Controversial Reasoning in Indian Philosophy: Major Texts and Arguments on Arthâpatti

Description

A pervasive form of reasoning exists in Indian philosophy. Known as arthâpatti, this epistemic instrument is crucial to Mimamsa philosophers, as well as a point of controversy for Nyaya and Buddhist philosophers, yet to date it has received less attention than perception, inference, and testimony. This collection presents a one-of-a-kind reference resource for understanding this form of reasoning in Indian philosophy. It assembles translations of central primary texts by Kumarila Bhatta, Prabhakara Misra, Jayanta Bhatta, Udayana and Gangésa Upadhyaya, together with newly-commissioned essays on research topics. These readable translations of Sanskrit works are accompanied by critical notes which introduce arthâpatti, offer historical context, and clarify the philosophical debates surrounding it. Showing how arthâpatti is used as a way to reason about the basic unseen causes driving language use, cause-and-effect relationships, as well as to interpret ambiguous or figurative texts, this book demonstrates the importance of this epistemic instrument in both contemporary Anglo-analytic and classical Indian epistemology, language, and logic. Cover page Halftitle page Series page Title page Copyright page CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A NOTE ON TRANSLITERATION CONVENTIONS AND PRONUNCIATION LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Introduction EPISTEMOLOGY, LOGIC, AND LANGUAGE IN INDIAN PHILOSOPHY ARTHÂPATTI IN NYA¯YA AND MI¯MA¯M˙SA NYA¯YA: ARTHÂPATTI IS A KIND OF ANUMA¯NA ARTHÂPATTI IN BUDDHISM REMARKS ABOUT THIS VOLUME REFERENCES SECTION ONE CHAPTER ONE Kuma¯rila Bhat.t.a’s Explanation in Verse ARTHÂPATTI : DEFINITION AND EXAMPLES ARTHÂPATTI IS DIFFERENT FROM INFERENCE ARTHÂPATTI ON THE BASIS OF WHAT IS HEARD ARTHÂPATTI DOES NOT REQUIRE A RELATION BETWEEN THE STARTING AND FINAL COGNITIONS APPLICATIONS OF ARTHÂPATTI REFERENCES CHAPTER TWO Prabha¯kara’s Long Explanation THE PRIMA FACIE POSITION PRABHA¯KARA’S POSITION “A THING THAT IS SEEN OR HEARD” REFERENCES CHAPTER THREE S´a¯likana¯tha’s Straightforward and Lucid Gloss; Comprehensive Survey of the Epistemic Instruments FROM THE STRAIGHTFORWARD AND LUCID GLOSS FROM THE COMPREHENSIVE SURVEY OF THE EPISTEMIC INSTRUMENTS REFERENCES CHAPTER FOUR Na¯ra¯yan˙a Bhat.t.a’s Elucidation of Epistemic Instruments and Their Objects INTRODUCTION TRANSLATION REFERENCES SECTION TWO CHAPTER FIVE Aks.apa¯da Gautama’s Nya¯ya-su¯tra with Early Commentaries INTRODUCTION VA¯TSYA¯YANA UDDYOTAKARA VA¯CASPATI VA¯TSYA¯YANA UDDYOTAKARA VA¯CASPATI VA¯TSYA¯YANA UDDYOTAKARA VA¯CASPATI VA¯TSYA¯YANA UDDYOTAKARA VA¯CASPATI VA¯TSYA¯YANA UDDYOTAKARA VA¯CASPATI VA¯TSYA¯YANA UDDYOTAKARA VA¯CASPATI REFERENCES CHAPTER SIX Jayanta Bhat.t.a’s Flowers of Reasoning BHA¯T.T.A: OBJECTIVE ARTHÂPATTI BHA¯T˙T˙A—VERBAL ARTHÂPATTI NYA¯YA—OBJECTIVE ARTHÂPATTI IS INFERENCE NYA¯YA—VERBAL ARTHÂPATTI AS INFERENCE PRA¯BHA¯KARA—“VERBAL ARTHÂPATTI ” AS A FUNCTION OF LANGUAGE OF POETICAL MEANINGS REFERENCES CHAPTER SEVEN Udayana’s The Flower-Offering of Reason INTRODUCTION TRANSLATION REFERENCES CHAPTER EIGHT Gan˙ges´a’s Jewel of Reflection on the Truth about Epistemology INTRODUCTION WITHIN THE TATTVA-CINTA¯-MAN˙I, IN THE INFERENCE CHAPTER REFERENCES SECTION THREE CHAPTER NINE The Physical Existence of a Living Being and Kuma¯rila’s Theory of Arthâpatti 0. INTRODUCTION 1. ARTHÂPATTI FROM CAITRA’S ABSENCE FROM HOME TO HIS PRESENCE OUTSIDE 2. RELATION BETWEEN “BEING ABSENT FROM HOME” AND “BEING OUTSIDE” EXPRESSED BY THE QUANTIFICATION OF LOCATION 3. INSEPARABILITY (AVINA¯-H A¯VA) ASCERTAINED AFTER ARTHÂPATTI 4. ARTHÂPATTI FROM CAITRA’S PRESENCE SOMEWHERE TO HIS ABSENCE FROM ALL OTHER LOCATIONS CONCLUSION ABBREVIATIONS AND REFERENCES CHAPTER TEN Raghuna¯tha on Arthâpatti 1. NYA¯YA REDUCTIONISM 2. GAN˙GES´A ON NEGATIVE-ONLY ANUMA¯NAS 3. RAGHUNA¯THA ON GAN˙GES´A’S PRINCIPLE OF ITERATED ABSENCE 4. RAGHUNA¯THA’S ARGUMENT 5. RAGHUNA¯THA’S ANTI-REDUCTIONISM 6. CONCLUSION ABBREVIATIONS AND REFERENCES CHAPTER ELEVEN Against Reducing Arthâpatti 1. THE TERMINOLOGY 2. THE DEBATE 3. META-COGNITION 4. CONCLUSION ABBREVIATIONS AND REFERENCES CHAPTER TWELVE Arthâpatti: An Anglo-Indo-Analytic Attempt at Cross-Cultural Conceptual Engineering 1. CROSS-CULTURAL CONCEPTUAL ENGINEERING 2. THE DEBATE ON ARTHÂPATTI 3. THE ISSUE OF INFERENCE 4. THE ISSUE OF REDUCTION 5. ENGINEERING EPISTEMIC GROUNDING 6. A PATH FORWARD FOR ARTHÂPATTI REFERENCES TABLE OF IMPORTANT FIGURES, DATES, AND WORKS ENGLISH–SANSKRIT GLOSSARY SANSKRIT–ENGLISH GLOSSARY NAME AND SUBJECT INDEX