OECD Tourism Trends and Policie - OECD

Description

Foreword......Page 5 Acknowledgments......Page 6 Table of Contents......Page 7 Executive Summary......Page 9 Figure 0.1. Direct contribution of tourism to OECD economies......Page 10 Chapter 1. Tourism Governance in OECD Countries......Page 15 Tourism governance at central level......Page 16 Roles of central government at the national, regional and local level......Page 18 Box 1.1. Examples of laws to better define tourism roles and responsibilities......Page 21 Box 1.3. Governments are encouraging innovation......Page 22 A whole-of-government approach to tourism policy......Page 23 Table 1.1. Challenges to effective tourism governance identified by national tourism administrations......Page 24 Box 1.5. Vertical co-ordination between levels of government......Page 25 Tools/mechanisms to manage the interface across ministries and public agencies......Page 27 Box 1.6. Examples of co-ordination to promote a more integrated approach to tourism governance......Page 28 Box 1.7. The tourism strategy as a co-ordination mechanism......Page 29 Box 1.8. Australia’s National Long-Term Tourism Strategy......Page 31 Box 1.9. Contractual arrangements across government......Page 32 Tourism governance at sub-national level......Page 33 Box 1.10. Moors and Coast Tourism Partnership......Page 34 Box 1.11. The role of convention and visitor bureaus......Page 35 Tools for capacity building......Page 36 Obstacles to capacity building and co-ordination at regional and local levels......Page 38 Figure 1.1. Conflict can lead to policy integration......Page 39 Box 1.13. Key issues regarding local co-operation......Page 40 Box 1.14. Tourism in the Venice region......Page 41 Box 1.15. Marketing co-ordination at the sub-national level......Page 42 Box 1.16. The role of tourism organisation-led structures in sub-national governance – Whistler Canada......Page 43 Branch versus integrated approach to organisation of industry representative bodies......Page 44 Box 1.17. Approaches to national industry representation......Page 45 Roles of the private sector......Page 46 Box 1.18. The Federal Association of German Tourism Industry......Page 48 Tools/mechanisms to manage the interface between actors at private sector level......Page 47 Tourism policy co-ordination......Page 49 Effective regulation......Page 50 External impacts (economic, safety/security, natural disasters)......Page 51 Box 1.21. Japanese earthquake......Page 52 Policy responses......Page 53 References......Page 55 Chapter 2. Evaluating Tourism Policies and Programmes......Page 57 Introduction......Page 58 Box 2.1. Five key reasons to evaluate tourism......Page 59 The requirement for evaluation evidence......Page 60 Qualitative approaches......Page 61 Quantitative approaches......Page 62 Monitoring and evaluation frameworks......Page 65 Key evaluation issues to consider......Page 66 Box 2.4. Evaluation brief checklist......Page 67 The role of peer reviews in evaluation......Page 68 Table 2.1. Collecting evaluation evidence......Page 69 Evaluation road map......Page 70 Country evaluation practices......Page 71 Stakeholder participation......Page 72 Box 2.5. The Czech Republic: Using SWOT analysis to determine policy priorities......Page 73 Planning for successful evaluation......Page 74 Box 2.8. Canada: Including industry benchmarking as part of the planning process......Page 75 Box 2.10. New Zealand Maori Tourism Facilitation Service (MTFS)......Page 76 Table 2.2. Popular indicators for measuring success......Page 77 Evaluation implementation......Page 78 Box 2.12. United Kingdom best practice communities......Page 79 Evaluation of marketing and promotional campaigns......Page 80 Figure 2.3. VisitDenmark’s marketing evaluation chain......Page 81 Box 2.15. Impact assessment conversion process in New Zealand campaigns......Page 82 Box 2.17. Effectiveness measurement concept applied in Switzerland......Page 83 Box 2.18. The Canadian “Path to Purchase” Model......Page 84 Box 2.19. Australian Tourism Development Programme (ATDP)......Page 85 Box 2.21. Key success factors in evaluation......Page 86 Chapter 3. Policy Approaches to Skills Development in Tourism......Page 89 Competency-based professions in tourism......Page 90 Occupational standards, certification and transferability......Page 91 Box 3.2. Portugal: Examples of training and certification initiatives......Page 92 Projected skills shortages and their drivers......Page 93 Megatrends impacting the skills needed in tourism......Page 94 Table 3.1. Main drivers of change in the hospitality sector......Page 96 Policies to overcome the skills gap......Page 97 The role of migrant labour in addressing shortages......Page 99 Labour migration and the tourism sector......Page 100 Table 3.2. The immigrant share of employment, overall and in low-skilled occupations, 2011, including foreign-born employment in hotels and restaurants......Page 101 The main challenges facing tourism education and training......Page 102 Box 3.5. Egyptian Tourism Workforce Development Program......Page 103 Improving the connection between education and the tourism industry......Page 104 Skills and productivity issues in tourism......Page 105 Box 3.6. How should productivity be measured for tourism?......Page 106 Conclusions......Page 107 References......Page 108 Chapter 4. Country Profiles: Tourism Trends and Policies......Page 111 Statistical summary......Page 112 Table 4.1. International tourist arrivals, 2006-10......Page 113 Table 4.2. International travel receipts and expenditure, 2009-10......Page 114 Table 4.3. Tourism Satellite Account: Internal tourism consumption......Page 116 Managing negative externalities......Page 117 Quality and product development......Page 118 Sharing costs......Page 119 OECD Member Countries......Page 121 Tourism organisation......Page 122 Tourism budget......Page 123 Australia’s National Landscapes Programme......Page 124 Box 4.3. T-QUAL Accreditation......Page 125 Table 4.6. Australia: Outbound tourism – International departures and expenditure......Page 126 Table 4.8. Australia: Tourism in the national economy......Page 127 Table 4.9. Australia: Other economic indicators......Page 128 Tourism organisation......Page 129 National Tourism Strategy......Page 130 Networking, research and product development......Page 132 Statistics and economic evaluation of tourism......Page 131 Table 4.11. Austria: Inbound tourism – International arrivals and receipts......Page 133 Table 4.14. Austria: Employment in tourism......Page 134 Table 4.16. Austria: Other economic indicators......Page 135 Tourism organisation......Page 136 Figure 4.3. Belgium, Flanders Region: Organisational chart of tourism bodies......Page 137 Tourism organisation......Page 138 Figure 4.4. Belgium, Walloon Region: Organisational chart of tourism bodies......Page 139 A specific project to promote tourism in the Ardennes forest......Page 140 Recently established inter-governmental platforms......Page 141 Table 4.18. Belgium: Inbound tourism – International arrivals......Page 142 Table 4.20. Belgium: Enterprises in tourism......Page 143 Tourism organisation......Page 144 Tourism budget......Page 145 Tools for evaluation and monitoring......Page 146 Table 4.21. Canada: Domestic overnight tourism......Page 147 Table 4.24. Canada: Enterprises in tourism......Page 148 Table 4.27. Canada: Other economic indicators......Page 149 Tourism organisation......Page 150 National Tourism Strategy......Page 151 Other issues......Page 152 Table 4.31. Chile: Other economic indicators......Page 153 Tourism budget......Page 154 Box 4.7. National Support Programme for Tourism 2010-13......Page 155 Statistics and performance evaluation......Page 156 Table 4.35. Czech Republic: Enterprises in tourism......Page 157 Table 4.37. Czech Republic: Tourism in the national economy......Page 158 Table 4.38. Czech Republic: Other economic indicators......Page 159 Tourism organisation......Page 160 Tourism strategies......Page 161 Table 4.39. Denmark: Domestic overnight tourism......Page 162 Table 4.42. Denmark: Enterprises and employment in tourism......Page 163 Table 4.44. Denmark: Other economic indicators......Page 164 Tourism organisation......Page 165 Figure 4.9. Estonia: Organisational chart of tourism bodies......Page 166 Development of visitor attraction and sights......Page 167 Table 4.46. Estonia: Inbound tourism – International arrivals and receipts......Page 168 Table 4.50. Estonia: Tourism in the national economy......Page 169 Table 4.51. Estonia: Other economic indicators......Page 170 Tourism organisation......Page 171 Tourism budgets......Page 172 Medium to long-term tourism strategy and intra-regional programmes......Page 173 Table 4.52. Finland: Domestic overnight tourism......Page 174 Table 4.55. Finland: Enterprises in tourism......Page 175 Table 4.58. Finland: Other economic indicators......Page 176 Territorial organisation......Page 177 Figure 4.11. France: Organisation chart of tourism bodies......Page 178 The main thrusts of tourism policy......Page 179 Box 4.10. Actions to promote sustainable tourism in France......Page 180 Table 4.59. France: Domestic overnight tourism......Page 181 Table 4.62. France: Enterprises in tourism......Page 182 Table 4.65. France: Other economic indicators......Page 183 Tourism organisation......Page 184 Tourism budget......Page 185 Tourism-related policies and programmes......Page 186 Table 4.69. Germany: Enterprises in tourism......Page 187 Table 4.71. Germany: Tourism in the national economy......Page 188 Tourism organisation......Page 189 Table 4.72. Greece: Budget of tourism......Page 190 Promotion strategy......Page 191 Table 4.76. Greece: Employment in tourism......Page 192 Tourism organisation......Page 193 Legislative and regulatory environment......Page 194 Sustainability and destination management......Page 195 Co-operation with the tourism industry, consumers and other stakeholders......Page 196 International and intra-regional activities......Page 197 Table 4.80. Hungary: Enterprises in tourism......Page 198 Table 4.83. Hungary: Other economic indicators......Page 199 Tourism organisation......Page 200 Figure 4.15. Iceland: Organisational chart of tourism bodies......Page 201 Product development and innovation......Page 202 Table 4.86. Iceland: Outbound tourism – International departures and expenditure......Page 203 Table 4.89. Iceland: Other economic indicators......Page 204 Tourism organisation......Page 205 Legislative and regulatory environment......Page 206 Development of a culture of evaluation......Page 207 Statistics and economic evaluation of tourism......Page 208 Table 4.90. Ireland: Domestic overnight tourism......Page 209 Table 4.94. Ireland: Employment in tourism......Page 210 Table 4.96. Ireland: Other economic indicators......Page 211 Figure 4.17. Israel: Organisational chart of the Ministry of Tourism......Page 212 Sustainable tourism......Page 213 International activities......Page 214 Table 4.99. Israel: Outbound tourism – International departures and expenditure......Page 215 Table 4.102. Israel: Other economic indicators......Page 216 Tourism organisation and governance......Page 217 Tourism budget......Page 218 Legislation......Page 219 Other recent initiatives......Page 220 Table 4.105. Italy: Outbound tourism – Number of trips......Page 221 Table 4.107. Italy: Other economic indicators......Page 222 Tourism, a source of growth......Page 223 Figure 4.19. Japan: Organisational chart of tourism bodies......Page 224 Legislative and regulatory environment......Page 225 Statistics and performance evaluation......Page 226 Table 4.111. Japan: Enterprises and employment in tourism......Page 227 Table 4.113. Japan: Other economic indicators......Page 228 Tourism organisation......Page 229 Figure 4.20. Korea: Organisational chart of tourism bodies......Page 230 Invigorating the local economy by expanding the needs for domestic tourism......Page 231 Fostering high value-added segments such as MICE and medical tourism......Page 232 Table 4.116. Korea: Outbound tourism – International departures and expenditure......Page 233 Table 4.119. Korea: Other economic indicators......Page 234 Figure 4.21. Luxembourg: Organisational chart of tourism bodies......Page 235 Table 4.121. Luxembourg: Inbound tourism – International arrivals and receipts......Page 236 Table 4.123. Luxembourg: Enterprises in tourism......Page 237 Tourism organisation......Page 238 Tourism-related policies and programmes......Page 239 Pueblos Mágicos (Magical Towns) Programme......Page 240 Diversity and promotion......Page 241 Table 4.126. Mexico: Outbound tourism – Number of trips and expenditure......Page 242 Table 4.130. Mexico: Other economic indicators......Page 243 Tourism organisation......Page 244 Related policies......Page 245 Table 4.132. Netherlands: Inbound tourism – International arrivals and receipts......Page 246 Table 4.136. Netherlands: Other economic indicators......Page 247 Tourism organisation......Page 248 Tourism budget......Page 249 Major events policy......Page 250 Maori tourism......Page 251 Table 4.137. New Zealand: Domestic overnight tourism......Page 252 Table 4.140. New Zealand: Employment in tourism......Page 253 Table 4.142. New Zealand: Other economic indicators......Page 254 Tourism organisation......Page 255 Tourism-related policies and programmes......Page 256 Table 4.144. Norway: Inbound tourism – International arrivals and receipts......Page 257 Table 4.147. Norway: Employment in tourism......Page 258 Table 4.149. Norway: Other economic indicators......Page 259 Tourism organisation......Page 260 EU structural funds for tourism......Page 262 Tourism-related policies and programmes......Page 261 Promotional activities......Page 263 Table 4.152. Poland: Outbound tourism – International departures and expenditure......Page 264 Table 4.156. Poland: Other economic indicators......Page 265 Tourism organisation......Page 266 Legislative and regulatory environment......Page 267 Domestic and inbound tourism development......Page 268 External factors......Page 269 Table 4.159. Portugal: Outbound tourism – International departures and expenditure......Page 270 Table 4.163. Portugal: Other economic indicators......Page 271 Tourism organisation......Page 272 Figure 4.29. Slovak Republic: Organisational chart of tourism bodies......Page 273 Legislation and regulations......Page 274 Industry issues......Page 275 Table 4.165. Slovak Republic: Domestic overnight tourism......Page 276 Table 4.168. Slovak Republic: Enterprises in tourism......Page 277 Table 4.170. Slovak Republic: Tourism in the national economy......Page 278 Table 4.171. Slovak Republic: Other economic indicators......Page 279 Tourism organisation......Page 280 Medium to long-term tourism strategy......Page 282 Tourism budget......Page 281 Domestic and inbound tourism development......Page 283 Statistics and economic evaluation of tourism......Page 284 Table 4.175. Slovenia: Enterprises in tourism......Page 285 Table 4.178. Slovenia: Other economic indicators......Page 286 Tourism organisation......Page 287 Figure 4.31. Spain: Organisational chart of tourism bodies......Page 288 Tourism budget......Page 289 Tourism initiatives......Page 290 Table 4.179. Spain: Domestic overnight tourism......Page 291 Table 4.183. Spain: Employment in tourism......Page 292 Table 4.185. Spain: Other economic indicators......Page 293 Figure 4.32. Sweden: Organisational chart of tourism bodies......Page 294 Government-led strategies......Page 295 Table 4.186. Sweden: Domestic overnight tourism......Page 296 Table 4.191. Sweden: Tourism in the national economy......Page 297 Table 4.192. Sweden: Other economic indicators......Page 298 Tourism budget......Page 299 Defining Switzerland’s tourism positioning......Page 300 Table 4.194. Switzerland: Tourism policy aimed at growth......Page 301 Box 4.21. The Innotour Act......Page 302 Table 4.196. Switzerland: Inbound tourism – International arrivals and receipts......Page 303 Table 4.199. Switzerland: Employment in tourism......Page 304 Table 4.201. Switzerland: Other economic indicators......Page 305 Tourism organisation......Page 306 Tourism budget......Page 307 Tourism-related policies and programmes......Page 308 Box 4.22. Turkish cultural heritage and tourism......Page 309 Table 4.203. Turkey: Inbound tourism – International arrivals and receipts......Page 310 Table 4.206. Turkey: Other economic indicators......Page 311 Tourism organisation......Page 312 Figure 4.35. United Kingdom: Organisational chart of tourism bodies......Page 313 Tourism policy......Page 314 Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland......Page 315 Table 4.210. United Kingdom: Enterprises in tourism......Page 316 Table 4.212. United Kingdom: Other economic indicators......Page 317 Tourism organisation......Page 318 Figure 4.36. United States: Organisational chart of tourism bodies......Page 319 Research and statistics......Page 320 Table 4.214. United States: Inbound tourism – International arrivals and receipts......Page 321 Table 4.217. United States: Employment in tourism......Page 322 Table 4.219. United States: Other economic indicators......Page 323 OECD Non-member Economies......Page 325 Tourism organisation......Page 326 Tourism strategy......Page 327 A new legal framework......Page 328 Box 4.23. Integrated Plan for Tourism Development in the South Coast......Page 329 Table 4.224. Albania: Other economic indicators......Page 330 Tourism organisation......Page 331 Tourism budget......Page 332 International and intra-regional activities to enhance trade in tourism services......Page 333 Statistics and performance evaluation......Page 334 Table 4.228. Argentina: Enterprises in tourism......Page 335 Table 4.230. Argentina: Tourism in the national economy......Page 336 Tourism organisation......Page 337 Tourism budget......Page 338 Sustainability......Page 339 Table 4.231. Brazil: Inbound tourism – International arrivals and receipts......Page 340 Table 4.234. Brazil: Employment in tourism......Page 341 Tourism organisation......Page 342 Medium to long-term tourism strategy......Page 343 Competitiveness, sustainability and environmental responsibility......Page 344 Table 4.235. Bulgaria: Domestic overnight tourism......Page 345 Table 4.239. Bulgaria: Other economic indicators......Page 346 Figure 4.41. Croatia: Organisational chart of tourism bodies......Page 347 Strategic planning......Page 348 Product improvement......Page 349 Table 4.241. Croatia: Inbound tourism – International arrivals and receipts......Page 350 Table 4.245. Croatia: Tourism in the national economy......Page 351 Table 4.246. Croatia: Other economic indicators......Page 352 Tourism organisation......Page 353 Strategic Plan 2011-2015......Page 354 Table 4.248. Cyprus: Inbound tourism – International arrivals and receipts......Page 355 Table 4.251. Cyprus: Employment in tourism......Page 356 Notes......Page 357 Box 4.25. Recent political and social unrest and its impact on tourism......Page 358 Figure 4.43. Egypt: Organisational chart of tourism bodies......Page 359 Tourism targets and development initiatives......Page 360 Enhancing competitiveness......Page 361 Table 4.254. Egypt: Domestic overnight tourism......Page 362 Table 4.257. Egypt: Enterprises in tourism......Page 363 Table 4.260. Egypt: Other economic indicators......Page 364 Figure 4.44. Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia: Organisational chart of tourism bodies......Page 365 Human resources......Page 366 Niche tourism......Page 367 Table 4.264. Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia: Enterprises in tourism......Page 368 Table 4.266. Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia: Other economic indicators......Page 369 Tourism organisation......Page 370 Figure 4.45. India: Organisational chart of tourism bodies......Page 372 Tourism-related policies and programmes......Page 371 Table 4.269. India: Outbound tourism – International departures and expenditure......Page 373 Table 4.272. India: Other economic indicators......Page 374 Figure 4.46. Indonesia: Organisational chart of tourism bodies......Page 375 Legislation......Page 376 Table 4.277. Indonesia: Other economic indicators......Page 377 Tourism organisation......Page 378 Tourism budget......Page 379 Tourism development strategies......Page 380 Table 4.280. Latvia: Inbound tourism – International arrivals and receipts......Page 381 Table 4.285. Latvia: Tourism in the national economy......Page 382 Table 4.286. Latvia: Other economic indicators......Page 383 Tourism organisation......Page 384 National Tourism Development Programme 2010-2013......Page 385 Table 4.287. Lithuania: Domestic overnight tourism......Page 386 Table 4.291. Lithuania: Employment in tourism......Page 387 Table 4.293. Lithuania: Other economic indicators......Page 388 Tourism budget......Page 389 Investment......Page 390 Sustainability......Page 391 Table 4.295. Malta: Outbound tourism......Page 392 Table 4.298. Malta: Other economic indicators......Page 393 Tourism organisation......Page 394 Human Resources Development (HRD) Strategy......Page 395 Statistics and performance evaluation......Page 396 Table 4.302. Montenegro: Enterprises in tourism......Page 397 Table 4.305. Montenegro: Other economic indicators......Page 398 Tourism organisation......Page 399 Tourism budget......Page 400 Infrastructure......Page 401 Statistics and performance evaluation......Page 402 Table 4.309. Romania: Employment in tourism......Page 403 Table 4.311. Romania: Other economic indicators......Page 404 Tourism organisation......Page 405 Tourism budget......Page 406 Review of Strategy for Development of Tourism......Page 407 Table 4.314. Serbia: Outbound tourism – International trips and expenditure......Page 408 Table 4.317. Serbia: Other economic indicators......Page 409 Tourism in the economy......Page 410 Figure 4.53. South Africa: Organisational chart of tourism bodies......Page 411 Tourism-related policies and programmes......Page 412 Legislative/policy framework......Page 413 Table 4.321. South Africa: Tourism in the national economy......Page 414 Table 4.322. South Africa: Other economic indicators......Page 415 Annex 4.A1. Basic Methodological References......Page 417 Annex 4.A2. National Tourism Administrations and Related Websites......Page 421