Textbook of Radiology for Residents and Technicians

Description

Front Cover Half Title Page Title Page Copyright List of Contributors Preface to the Sixth Edition Preface to the First Edition Contents 1. Basic Anatomy The Skeleton Structure of Bone Upper Limb Lower Limb Ankle Region and Foot 2. Surface Anatomy Superior Extremity Inferior Extremity Thorax Typical Rib Abdomen Head and Neck 3. Systemic Anatomy and Physiology Circulatory System—Blood Plasma Blood Cells Thrombosis and Fibrinolysis Blood Vessels Heart Nerves Blood Pressure Blood Volume Pulmonary Circulation Respiratory System—Nose Pharynx Larynx Control of Respiration Digestive System—Stomach Small Intestine Excretory System—Kidneys Ureters Urinary Bladder Reproductive System—Male and Female Endocrine Glands Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis) Adrenals Thyroid Gland Pancreas Nervous System—Central Nervous System Brain Midbrain Cerebellum Pons Peripheral Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System Sensory System—Skin Eye Ear Nose Tongue 4. Basic Physics Measurement Current and Resistance Ohm’s Law of Electrical Circuit Conductor Insulator and Semiconductor Electric Power Ammeter and Voltmeter Lenz’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction Characteristics of X-ray Beam Light Invisible Spectrum Outline of Atomic Structure, Energy Levels, Radioactivity 5. Generation and Properties of X-Rays Production of X-Rays Bremsstrahlung Radiation Characteristic Radiation X-ray Tube Cathode Anode Glass Envelope and Housing Basic Circuit of X-ray Generator Tube Rating Charts Types of Tube Inverse Square Law 6. Interaction of X-Ray with Matter Interaction Process Coherent Scattering Photoelectric Absorption Influence of Characteristic X-rays Application to Diagnostic Application to Diagnostic Radiology Compton Scattering Image Produced by Contrast Media Application of Absorption Edge in Radiology Important Influence of K Edge 7. Attenuation Attenuation Coefficients Factors Affecting Attenuation Application in Diagnostic Radiology 8. Filters Inherent Filtration Added Filtration Wedge Filter Heavy Metal Filters 9. X-Ray Beam Restrictors X-ray Collimators 10. General Radiography Image Unsharpness Speed of Film Safe Light Grids Bucky Factor Density of Film 11. Digital Radiography (DR) Components of a Digital Radiographic System Digital Fluoroscopy System X-ray Generator and X-ray Tube Image Intensifier Television Scan Modes Digital Image Processor Analog-to-digital Converter Digital Substraction Techniques (DSA) Digital Image Processing 12. Recent Advances: Computed Radiography and Digital Radiography Limitation of Film Screen Radiography History of Computed Radiography Computed Radiography System New Applications of DR System Newer Applications in CR System Indirect Digital Detector 13. Dark Room Procedures Dark Room Film Construction Types of Films Green Sensitive Films Grain Technology Cassette Intensifying Screens Luminescence Manual Processing Automatic Processing Essentials of Automatic Processor 14. Radiation Hazards and Protection Radiation Hazards Radiation Protection Diagnostic X-ray Installations Zero Gravity Lead Apron Zero Lead Apron 15. Radiation Dosimetry Importance of Biological Dosimetry Computed Tomography Fluoroscopy Indirect Dose Measurement Method Direct Dose Measurement Method Mammography 16. The Hospital, the Patient, and the Radiographer Clinical Responsibility Negligence Ethical Responsibility Legal Responsibilities Procedure in the Event of an Accident, Radiographer and the Hospital Safety of the Patient Transporting the Patient in a Wheel Chair Hygiene in the X-ray Department Preparation of the Patient Radiation Safety Radiography of Children Gonad Dose Protective Measures 17. Planning of Radiology Department Planning of Diagnostic X-ray Department Rating of Diagnostic X-ray Generators and X-ray Tubes Planning of Radiation Therapy Department Guidelines for Starting a Diagnostic X-ray Installation 18. Regional Radiography Radiography of Abdomen Radiography of Chest Sternum Heart and Aorta Urinary Tract Urinary Bladder Biliary Tract Skull Projections Radiography of Upper Limb Hand Scaphoid Carpal Tunnel Forearm Shaft of Humerus Humerus – Intertubercular Sulcus Shoulder Sternoclavicular Joints Lower Limb Foot Calcaneum Ankle Joint Leg Knee Joint Intercondylar Space Shaft of Femur Hip Joint Pelvis Neck of Femur Sacroiliac Joints Cervical Spine Atlanto-Occipital Joints Cervicothoracic Vertebra Thoracic Spine Lumbar Spine Lumbar Vertebrae Lumbosacral Junction Sacrum Coccyx 19. Special Diagnostic and Imaging Procedures Urinary System IVU Female Genital Tract Male Genital Organs Digestive System Biliary Tract Dacryocystography Orbital Venography Sialography Nasopharyngography Laryngography Bronchography Arthrography Central Nervous System Diagnostic Visceral and Peripheral Angiography Percutaneous Splenoportography Coeliac and Superior Mesenteric Arterioportography Venous System Interventional Catheterisation Percutaneous Balloon Angioplasty Lymphatic System Xeroradiography Tomography Mammography Contrast Media CT Contrast Agents Oral CT Contrast Agents 20. Digital Tomosynthesis Principle of Digital Tomosynthesis Equipment Image Processing Clinical Applications 21. Artifacts Types of Artifacts Origin of Artifacts Physics-based Artifacts Beam Hardening Artifacts Scanner-based Artifacts Ring Artifacts Helical and Multisection CT Artifacts Collimation Acquisition Artifacts Post-Processing Artifacts Display Artifacts Corduroy Artifact CR Screen Artifacts CR Ghost Images CR Reader Artifacts Chemical Shift Artifacts 22. Anaesthesia in Diagnostic Radiology General Anaesthesia in the X-ray Department Preparation Facilities Anaesthesia Supplies and Equipment Anaesthesia in the Radiology Suite Basic Life Support (BLS) for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) 23. Ultrasound Principles, Instrumentation, Artifacts and Biological Safety Interactions between Ultrasound and Matter Types of Reflectors Quarter-Wave Matching Imaging Principles Resolution Ultrasound Instrumentation Piezoelectricity (Pressure Electricity) Types of Real Time Transducers Special Purpose Scanners 3D-US Scanning Artifacts Biological Effects and Safety Mechanisms 24. Doppler Ultrasound: Principles and Applications Scattering of US by Blood Characteristics of Blood Flow Doppler Techniques in Use Continuous Wave Doppler Pulsed Doppler Duplex Scanner Doppler Colour Flow Imaging Adnexal Masses IUGR Cardiac Doppler Tissue Harmonic Imaging High IntensityFocussed Ultrasound (HIFU) 25. Computed Tomography (CT) Physical Principle CT Generations Electron Beam CT (EBCT) Reconstruction Technique CT Numbers CT Dose Index Spiral CT Collimators CT Anatomy Dual Energy CT Real Time CT Fluoroscopy Cone Beam ComputedTomography 4D Computed Tomography (4D-CT) 26. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Physical Principle Fundamentals of MRI Spin Echo (SE) Multislice Imaging MRI System Single-Voxel Spectroscopy (SVS) Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Imaging (MRSI) Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands Breast Heart Myocardium Right Ventricle Esophagus Liver and Biliary System Pancreas Gall Bladder Spleen Adrenal Gland Kidneys Uterus Cervix Vagina Ovaries Male Pelvis Urinary Bladder Female Urethrae Scrotum and Testes 27. Elastography Vibrational Doppler Imaging Magnetic Resonance Elastography (MRE) Intravascular Ultrasound Elastography (IUE) Palpography Shear Wave Elastography 28. Interventional Radiology Common Procedures Fluoroscopy Equipment Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) Seldinger Technique Guide Catheters Guidewires Dilatation Balloon Catheters Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty Stents Embolotherapy Arthrography 29. Radiofrequency Ablation Indications RFA Electrodes Approach to Destroying Inoperable Primary or Metastatic Tumours in the Liver 30. Radionuclide Imaging Principles Basic Physics of Radioactivity Types of Radiation Cyclotron Radionuclide Generators Radiation Detector Well Counter Collimators Radionuclide Scanning Imaging Devices Radiopharmaceuticals Radioactive Iodine Radioactive Waste Disposal Radiation Monitoring Radiation Protection in Nuclear Medicine Emission Computed Tomography Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) SPECT Collimator Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Annihilation Coincidence Detection(ACD) BBB Scintigraphy 31. Fusion Imaging Methods of Simultaneous Display of Images of Two Modalities Image Averaging Intensity Modulation Frequency Encoding PETCT FDG-PET Molecular Imaging 32. Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS) PACS Technology Digital Image Acquisition Hospital Information System (HIS) Radiology Information System (RIS) 33. Paediatric Radiography Development of Paediatric Radiology Risks of Paediatric Radiology Radiologic Equipment Approaching Patients Requiring Special Care Common Paediatric Examinations 34. Emergency Radiography Radiographies Positioning in Emergency Settings 35. Radiotherapy Dose Measurement Absorbed Dose Potency of Radiation Dosimetric Instruments Thermoluminescence Dosimetry Geiger-Mueller Counter Brachytherapy Teletherapy Gamma Radiations Radiosurgery Treatment Planning Radiobiology Cancer of Lung Tumours of Eye Wilm’s Tumour Skin Cancer Lymphomas Hodgkin’s Lymphoma 36. Artificial Intelligence History Applications in Radiology Current use of AI in Radiology 37. Bon Age Estimation Index