypes Sex versus Gender The Human Information-Processor: Schematic versus Controlled Expressivity and Communality, Agency and Instrumentality Gender Stereotypes Are Prescriptive and Proscriptive Sources of Gender Stereotypes: Biology, Social Roles, and Cultural Institutions Purposes of Gender Stereotypes: Division of Labor and Social Dominance Chapter Summary Glossary References 6 Theories of Gender Theories of Gender Biological Explanations Social Learning/Social Cognitive Theory Cognitive Development Theory Gender Schema Theory Social Role Theory Parental Investment Social Dominance Theory Feminist Approaches Gender Role Strain and Precarious Manhood Chapter Summary Glossary References 7 Global, Historical Sexism Sexism Is Everywhere Biological Differences: The Underpinnings of Sexism Physical Strength and Masculinity Reproductive Roles and Oppression A Brief History of Sexism Types of Sexism How the Media Is Sexist Heterosexism: Heterosexuality as Normative Equality Around the World Today Chapter Summary Glossary References 8 Human Sexuality Sexuality as a Biological Function, Regulated by Society Development of Sexuality First Sexual Experiences Individual Qualities Peer Influences Family Influences Social and Cultural Influences Experiencing Sexuality: Adulthood Sexuality Sexual Arousal Sexual Attraction Sexual Experiences Hooking-Up Orgasm Self-Pleasuring Social and Cultural Influences Contraception and Reproductive Health Controlling Sexuality Chapter Summary Glossary References 9 Personality, Emotions, and Health Defining Personality The Five Factor Model of Personality Biological Bases of Personality Hormones, Emotions, and Personality Behavioral Genetics: Understanding Genes and Behavior The Environment and Socialization of Personality Gender Differences in Personality and Emotions Gender Differences in Cognitive Abilities Gender and Physical and Mental Health Chapter Summary Glossary References 10 Intimacy and Interpersonal Relationships Attachment in Infancy Attachment in Adulthood Parenting Differences for Girls and Boys Parenting Is Gendered Family Relationships Gender Differences in Social Interaction and Communication Friendships across the Lifespan Love and Intimate Relationships Attraction The Experience of Love Marriage, Divorce, Widowhood Chapter Summary Glossary References 11 Aggression Biological Underpinnings: Evolved to Fight Socialization of Aggression Media Violence Parenting and Aggression in Offspring Religion and Aggression against Women Gender Roles and Aggression Physical and Verbal Aggression in Children and Adults Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) Rape and Sexual Assault Violent Pornography Chapter Summary Glossary References 12 Occupational Roles and Power Global, Historical Sexism Working Families Household Responsibilities and Childcare Parental Leave Work–Family Conflict Occupational Stereotypes Sexism on the Job Stereotypes, Emotions, and Power Ambivalent Sexism The Glass Ceiling Leadership Women in Politics Chapter Summary Glossary References 13 Current Issues and Social Problems Sex and Gender in Continuing Social Problems Maintaining Patriarchy: Right-Wing Authoritarianism and Fascism in the United States The Backlash against Feminism Online Sexism and Anti-Feminism Movements The “Pro-Life” Movement in the United States The Fight for LGBTQ Equality Traditionalism and LGBTQ Oppression Control through Poverty: Indifference to and Oppression of Poor People Violence against Women and Children: A Global Epidemic Changing Attitudes, Fighting Oppression Chapter Summary Glossary References Index