Endoscopic approaches to the paranasal sinuses and skull base : a step-by-step anatomic dissection guide

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Endoscopic Approaches to the Paranasal Sinuses and Skull Base: A Step-by-Step Anatomic Dissection Guide Title Page Copyright Contents Preface (Manuel Bernal-Sprekelsen) Preface (Isam Alobid) Acknowledgments Contributors Section 1 Introduction 1 Evolution of Skull Base Surgery: The Multidisciplinary Team Approach 2 Three-Dimensional Anatomy of the Skull Base: The Ventral Pathway Introduction 2.1 Surgical Simulation Methodology 2.2 Simulation of the Different Steps of the EE Approach 2.3 Conclusion Section 2 Anatomy of the Lateral Nasal Wall and the Paranasal Sinuses 3 Endoscopic Lateral Nasal Wall and Anterior and Posterior Ethmoid Sinus Dissection Introduction 3.1 Indications for Ethmoid Sinus Surgery 3.2 Surgical Steps 3.3 Infundibulotomy 3.4 Middle Meatal Antrostomy 3.5 Dissection of the Anterior Ethmoid (Partial Anterior Ethmoidectomy) 3.6 Dissection of the Posterior Ethmoid (Ethmoidectomy) 4 Frontal Sinus and Draf Approaches Introduction 4.1 Anatomy of the Frontal Recess and Frontoethmoid Cells 4.2 Preoperative Evaluation 4.3 Indications 4.4 Surgical Steps 4.5 Case Examples 4.6 Complications and Tips and Tricks 5 Sphenoid Sinus Introduction 5.1 Anatomy of the Sphenoid Sinus 5.2 Preoperative Evaluation 5.3 Indications 5.4 Surgical Steps 5.5 Case Examples 5.6 Complications 5.7 Tips and Tricks 6 Medial Maxillectomy Introduction 6.1 Indications 6.2 Surgical Steps 6.3 Case Example 6.4 Complications 6.5 Tips and Tricks 7 Anterior and Posterior Ethmoidal Arteries Introduction 7.1 Indications to Expose the Ethmoidal Arteries 7.2 Surgical Steps 7.3 Case Example 7.4 Complications 7.5 Tips and Tricks 8 Sphenopalatine and Maxillary Arteries Introduction 8.1 Anatomy of the Sphenopalatine and Maxillary Arteries 8.2 Indications for Approaches to the Sphenopalatine and Maxillary Arteries 8.3 Surgical Approach to the Sphenopalatine Artery 8.4 Surgical Approach to the Maxillary Artery 8.5 Complications Section 3 Anterior Cranial Fossa 9 Transcribriform Approach Introduction 9.1 Indications 9.2 Surgical Steps 9.3 Case Example 9.4 Complications 9.5 Tips and Tricks 10 Endoscopic Transtuberculum Transplanum Approach Introduction 10.1 Technical Description 10.2 Case Example 11 Suprasellar Approach to the Third Ventricle Introduction 11.1 Indications 11.2 Surgical Steps 11.3 Case Example 11.4 Tips and Tricks 12 Endoscopic Sellar Approach Introduction 12.1 Indications 12.2 General Anatomic Considerations 12.3 Surgical Steps 12.4 Neuroimaging Techniques for Planning 12.5 General Surgical Principles for Endoscopic Endonasal Transsphenoidal Approach 12.6 Surgical Steps 12.7 Intradural Dissection 12.8 Closure 12.9 Case Example 12.10 Complications 12.11 Conclusion 13 Cavernous Sinus Approach Introduction 13.1 Indications 13.2 Surgical Steps 13.3 Case Example 13.4 Complications 13.5 Tips and Tricks 14 Endonasal Endoscopic–Assisted Intraorbital Approach Introduction 14.1 Indications 14.2 Surgical Steps 14.3 Case Examples 14.4 Complications 14.5 Tips and Tricks 14.6 Dedicated Instrumentations 15 Transorbital Neuroendoscopic Approach Introduction 15.1 Surgical Steps 15.2 Conclusion Section 4 Middle Cranial Fossa 16 The Anteromedial Corridor via the Expanded Endonasal Approach: The “Front Door to Meckel’s Cave” Introduction 16.1 Indications 16.2 Anatomic Considerations 16.3 Surgical Steps 16.4 Case Example 16.5 Complications 16.6 Tips and Tricks 17 Endoscopic Endonasal Approach to Intrapetrous Carotid Artery Introduction 17.1 Anatomic Background 17.2 Indications 17.3 Surgical Steps 17.4 Case Examples 17.5 Complications 18 Anterior Endoscopic Petrosectomy Introduction 18.1 Indications 18.2 Surgical Steps 18.3 Complications 18.4 Tips and Tricks 18.5 Case Example Section 5 Clivus and Posterior Cranial Fossa 19 Pituitary Gland Transposition and Retrosellar Approach Introduction 19.1 Indications 19.2 Surgical Steps 19.3 Case Example 19.4 Complications 19.5 Tips and Tricks 20 Transclival Approach Introduction 20.1 Indications 20.2 Surgical Steps 20.3 Case Examples 20.4 Complications 20.5 Tips and Tricks 21 Endoscopic Approaches to the Craniovertebral Junction Introduction 21.1 Surgical Approaches 21.2 Avoidance of Complications during Endoscopic Surgery of Craniovertebral Junction 21.3 Common Pathologies of Craniovertebral Junction 21.4 Complications and Their Avoidance 22 The “Far Medial” (Transcondylar/Transtubercular) Approach to the Inferior Third of the Clivus Introduction 22.1 Surgical Technique 22.2 Complications, Tips and Tricks 22.3 Case Example 22.4 Conclusion 23 Jugular Foramen Approach Introduction 23.1 Indications 23.2 Surgical Steps (Including Tips and Tricks, Technique, and Important Landmarks) Section 6 Pterygopalatine and Infratemporal Fossa 24 Endoscopic Endonasal Approach to Pterygopalatine Fossa Introduction 24.1 Indications 24.2 Surgical Steps 24.3 Instruments Required 24.4 Complications 24.5 Case Example 24.6 Tips and Tricks 25 Infratemporal Approach Introduction 25.1 Indications 25.2 Infratemporal Fossa Limits 25.3 Surgical Steps 25.4 Case Examples 25.5 Complications 25.6 Tips and Tricks 26 Nasopharyngectomy Introduction 26.1 Indications for an Expanded Endonasal Approach 26.2 Contraindications to an Expanded Endonasal Approach 26.3 Surgical Steps 26.4 Reconstruction 26.5 Discussion 26.6 Contraindications to Surgery and Complications 26.7 Conclusion Section 7 Combined Endoscopic–Transcranial Approaches 27 Transbasal/Subfrontal-Transcribriform Approach to Anterior Skull Base Introduction 27.1 Indications 27.2 Surgical Steps 27.3 Case Example 27.4 Complications 27.5 Instruments Required 27.6 Tips and Tricks 28 Retrosigmoid–Transclival Approach Introduction 28.1 Indications 28.2 Surgical Steps 28.3 Conclusion 29 Far Lateral-Craniovertebral Approach 29.1 Far Lateral Approach 29.2 Extended Endoscopic Endonasal Transclival Approach to the Ventrolateral Brain Stem 30 Anterior Transpetrosal Approach versus EEA Transclival Approach Introduction 30.1 Indications 30.2 Surgical Steps 30.3 Complications 30.4 Tips and Tricks 30.5 Case Example Section 8 Basic Landmarks in Expanded Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery 31 Intracranial Vascular Anatomy Introduction 31.1 Internal Carotid Artery 31.2 Superior and Inferior Intercavernous Sinuses (and Cavernous Sinuses) 31.3 Superior and Inferior Petrosal Sinuses 31.4 Basilar Artery (and Vertebrobasilar System including Vertebral Arteries) 32 Anteromedial Corridors to the Cranial Nerves Introduction 32.1 Surgical Steps 32.2 Tips and Tricks 33 Bony Landmarks Introduction 33.1 Parapharyngeal ICA and the Eustachian Tube 33.2 Petrous ICA and the Vidian Canal 33.3 Paraclival ICA and the Clival Recess and the Foramen Rotundum 33.4 Tips and Tricks Section 9 Reconstruction Techniques 34 The Pedicled Nasoseptal Flap Introduction 34.1 Definition 34.2 Indications 34.3 Tips and Tricks 34.4 Advantages 34.5 Surgical Steps 34.6 Complications 34.7 Tips and Tricks to Prevent Complications 34.8 Tips and Tricks 34.9 Conclusion 35 Middle and Inferior Turbinate Flaps Introduction 35.1 Reconstruction Technique 35.2 Inferior Turbinate Flap 35.3 Middle Turbinate Flap 35.4 Discussion 36 Anterior and Posterior Pedicle Lateral Nasal Wall Flaps Introduction 36.1 Indications 36.2 Surgical Steps 36.3 Complications 36.4 Tips and Tricks 37 Pericranial and Temporoparietal Fascia Flaps Introduction 37.1 Anatomy of the Frontal and Temporal Scalp 37.2 Transfrontal Pericranial Flap 37.3 Transpterygoid Temporoparietal Fascia Flap 37.4 Discussion Index