Conceptual physical science

Description

For one- or two-semester physical science survey courses for non-science majors. Opening the Doors of Science Conceptual Physical Science, Sixth Edition, provides a conceptual overview of basic, essential topics in physics, chemistry, earth science, and astronomy with optional quantitative analyses. The authors focus on concepts before computations. With its clear, friendly writing style, and strong integration of the sciences, this book connects well with all students. Also available with MasteringPhysics MasteringPhysics™ from Pearson is the leading online teaching and learning system designed to improve results by engaging students before, during, and after class with powerful content. Ensure that students arrive ready to learn by assigning educationally effective content before class, and encourage critical thinking and retention with in-class resources such as Learning Catalytics™. Students can further master concepts after class through traditional homework assignments that provide hints and answer-specific feedback. The Mastering gradebook records scores for all automatically graded assignments while diagnostic tools give instructors access to rich data to assess student understanding and misconceptions. Mastering brings learning full circle by continuously adapting to each student and making learning more personal than ever–before, during, and after class. Cover Front End Paper Title Page Copyright Page Brief Contents Contents The Conceptual Physical Science Photo Album To the Student To the Instructor Acknowledgments Instructional Package Prologue: The Nature of Science A Brief History of Advances in Science Mathematics and Conceptual Physical Science Scientific Methods The Scientific Attitude Science Has Limitations Science, Art, and Religion Technology—The Practical Use of Science The Physical Sciences: Physics, Chemistry, Earth Science, and Astronomy In Perspective Part One: Physics 1. Patterns of Motion and Equilibrium 1.1. Aristotle on Motion 1.2. Galileo’s Concept of Inertia 1.3. Mass—A Measure of Inertia 1.4. Net Force 1.5. The Equilibrium Rule 1.6. Support Force 1.7. The Force of Friction 1.8. Speed and Velocity 1.9. Acceleration 2. Newton’s Laws of Motion 2.1. Newton’s First Law of Motion 2.2. Newton’s Second Law of Motion 2.3. Forces and Interactions 2.4. Newton’s Third Law of Motion 2.5. Summary of Newton’s Three Laws 3. Momentum and Energy 3.1. Momentum and Impulse 3.2. Impulse Changes Momentum 3.3. Conservation of Momentum 3.4. Energy and Work 3.5. Work–Energy Theorem 3.6. Conservation of Energy 3.7. Machines 3.8. Efficiency 3.9. Sources of Energy 4. Gravity, Projectiles, and Satellites 4.1. The Universal Law of Gravity 4.2. Gravity and Distance: The Inverse-Square Law 4.3. Weight and Weightlessness 4.4. Universal Gravitation 4.5. Projectile Motion 4.6. Fast-Moving Projectiles—Satellites 4.7. Circular Satellite Orbits 4.8. Elliptical Orbits 4.9. Escape Speed 5. Fluid Mechanics 5.1. Density 5.2. Pressure 5.3. Buoyancy in a Liquid 5.4. Archimedes’ Principle 5.5. Pressure in a Gas 5.6. Atmospheric Pressure 5.7. Pascal’s Principle 5.8. Buoyancy in a Gas 5.9. Bernoulli’s Principle 6. Thermal Energy and Thermodynamics 6.1. Temperature 6.2. Absolute Zero 6.3. Heat 6.4. Quantity of Heat 6.5. The Laws of Thermodynamics 6.6. Entropy 6.7. Specific Heat Capacity 6.8. Thermal Expansion 6.9. Expansion of Water 7. Heat Transfer and Change of Phase 7.1. Conduction 7.2. Convection 7.3. Radiation 7.4. Newton’s Law of Cooling 7.5. Climate Change and the Greenhouse Effect 7.6. Heat Transfer and Change of Phase 7.7. Boiling 7.8. Melting and Freezing 7.9. Energy and Change of Phase 8. Static and Current Electricity 8.1. Electric Charge 8.2. Coulomb’s Law 8.3. Electric Field 8.4. Electric Potential 8.5. Voltage Sources 8.6. Electric Current 8.7. Electrical Resistance 8.8. Ohm’s Law 8.9. Electric Circuits 8.10. Electric Power 9. Magnetism and Electromagnetic Induction 9.1. Magnetic Poles 9.2. Magnetic Fields 9.3. Magnetic Domains 9.4. Electric Currents and Magnetic Fields 9.5. Magnetic Forces on Moving Charges 9.6. Electromagnetic Induction 9.7. Generators and Alternating Current 9.8. Power Production 9.9. The Transformer— Boosting or Lowering Voltage 9.10. Field Induction 10. Waves and Sound 10.1. Vibrations and Waves 10.2. Wave Motion 10.3. Transverse and Longitudinal Waves 10.4. Sound Waves 10.5. Reflection and Refraction of Sound 10.6. Forced Vibrations and Resonance 10.7. Interference 10.8. Doppler Effect 10.9. Bow Waves and the Sonic Boom 10.10. Musical Sounds 11. Light 11.1. Electromagnetic Spectrum 11.2. Transparent and Opaque Materials 11.3. Reflection 11.4. Refraction 11.5. Color 11.6. Dispersion 11.7. Polarization Part Two: Chemistry 12. Atoms and the Periodic Table 12.1. Atoms Are Ancient and Empty 12.2. The Elements 12.3. Protons and Neutrons 12.4. The Periodic Table 12.5. Physical and Conceptual Models 12.6. Identifying Atoms Using the Spectroscope 12.7. The Quantum Hypothesis 12.8. Electron Waves 12.9. The Shell Model 13. The Atomic Nucleus and Radioactivity 13.1. Radioactivity 13.2. The Strong Nuclear Force 13.3. Half-Life and Transmutation 13.4. Radiometric Dating 13.5. Nuclear Fission 13.6. Mass–Energy Equivalence 13.7. Nuclear Fusion 14. Elements of Chemistry 14.1. Chemistry: The Central Science 14.2. The Submicroscopic World 14.3. Physical and Chemical Properties 14.4. Determining Physical and Chemical Changes 14.5. Elements to Compounds 14.6. Naming Compounds 14.7. The Advent of Nanotechnology 15. How Atoms Bond and Molecules Attract 15.1. Electron-Dot Structures 15.2. The Formation of Ions 15.3. Ionic Bonds 15.4. Metallic Bonds 15.5. Covalent Bonds 15.6. Polar Covalent Bonds 15.7. Molecular Polarity 15.8. Molecular Attractions 16. Mixtures 16.1. Most Materials Are Mixtures 16.2. The Chemist’s Classification of Matter 16.3. Solutions 16.4. Solubility 16.5. Soaps, Detergents, and Hard Water 16.6. Purifying the Water We Drink 16.7. Wastewater Treatment 17. How Chemicals React 17.1. Chemical Equations 17.2. Counting Atoms and Molecules by Mass 17.3. Reaction Rates 17.4. Catalysts 17.5. Energy and Chemical Reactions 17.6. Chemical Reactions Are Driven by Entropy 18. Two Classes of Chemical Reactions 18.1. Acids Donate Protons; Bases Accept Them 18.2. Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases 18.3. Acidic, Basic, and Neutral Solutions 18.4. Acidic Rain and Basic Oceans 18.5. Losing and Gaining Electrons 18.6. Harnessing the Energy of Flowing Electrons 18.7. Electrolysis 18.8. Corrosion and Combustion 19. Organic Compounds 19.1. Hydrocarbons 19.2. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons 19.3. Functional Groups 19.4. Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers 19.5. Amines and Alkaloids 19.6. Carbonyl Compounds 19.7. Polymers Part Three: Earth Science 20. Rocks and Minerals 20.1. The Geosphere Is Made Up of Rocks and Minerals 20.2. Minerals 20.3. Mineral Properties 20.4. Classification of Rock-Forming Minerals 20.5. The Formation of Minerals 20.6. Rock Types 20.7. Igneous Rocks 20.8. Sedimentary Rocks 20.9. Metamorphic Rocks 20.10. The Rock Cycle 21. Plate Tectonics and Earth’s Interior 21.1. Seismic Waves 21.2. Earth’s Internal Layers 21.3. Continental Drift—An Idea Before Its Time 21.4. Acceptance of Continental Drift 21.5. The Theory of Plate Tectonics 21.6. Continental Evidence for Plate Tectonics 21.7. The Theory That Explains the Geosphere 22. Shaping Earth’s Surface 22.1. The Hydrologic Cycle 22.2. Groundwater 22.3. The Work of Groundwater 22.4. Surface Water and Drainage Systems 22.5. The Work of Surface Water 22.6. Glaciers and Glaciation 22.7. The Work of Glaciers 22.8. The Work of Air 23. Geologic Time—Reading the Rock Record 23.1. The Rock Record—Relative Dating 23.2. Radiometric Dating 23.3. Geologic Time 23.4. Precambrian Time (4500 to 543 Million Years Ago) 23.5. The Paleozoic Era (543 to 248 Million Years Ago) 23.6. The Mesozoic Era (248 to 65 Million Years Ago) 23.7. The Cenozoic Era (65 Million Years Ago to the Present) 23.8. Earth History in a Capsule 24. The Oceans, Atmosphere, and Climatic Effects 24.1. Earth’s Atmosphere and Oceans 24.2. Components of Earth’s Oceans 24.3. Ocean Waves, Tides, and Shorelines 24.4. Components of Earth’s Atmosphere 24.5. Solar Energy 24.6. Driving Forces of Air Motion 24.7. Global Circulation Patterns 25. Driving Forces of Weather 25.1. Atmospheric Moisture 25.2. Weather Variables 25.3. Cloud Development 25.4. Air Masses, Fronts, and Storms 25.5. Violent Weather 25.6. The Weather—The Number One Topic of Conversation Part Four: Astronomy 26. The Solar System 26.1. The Solar System and Its Formation 26.2. The Sun 26.3. The Inner Planets 26.4. The Outer Planets 26.5. Earth’s Moon 26.6. Failed Planet Formation 27. Stars and Galaxies 27.1. Observing the Night Sky 27.2. The Brightness and Color of Stars 27.3. The Hertzsprung–Russell Diagram 27.4. The Life Cycles of Stars 27.5. Black Holes 27.6. Galaxies 28. The Structure of Space and Time 28.1. Looking Back in Time 28.2. Cosmic Inflation 28.3. General Relativity 28.4. Special Relativity 28.5. Dark Matter 28.6. Dark Energy 28.7. The Fate of the Universe Appendix A: Linear and Rotational Motion Appendix B: Vectors Appendix C: Exponential Growth and Doubling Time Odd-Numbered Solutions Glossary Photo Credits Index Useful Data