Aviation Noise Impact Management. Technologies, Regulations, and Societal Well-being in Europe

Description

Foreword Preface Acknowledgements Contents Understanding the Basics of Aviation Noise Context of Aviation Noise Basics of Physical Mechanisms, Metrics and Perception Sound Pressure Level and Loudness Temporal Behaviour: Peak/instantaneous Levels versus Equivalent Levels Lden: Day Evening Night Level Source Directivity Effective Perceived Noise Level: EPNL Reference Noise Burden in Europe Introduction The Regulation Behind the Data Collection The Scope of the END Exclusions The Method Exclusions The Data Collection Exclusions Health Risk by Aviation Noise in Europe People Exposed to High Levels of Environmental Noise Health Risk Associated with Noise Exposure Burden of Disease Uncertainties in the Estimation Data Challenges for the Near Future References Regulating and Reducing Noise Today Balanced Approach to Aircraft Noise Management From Noise Exposure to Noise Annoyance—Introduction Issues The Global Footprint of Aviation Noise The ICAO Noise Certification Procedure for Aircraft Reduction of Aircraft Noise at Source Land-Use Planning and Noise Impact Management Issues Airport Planning Manual for Appropriate Land-Use Inside Noise Zone Aircraft Operational Measures for Noise Reduction Departure Procedures Aircraft Operating Restrictions to Reduce Noise Exposure Conclusion: From Noise Exposure to Noise Impact Management References Perspective on 25 Years of European Aircraft Noise Reduction Technology Efforts and Shift Towards Global Research Aimed at Quieter Air Transport Introduction—Background and General Context of Noise from Air Transport Operations European Context—ACARE Strategic Research Agendas and Establishment of the 2020 and 2050 Aviation Environmental Goals Phased Strategy Towards 2020 Targets and Beyond A Coordinated European Aviation Noise Research Effort Overall Approach to Coordination Noise Reduction at Source—Technological Achievements and Perspectives Noise Abatement Procedures (NAP)—Achievements and Perspectives Improvement in the Understanding of Aircraft Noise and Its Impacts Assessment of Progress Relative to ACARE Noise Reduction Targets Background and Methodology Changing Boundary Conditions 2015 Progress Assessment Recent Developments in Assessing ACARE 2020 and 2050 Noise Targets and Associated Recommendations Addressing the Longer Term Objectives—Noise and the ACARE SRIA Identifying the Conditions for a Successful Strategy Aimed at the 2050 Noise Target while Considering a Wider Noise Research Effort Allowing Full Implementation of the Balanced Approach Establishing the Common Strategic Research Roadmap for Aviation Noise Reduction Community Building General Overview Integration of Research Community Collaboration Efforts and Outreach Lessons Learned Reflecting on the Technology Focused Effort and the Extended Research Scope Noise vs Emissions EU Transport Noise Policy Future Aircraft and the Future of Aircraft Noise The Need for Novel Aircraft Configurations Boundary Layer Ingestion and the NOVA Concept: Implications on Noise The NOVA Aircraft ARTEM Objectives and Work Sharing Acoustic Assessment at Low Speed Acoustic Assessment at High Speed Conclusions and Perspectives on the BLI Study FRIDA, a Framework for Innovative Design in Aeronautics Aircraft Design and Noise Prediction for Novel Concepts Benefits of the Box-Wing Architecture for Passenger Aircraft—The H2020 Project “PARSIFAL” Sustainable SuperSonic Transport: Technical Challenges and Noise Certification Concluding Remarks References Competing Agendas for Land-Use Around Airports Introduction Iasi Airport Case Study Introduction Experience with Aircraft Noise Management Prior to ANIMA Progress Within the ANIMA Project Conclusions Insulation Case Study Introduction Background Sound Insulation Schemes Studied Discussion Conclusions Overall Discussion Conclusions References Beyond Flying Machines, Human Beings Impact of Aircraft Noise on Health What Are the Health Impacts of Aircraft Noise Exposure Cardiovascular Diseases Sleep Disturbance Cognitive Impairment Mental Health and Well-Being Hearing Impairment Adverse Birth Outcomes Metabolic Diseases Noise Annoyance—A Mediator of Aircraft Noise Effects on Health? Why Does Aircraft Noise Exposure Have an Impact on Health? General Health-Related Mechanisms of Aircraft Noise Exposure Health-Related Mechanisms of Aircraft Noise Exposure During Sleep Individual Risk Factors in the Causal Chain from Noise to Health Outcomes Current Gaps in the Relationship Between Aircraft Noise Exposure and Health Outcomes Conclusions References Coping with Aviation Noise: Non-Acoustic Factors Influencing Annoyance and Sleep Disturbance from Noise Annoyance as the Most Common Psychological Effect of Noise and Its Non-Acoustic Influence Factors Personal and Social Factors Contextual and Situational Factors Social Aspects of the Noise Management Sleep Disturbance as the Most Common Neuro-Behavioral and Physiological Effect of Noise and Its Non-Acoustic Influence Factors Situational Factors Personal Factors Relation Between Sleep Disturbance and Annoyance Role of Non-Acoustic Factors for Aircraft Noise Interventions Role of Airport Interventions on Quality of Life in Airport Regions Natural and Living Environment Productive or Main Activity Education and Leisure Conclusions: How to Deal with Non-Acoustic Factors in Aircraft Noise Management? References Engaging Communities in the Hard Quest for Consensus Introduction The Role of Media Coverage Results of the ANIMA Media Coverage Analysis Communication and Engagement and Noise Management Why is Fairness so Important in this Context? Fairness as the Overall Goal What is Communication and Engagement A Tale of Communication and Engagement Gone Wrong How to Do ‘Good’ Communication and Engagement Vienna Airport: Now an Example of Good Communication and Engagement Evaluation Evaluating Fairness in the Context of Aircraft Noise Management—Introduction of an Psychometric Instrument ANIMA in Action Rotterdam the Hague Closing Remark References Towards Innovative Ways to Assess Annoyance Introduction Immersive Simulation to Mimic Real-Life Experiences Validation of a Virtual Reality Application for Aircraft Noise Effectiveness of This Virtual Reality Application for Better Communication Mobile Application to Assess People's “Annoyance” Introduction The ANIMA Mobile Application (AnimApp) Experiences Around Two Airports Using Twitter as a Survey Tool: Understanding people’s Opinions of Quality of Life Around Airports Context Scientific Background Analysis Pipeline Future Work Conclusion References Towards Mapping of Noise Impact Introduction Noise Management Toolset Objectives of the Tool Working Principle Airports Building of Scenarios Visualisation of Results Future Work Virtual Community Tool Aim of the Tool Working Principle Features Scenario Show-Cases Dynamic Noise Maps Background and Definition Human Mobility Patterns Different Ways of Collecting Human Mobility Patterns Methodology How Do Human Mobility Patterns Influence the Population Noise Exposure Around an Airport? ANIMA Case Study: Dynamic Noise Maps for Ljubljana Airport Further Developments References ANIMA Noise Platform and ANIMA Methodology: One-Stop Shop for Aviation Noise Management How is ANIMA Different and What is its Added Value Community Engagement in ANIMA Project ANIMA Noise Platform ‘Designing’ Effective Noise Management Measures Design-Led Approaches to Noise Management The ANIMA Methodology Identification of the Need for an Intervention Design of Options Selection of Intervention Option Implementation Post-Evaluation Lessons Learnt References Overall Perspectives Lesson One—Aircraft Noise Is Not Aviation Noise Lesson two—As for Technology, Research On Aircraft Noise Must Favour Disruptive Concepts Lesson Three—Noise Regulations Based on Metrics Do Not Protect Against Annoyance Lesson Four—We Do Not Know What Annoyance Is, But We Know How It Is Mediated Lesson Five—Do Not Presume Communities’ Expectations. Be Fair With Them, Listen To Them And Empower Them Lesson Six—Evaluate Measures Taken On A Regular Basis Lesson Seven—Do Not Wait Until It Is Too Late For Implementing Regulation 598/2014 Lesson Eight—Providing Experience Of “Pathfinders” And “Experienced Travellers” To Airports “Starting The Journey” Lesson 9—Build On And Widen The Anima Experience And Its Methods Summary of Recommendations Glossary