The Temporal Lobe

Description

Assembled from individual chapters The Temporal Lobe, Volume 187 covers the exponential growth of studies on the relationships between brain and language/cognition, many of which involved the temporal lobe. This volume summarizes research on the anatomy and function of the temporal lobe under both normal and pathological conditions. In addition, it discusses the interactions of the temporal lobe with other brain structures. The book highlights the role of the temporal lobe in language processing as well as vision, object, face recognition and processing. The book also discusses the temporal lobe's role in reading, speech and the processing of color, music, action and memory. Temporal lobe disorders, assessments and treatments are also covered, including encephalitis, Alzheimer’s, epilepsy, Korsakov’s syndrome, and more. 0000Copyright_2022_Handbook-of-Clinical-Neurology Copyright 000dAvailable-titles_2022_Handbook-of-Clinical-Neurology Available titles 000Series-Page_2022_Handbook-of-Clinical-Neurology Series Page 001Contributors_2022_Handbook-of-Clinical-Neurology Contributors 002Preface_2022_Handbook-of-Clinical-Neurology Preface 003Foreword_2022_Handbook-of-Clinical-Neurology Foreword Chapter-1---The-connectional-anatomy-of-the-te_2022_Handbook-of-Clinical-Neu The connectional anatomy of the temporal lobe Notes on History11Abbreviations used in the chapter are listed at the end of the chapter before References section. Surface Anatomy Temporal Lobe Tracts Projection pathways Commissural pathways Association pathways Arcuate fasciculus Uncinate fasciculus Inferior longitudinal fasciculus Inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus Middle longitudinal fasciculus Cingulum Medial occipital longitudinal tract U-shaped temporoinsular interlobar fibers Temporal intralobar tracts References Chapter-2---Anatomy-of-the-temporal-lobe--From-_2022_Handbook-of-Clinical-Ne Anatomy of the temporal lobe: From macro to micro Macroanatomy of the Temporal Lobe11Abbreviations used in the chapter are listed at the end of the chapter before References se Lateral and ventral surfaces The mesial surface Macroanatomic variability Intersubject variability of sulci and gyri Intersubject variability in the hippocampal macroanatomy Asymmetries in folding patterns and volumes Microanatomy of the Temporal Lobe Overview Parcellation of the temporal lobe in historical maps Cytoarchitectonic, probabilistic maps of the temporal lobe in stereotaxic space Microstructure of the lateral temporal cortex Primary auditory cortex Higher auditory areas Transition to insula Higher associative areas Areas at the temporal pole The perirhinal cortex, parahippocampal, and fusiform cortex Hippocampal-entorhinal region Fascia dentata and cornu ammonis Subicular complex Hippocampal-amygdaloid transition area Entorhinal cortex The amygdala Acknowledgments References Chapter-3---Music-processing-and-amusia_2022_Handbook-of-Clinical-Neurology Music processing and amusia Neural Basis of Music Perception in the Healthy Brain Music processing in the healthy brain Temporal auditory regions Music processing beyond the temporal lobe Beyond perception: Cognitive, motor, and emotional processing of music Music with singing: Interface between music and speech Structural connectivity of the large-scale music network Benefits of musical training Neural Basis of Amusia Neural abnormalities underlying congenital amusia Neural mechanisms underlying acquired amusia Lesion patterns associated with acquired amusia Structural connectivity and volumetric deficits in acquired amusia Functional neural deficits in acquired amusia Toward a neural model and rehabilitation of acquired amusia Clinical Considerations and Future Developments Acknowledgments References Chapter-4---Cortical-disorders-of-speech-processing--_2022_Handbook-of-Clini Cortical disorders of speech processing: Pure word deafness and auditory agnosia Introduction: The Functional Anatomy of the Auditory System Selective Central Auditory Processing Disorders Following Brain Damage Neurological Conditions Associated With Disorders of Auditory Input Processes Lesion Patterns Associated With Pure Auditory Agnosia and Pure Word Deafness The Neural Mechanisms Underlying the Disruption of Speech Input Processing in Cases With Bilateral and Unilateral Lesions Bilateral damage Unilateral damage: The disconnection hypothesis Anatomical disconnection Functional disconnection Possible Reasons for the Left/Right Hemisphere Asymmetry in Auditory Speech Processing Speech sound processes preferentially carried out in the two hemispheres Evidence from studies of generalized auditory agnosia and pure word deafness Conclusions Acknowledgments References Chapter-5---Neuroplasticity-following-cochlear_2022_Handbook-of-Clinical-Neu Neuroplasticity following cochlear implants Key Methodological Issues11Abbreviations used in the chapter are listed at the end of the chapter before References section. Animal Models Structural changes associated with deafness and auditory afferentation Functional changes associated with deafness and CI use Tonotopy and binaural processing Humans Structural changes associated with deafness and CI use Functional changes associated with deafness and CI use Tonotopy and binaural processing Auditory speech processing Conclusions Acknowledgments References Chapter-6---Components-of-language-processing-and-their_2022_Handbook-of-Cli Components of language processing and their long-term and working memory storage in the brain Phonological WM and the Buffer vs Embedded Processes Debate Neuropsychological Studies Show That Lesioned Regions Associated With Deficits in Phonological WM Are Beyond the Temporal Lobe Single case studies Case series approach using lesion-symptom mapping Functional Neuroimaging Evidence Showing a Dissociation Between Phonological Encoding in the Superior Temporal Lobe and Mainte Phonological Representations Maintained in the Inferior Parietal Lobe Are Resistant to the Interference of Distractors but Dis Semantic WM: Neural Substrates Orthographic Working Memory Conclusions and Directions for Future Research References Chapter-7---Cross-modal-integration-and-plasticity-i_2022_Handbook-of-Clinic Cross-modal integration and plasticity in the superior temporal cortex Introduction11Abbreviations used in the chapter are listed at the end of the chapter before References section. Adaptation and Cross-Modal Plasticity in the STC Cross-Modal Functional Selectivity in the STC Neural Mechanisms Mediating Selective Cross-Modal Plasticity in the STC Cortical Multisensory Convergence and Intrinsic Constraints of Cross-Modal Plasticity Outstanding Issues and Concluding Remarks Acknowledgments References Chapter-8---Visual-mental-imagery--Inside-the-_2022_Handbook-of-Clinical-Neu Visual mental imagery: Inside the mind´s eyes Introduction11Abbreviations used in the chapter are listed at the end of the chapter before References section. The Classical Model of Mental Imagery Challenges to the classical model of mental imagery: Neuropsychological evidence Challenges to the classical model of mental imagery: Neuroimaging evidence Challenges to the classical model of mental imagery: Neurostimulation evidence Devising a New Model: A Core VMI Network Located in the Temporal Lobe The fusiform imagery node: An Interface between memory and conscious visual perception? The frontoparietal network Structural evidence in support of the model Conclusions Acknowledgment References Chapter-9---The-functions-of-the-temporal-parie_2022_Handbook-of-Clinical-Ne The functions of the temporal–parietal junction Introduction Macro- and microanatomy of the TPJ Anatomical connectivity Functional connectivity Anatomical and Functional Issues Hemispheric asymmetry Multiple vs. overarching functions of the TPJ Empirical Inquiries on the Function(s) of the TPJ Theory of mind (ToM) Self-perception and agency Memory: Encoding and retrieval Language and number processing Orienting of attention Current Hypotheses on the ``Overarching´´ Function of the TPJ The ``bottom-up attention´´ hypothesis (BUA) The ``social ability´´ hypothesis The ``perspective tracking differences´´ hypothesis The ``dorsal TPJ control´´ hypothesis The ``multisensory coding´´ hypothesis A new unifying interpretation of the function of the TPJ Theory of Mind (ToM) Self-perception and agency Memory: Retrieval and encoding Linguistic coherence and math facts Conclusions and Future Research References Further reading Chapter-10---Visual-objects-and-their-colo_2022_Handbook-of-Clinical-Neurolo Visual objects and their colors High-Level Visual Processing in the Ventral Temporal Lobe Disorders of Object Shape Recognition Apperceptive agnosia Associative agnosia Optic aphasia Integrative agnosia Neuropsychological tests of agnosia High-level color processing Cerebral achromatopsia Color anomia Color agnosia General Conclusions References Chapter-11---Face-processing-in-the-temporal_2022_Handbook-of-Clinical-Neuro Face processing in the temporal lobe Nonhuman Primate Studies11Abbreviations used in the chapter are listed at the end of the chapter before References section. Functional Neuroimaging in Healthy Human Subjects Human Functional Imaging: fMRI-Adaptation Studies Human Functional Imaging: Other Techniques Human Stimulation Studies Human Neuropsychological Data: Case Studies Human Neuropsychological Data: Group Studies Right Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and Resection Left Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and Resection Other Neuropsychologic Group Studies Summary References Chapter-12---The-neural-underpinnings-of-word-comprehens_2022_Handbook-of-Cl The neural underpinnings of word comprehension and production: The critical roles of the temporal lobes Introduction11Abbreviations used in the chapter are listed at the end of the chapter before References section. Word Comprehension Semantics Naming Reading and Spelling Access to or processing of the visual/orthographic word form Sublexical processes Graphemic buffer/short-term storage of abstract letter identities Motor output Conclusions References Chapter-13---Domain-specific-connectivity-drives-the-o_2022_Handbook-of-Clin Domain-specific connectivity drives the organization of object knowledge in the brain Introduction Defining the question Criteria for domain-specificity Scope of this review Use Case Scenarios for Visual Recognition Evidence for Domain-Specific Neural Organization Clues from neuropsychology Clues from functional neuroimaging Perceiving and knowing about color and surface texture Explanations of Category-Specificity in Occipito-Temporal Cortex Local-constraint-based accounts of the causes of category-preferences Connectivity-based explanations of the causes of category-preferences Adjudicating Between Local-Constraint- and Connectivity-Based Accounts of Category-Specific&spi Category-preferences are present in congenitally blind individuals Alignment of connectivity with category-preferences Is the connectivity that drives category-specific organization innately constrained? Causal evidence for a connectivity-constrained account of category-preferences Reframing expectations for a domain-specific account of occipito-temporal cortex organization Conclusions Acknowledgments References Chapter-14---The-noun-verb-distinction_2022_Handbook-of-Clinical-Neurology The noun-verb distinction Introduction Behavioral Dissociation Between Nouns and Verbs Nouns and Verbs in the Context of Psycholinguistic Accounts Semantic accounts Grammatical accounts Morphological accounts Nouns and Verbs in the Context of Anatomic Accounts of Language Anatomic Correlates of Noun and Verb Processing Nouns and Verbs: A Closer Look at Temporal Lobe Anatomy and Function General Discussion and Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter-15---The-neural-correlates-of-abstract-a_2022_Handbook-of-Clinical-N The neural correlates of abstract and concrete words Introduction The concreteness effect The reversal of the concreteness effect Neuropsychological Evidence Single cases Patients with unilateral lesions Patients with bilateral temporal lesions Group studies Reversal of concreteness effect on verbs Reversal of concreteness effect on nouns Neuroimaging Studies Neurostimulation/Modulation Studies rTMS and tDCS studies DES in brain tumors Concrete and Abstract Word Priming during Anesthesia Binding Concrete Words with Abstract Concepts: The Case of Idioms Conclusions References Chapter-16---Acquired-dyslexias-following-tempo_2022_Handbook-of-Clinical-Ne Acquired dyslexias following temporal lesions Introduction Peripheral Occipitotemporal Reading Impairments Pure alexia and impaired orthographic perception Visual form agnosia and impaired single letter perception Handwriting agnosia Central Perisylvian Impairments of Printed Word Processing Phonological dyslexia and impaired letters-to-sounds translation Surface dyslexia and impaired reading through the lexicon Deep dyslexia: A combined deficit? Future Directions of Research References Chapter-17---Proper-names-and-personal-iden_2022_Handbook-of-Clinical-Neurol Proper names and personal identity Introduction Distribution of Functions in the Semantic System: Two Different Mechanisms Proper Names and Personal Identity: An Information Processing Model The left temporal lobe, proper-name processing, and memory for individuals Neuroimaging studies Naming Face-name association and individual (personal) identity Memory for individuals, emotions, and social knowledge Neurophysiological methods Event-related potentials Intracerebral electroencephalography Transcranial magnetic stimulation Transcranial direct current stimulation Clinical group studies Nonsurgical focal lesions Temporal lobectomy Lesions to white matter connections Temporal atrophy Single-case studies The Temporal Lobe and Proper-Name-Related Networks The Temporal Lobe and Two Systems References Chapter-18---Neural-correlates-of-recognition-and-naming-o_2022_Handbook-of- Neural correlates of recognition and naming of famous persons and landmarks: A special role for the left ante ... Introduction Background Previous research on recognition and naming Current Work Famous Faces Famous Landmarks General Conclusions Acknowledgments References Chapter-19---The-temporal-lobes-and-memor_2022_Handbook-of-Clinical-Neurolog The temporal lobes and memory Introduction11Abbreviations used in the chapter are listed at the end of the chapter before References section. H.M. and the birth of the neuroscience of human memory Neurological disorders of human memory Outline of the chapter The Conscious/Unconscious Dichotomy and the Role of MTL in Memory The MTL underlies declarative or conscious memory Beyond the conscious-unconscious dichotomy: The binding role of the HP in associative memory Functional Anatomy of the ``Extended Hippocampal System´´ MTL structures and intrinsic connectivity Extrinsic connectivity A functional model of MTL Episodic vs Semantic Memory Generality The episodic/semantic distinction in the anterograde memory domain The episodic/semantic distinction in retrograde memory ``Fast´´ and ``slow´´ learning mechanisms underlie episodic and semantic memory Episodic Memory as Relational Memory Relational vs single-item memory Recollection and familiarity in episodic memory The HP supports relations beyond the declarative memory realm Summary With a Clinical Neuropsychological Perspective Concluding Remarks References Chapter-20---Working-memory-and-active-sampling-of-the_2022_Handbook-of-Clin Working memory and active sampling of the environment: Medial temporal contributions Long-Term Memory, Short-Term Memory, and Working Memory11Long-Term Memory, Short-Term Memo Working Memory and the Medial Temporal Lobe: Neuropsychological Evidence WM maintenance: Amount and duration The key role of complex relational bindings in the case of MTL involvement in WM Neural Mechanisms of WM: MTL Contributions MTL involvement in WM encoding MTL involvement in WM maintenance Persistent delay activity in the MTL WM functions of the temporal lobe beyond MTL: Ventral temporal cortex WM, LTM, and Active Sampling of Environmental Information: Contributions From MTL and Beyond Active sampling for WM access by covert attention and eye movements LTM, working memory, and active sampling: Evidence for MTL contributions from scene and object inspection studies LTM, working memory, and active sampling: Evidence for MTL contributions from scene and object studies with strong cognitive c Relationships of MTL with inferior temporal cortex in active sampling WM, LTM, and active sampling for visual search: Evidence for MTL contributions from contextual cueing studies Working Memory and Active Sampling: Role of MTL Acknowledgments References Chapter-21---Amygdala-function-in-emotion--cognit_2022_Handbook-of-Clinical- Amygdala function in emotion, cognition, and behavior The Amygdala in the Temporal Lobe: Anatomy and Connectivity Role of Amygdala in Emotion, Saliency, and Social Cognition First studies and fear conditioning Amygdala reactivity to salient information Amygdala in social cognition Amygdala encodes relevance Amygdala Influences on Cognitive and Behavioral Functions Memory via hippocampal complex Action via motor systems Decision-making via prefrontal cortex Perception and awareness via sensory systems Preattentive and Unconscious Processing by Amygdala Insights From Neuropsychology After Human Amygdala Lesion Role of Amygdala in Psychiatric Conditions Conclusions References Chapter-22---Amygdala-connectivity-and-implications-_2022_Handbook-of-Clinic Amygdala connectivity and implications for social cognition and disorders Introduction Amygdala–Cortical Circuits Medial prefrontal cortex Amygdala–mPFC structure and function Advances in amygdala–mPFC structural connectivity Advances in amygdala–mPFC functional connectivity Amygdala–mPFC in social cognition Orbitofrontal cortex Amygdala–OFC structure and function Advances in amygdala–OFC structural connectivity Advances in amygdala–OFC functional connectivity Amygdala–OFC in social cognition Amygdala–Hippocampal Circuits Hippocampus Amygdala–hippocampus structure and function Advances in amygdala–hippocampus structural connectivity Amygdala–hippocampus functional connectivity advances Amygdala–hippocampus in social cognition Amygdala Networks in Social Disorders Autism spectrum disorder Social anxiety disorder Williams syndrome Conclusions Acknowledgments Competing financial interests References Chapter-23---Neuropathology-of-the-temporal-_2022_Handbook-of-Clinical-Neuro Neuropathology of the temporal lobe General Introduction Inflammatory Diseases Herpes virus encephalitides Rabies Prion diseases Other infectious diseases Autoimmune limbic encephalitis Inflammation and neurodegeneration Epilepsy Introduction Hippocampal sclerosis Malformations of cortical development Changes secondary to epilepsy Long-term epilepsy associated tumors The concept Glioneuronal and neuronal tumors Circumscribed astrocytic gliomas Pediatric-type diffuse low-grade gliomas Vascular malformations Rarer lesional aspects and absence of lesions Neurodegenerative Disorders Introduction Alzheimer's disease Frontotemporal lobar degeneration Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy α-Synucleinopathies References Chapter-24---Frontotemporal-dementia--A-unique-window-_2022_Handbook-of-Clin Frontotemporal dementia: A unique window on the functional role of the temporal lobes Neurodegeneration: A Flashlight for Cognitive Neuroscience11Abbreviations used in the chapter are listed at the end of th Crossing the ``t´´ in FTD A bull's eye on neglected cortices and complex behaviors Homogenous Pathology, Multifaceted Symptomatology The Hurdles of Diagnostic and Classification Criteria Pathological findings and genetic evidence Structural and functional neuroimaging Eroded Concepts, Preserved Percepts Key cognitive and behavioral features of temporal neurodegeneration Discretizing a continuous spectrum Toward a better assessment of semantic knowledge, social cognition, and emotion processing Temporal FTD-Spectrum Syndromes and the Role of the ATLs in What We Know, Feel, and Do Structural and functional gradients Implications for neurocognitive models Open questions and future directions References Chapter-25---The-temporal-lobe-in-typical-and-atyp_2022_Handbook-of-Clinical The temporal lobe in typical and atypical Alzheimer disease Introduction The case of Auguste D Biological Definition of AD The Temporal Lobe in AD Pathology Typical, Late-Onset Amnestic AD Preclinical AD Prodromal AD AD dementia Late-onset amnestic clinical case Atypical, Early-Onset AD Logopenic primary progressive aphasia as language variant of AD Clinical case Posterior cortical atrophy as visual variant of AD Clinical case Conclusions Acknowledgments References Chapter-26---Limbic-encephalitis_2022_Handbook-of-Clinical-Neurology Limbic encephalitis History First description and naming of the syndrome Further evolution Nonparaneoplastic LE Definition Features common to all subtypes of LE Memory deficits Psychiatric symptoms Seizures and electroencephalography Magnetic resonance imaging Fluorodeoxyglucose 18F positron emission tomography Differential Diagnoses Status epilepticus Glioma Viral encephalitis Specific Features of Ab-Defined Subgroups of LE LGI1 abs Epidemiology Pathophysiology Tumor associations Phenotypes beyond LE Seizures and electroencephalography Serum/CSF studies Outcome CASPR2 abs Epidemiology Pathophysiology Tumors Phenotypes beyond LE Seizures Serum/CSF studies Outcome GABABR abs Epidemiology Pathophysiology Tumors Phenotypes beyond LE Seizures Serum/CSF studies Outcome AMPAR abs Epidemiology Pathophysiology Tumors Phenotypes beyond LE Seizures Serum/CSF studies Outcome GAD abs Epidemiology Pathophysiology Tumors Phenotypes beyond LE Seizures Serum/CSF studies Outcome AK5 abs Epidemiology Pathophysiology Tumors Phenotypes beyond LE Seizures Serum/CSF studies Outcome Onconeural abs Hu abs Ma2 abs CV2 abs Amphiphysin abs Perspectives Diagnostic challenges Therapeutic challenges Basic research options Acknowledgments Conflicts of interests Financial support and sponsorship References Chapter-27---Semiology--EEG--and-neuroimaging-findin_2022_Handbook-of-Clinic Semiology, EEG, and neuroimaging findings in temporal lobe epilepsies Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: Epidemiologic, Social, and Historical Considerations11Abbreviations used in the chapter are listed at Epidemiology Historical considerations Impact of TLE on society and culture Main Etiologies of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Hippocampal sclerosis Tumors Malformations of cortical development (MCDs) Vascular malformations Glial scars and encephalomalacia Temporal encephalocele Autoimmune encephalitis (see Chapter 26, this volume) Genetic mutations Dual pathology Clinical Features: Natural History and Semiology Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy Focal aware seizures Focal cognitive seizures Focal autonomic seizures Focal emotional seizures Focal sensory seizures Focal impaired awareness seizures Focal to bilateral tonic–clonic seizures Postictal state Lateral temporal lobe epilepsy Focal aware seizures Other signs to discriminate between LTLE and MTLE Mesio-lateral temporal epilepsy Temporal pole or temporo-polar epilepsy Temporal ``plus´´ epilepsy Neuroimaging Recommendations and Protocol in Epileptic Patients The Clinical Neurophysiology of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy General considerations Interictal surface EEG in TLE Localization value of Interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) Lateralizing and prognostic value of IEDs on TLE Focal slowing and temporal intermittent rhythmic delta activity (TIRDA) Ictal scalp EEG in TLE Invasive EEG in TLE Interictal SEEG activity in TLE High-frequency oscillations (HFOs) in TLE Ictal SEEG in TLE Interictal PET in TLE General considerations Ictal SPECT in TLE Conclusions References Chapter-28---Neuropsychology-of-temporal-lobe-_2022_Handbook-of-Clinical-Neu Neuropsychology of temporal lobe epilepsies Introduction Neuropsychological Deficits in TLE TLE with hippocampal sclerosis TLE without hippocampal sclerosis Comprehensive Neuropsychological Assessment Neuropsychological Assessment in Epilepsy Surgery Conclusions Acknowledgment References Chapter-29---Surgery-procedures-in-temporal-lob_2022_Handbook-of-Clinical-Ne Surgery procedures in temporal lobe epilepsies Introduction Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Surgery Resective surgery Surgical approaches Anterior temporal lobectomy Selective amygdalohippocampectomy Other surgical approaches Outcomes Seizure outcome Cognitive outcome Psychiatric outcome Morbidity Conclusion Stereotactic radiosurgery Outcomes Seizure outcome Cognitive outcome Morbidity Conclusion Stereotactic amygdalohippocampectomy Radiofrequency Laser interstitial thermal therapy Seizure outcome Cognitive outcome Morbidity High-level evidence study Conclusion Brain stimulation Amygdalohippocampal intermittent or continuous stimulation Seizure and cognitive outcomes Morbidity Brain-responsive neurostimulation Seizure outcome Morbidity Conclusion Neocortical Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Surgery Lateral temporal lobe epilepsy Temporal pole epilepsy How to Explain and Manage the Failures in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Surgery? Future Perspectives in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Surgery Enhancing the epileptogenic zone detection Intracranial electroencephalogram recordings using microelectrodes Intraoperative real-time guidance using elastography Ultrasound therapies for temporal lobe epilepsy: A promising technology? Conclusions Conflict of interest In memoriam References Index_2022_Handbook-of-Clinical-Neurology Index