Chemical Literacy and Writing Chemical Reactions

Description

Writing chemical reactions in general and inorganic chemistry is not a trivial task. However, writing reactions for chemical processes correctly is a clear indicator of proficiency and competence in a subject. Unfortunately, very few students grasp the concept of the correct writing of chemical reactions quickly, and so are unable to move through topics of general, analytical, and inorganic chemistry freely. Because the ability to write and balance different types of chemical reactions is a fundamental issue, this becomes a key question of chemical literacy. The successful writing of chemical reactions includes two components: the prediction of products of these reactions and their possible variations, and balancing these reactions providing a material balance between starting compounds and reactions’ products. This book explores that element of the teaching of the fundamentals of chemical literacy: writing complete equations of chemical reactions and balancing them. It contains 49 figures, 22 schemes and 12 tables, and 93 problems (with answers). This book will be very useful for high school students interested in chemical sciences, higher education teachers, students in colleges and universities majoring in chemistry and biochemistry, and chemistry professional working in industry. It also contains information about properties of the most common elements and applications of a variety of their chemical compounds. Cover Half Title Chemical Literacy and Writing Chemical Reactions Copyright Contents Preface 1. Periodic Table as basis for understanding of chemical properties of elements 2. Types of chemical reactions 3. Directions of chemical reactions 3.1. Reactions in solutions: ionic equations 3.2. Solubility of species 3.3. Common volatile compounds as reaction products Citations Part 1. Acid-base reactions 4. Main classes of inorganic compounds 4.1. Oxides 4.1.1. Salt-forming oxides 4.1.2. Methods of obtaining oxides 4.1.3. Non-salt-forming oxides 4.1.4. Natural occurrence of oxides 4.1.5. Practicality of oxides 4.1.6. Other binary compounds 4.2. Hydroxides 4.2.1. Methods of obtaining of bases 4.2.2. Natural occurrence of hydroxides 4.2.3. Aspects of practical uses of bases 4.3. Acids 4.3.1. Oxo-acids 4.3.2. Practical applications of acids 4.3.3. Other inorganic acids 4.4. Amphoteric species 4.5. Salts 4.5.1. Chemical properties of normal salts 4.5.2. Basic salts 4.5.3. Oxo-salts 4.5.4. Acid salts 4.5.5. Mixed and double salts 4.5.6. Complex salts 4.5.7. Natural occurrence of normal salts 4.5.8. Practical applications of some normal salts 5. Practice problems for writing and balancing acids-bases reactions 5.1. Identification of classes of compounds and their properties 5.2. Reactions of oxides and hydroxides (bases and acids) 5.3. Formation and reactions of salts 5.4. Hydrolysis Cited Literature Figure I-XIII Figure I. Representative images of some minerals oxides that are used for metals recovery Figure II. Pictures of samples of several non-metallic oxides and quartz Figure III. Photographs of hydroxide minerals: bases, basic salts and acid Figure IV. Representative images of normal salts as minerals Figure V. Precipitation reactions: A – C insoluble hydroxides; D - G – insoluble salts Figure VII. Single displacement reaction: Fe + CuCl2 = FeCl2 + Cu ↓ Figure VIII. Decomposition reactions: A – oxide to metal, and B – “chemical volcano” result of ignition of ammonium dichromate Figure IX. Combustion reactions: burning of phosphorous (A) and sulfur (B) in oxygen gas in dark Figure XI. Reduction of orange dichromate with sodium sulfite at acidic condition to green Cr(III) Figure XIII. Displacement of I2 by bubbling gaseous Cl2 in KI solution. Part 2. Redox reactions 6. Fundamentals of reduction and oxidation 6.1 The concept of losing and gaining electrons in chemical reactions 6.2. Types of redox reactions 6.3. Activity of metals series 7. Quantitative aspects of redox reactions: the Nernst equation 8. Pictorial representation of redox properties of elements: Frost diagrams 9. Qualitative aspects of redox reactions: common reducers and their reactions I. Electric current at cathode (negatively charged electrode) II. Hydrides of Li, Na, Ca, NaBH4 and LiAlH4 III. Active metals such as Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Ba, Ca IV. Molecular hydrogen V. Electron-rich nonmetals in the following monoatomic anions VI. Other metals (Zn, Al, Fe, Mg, etc.) VII. Non-metals in intermediate oxidation states in anions 10. Qualitative aspects of redox reactions: common oxidizers and their reactions I. Electric current at anode (positively charged electrode) II. Free halogens: F2, Cl2, Br2, I2 III. Ozone and oxygen IV. Other oxygen-containing species: superoxide and peroxides V. Nitric acid, HNO3 VI. Metals in high positive oxidation state VII. Non-metals in high positive oxidation states 11. The role of solutions’ media on the outcome of redox reactions: effect of bases and acids 12. Other factors that affect redox reactions 13. Strategy for prediction of products of redox reactions and worked-out examples Reaction 1 Reaction 2 Reaction 3 Reaction 4 14. Introductory general problems for practice of writing redox reactions 15. Some specific selected redox reactions for main group chemical elements in the Periodic Table 15.1. Groups I and II 15.2. Group III: B, Al 15.3. Group IV: C, Si, Sn and Pb 15.3.1. Problems for practice on group IV elements 15.4. Chemistry of pnictogens (N, P, As) Thermal decomposition of ammonium salts Reactions of pnictogens with other elements Redox active oxo-compounds of nitrogen Thermal decomposition of nitrates Other reactions involving P and As 15.4.1. Practice exercises on redox chemistry of pnictogens 15.5. Chemistry of chalcogens (O, S, Se) 15.5.1. Problems for practice on redox chemistry of group VI elements 15.6 Chemistry of halogens (F, Cl, Br, I) 15.6.1. Practice exercises on redox chemistry of halogens 16. Some selected redox reactions for 3d transition metals series 16.1. Titanium 16.2. Vanadium 16.3. Chromium 16.4. Manganese 16.5. Iron 16.6. Cobalt 16.7. Nickel 16.8. Copper 17. Combined exercises on both types of chemical reactions: acid/base and redox Chemistry of C Chemistry of Si Chemistry of N Chemistry of P Chemistry of O Chemistry of S Chemistry of F Chemistry of Cl Chemistry of Br Chemistry of I Chemistry of 3d-transition metals Chemistry of Mn Chemistry of Ni Chemistry of Fe Chemistry of Cu Chemistry of Co Chemistry of Cr Cited literature Acknowledgement Answers to practice problems 5.1. Basic concepts 5.2. Reactions of oxides and hydroxides (bases and acids) 5.3. Formation and reactions of salts 5.4. Hydrolysis 11. Introductory general problems for practice of writing redox reactions 12.3.1. Problems for practice on group IV elements 12.4.1. Practice exercises on redox chemistry of pnictogens 12.5.1. Problems for practice on redox chemistry of group VI elements 12.6.1. Practice exercises on redox chemistry of halogens 14. Combined exercises on both types of chemical reactions: acid/base and redox Chemistry of C Chemistry of Si Chemistry of N Chemistry of P Chemistry of O Chemistry of S Chemistry of F Chemistry of Cl Chemistry of Br Chemistry of I Chemistry of 3d-transition metals Chemistry of Mn Chemistry of Ni Chemistry of Fe Chemistry of Cu Chemistry of Co Chemistry of Cr