Graphene Oxide in Enhancing Energy Storage Devices

Description

The world is filled with electronics devices that use batteries and supercapacitors, such as laptops, cellphones, and cameras, creating the need for the efficient and effective production of good energy storage devices. The depletion of fossil fuels demands alternative sources of energy, which prompted the creation of solar cell (PV) technologies and fuel cells. The introduction of graphene oxides to these technologies help improve the performance of various energy storage and conversion devices. This book provides a broad review of graphene oxide synthesis and applications in various energy storage devices. The chapters explore various fundamental principles and the foundations of different energy conversion and storage devices with respect to their advancement due to emergence of graphene oxide, such as supercapacitors, batteries and fuel cells. This book will enable research towards improving the performance of various energy storage devices using graphene oxides and will be a valuable reference for researchers and scientists working across physics, engineering, and chemistry on different types of graphene oxide-based energy storage and conversion devices. Features: Edited by established authorities in the field, with chapter contributions from subject area specialists. Provides a comprehensive review of the field. Up to date with the latest developments and cutting-edge research. Cover Half Title Graphene Oxide in Enhancing Energy Storage Devices Copyright Contents Editors Contributors 1. Elementary Concept of Graphene Oxide Additive in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Functional Properties of Graphene 1.3 Band Gap Engineering in Graphene 1.4 Superconductivity in Graphene 1.5 Methods of Synthesis 1.6 Applications of Graphene Oxide 1.7 Specific Applications of Graphene Oxide in Energy Storage Systems 1.8 Conclusion References 2. The Role of Graphene Oxide in Enhancement of Working Principle of Dielectric Capacitors as Energy Storage Device 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Capacitors 2.3 Working Principle of a Capacitor 2.4 Functions of Capacitors 2.5 Factors that Affect Capacitance of Capacitor 2.6 Graphene Oxide (GO) in Brief 2.6.1 Methods of Synthesis of GO 2.6.2 Structure of GO 2.7 Effects of GO on the Working Principle of Dielectric Capacitor 2.8 Summary Acknowledgments References 3. Graphene – An Energy Storage Material 3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 Graphene Oxide 3.1.2 Li-Ion Hybrid Supercapacitors 3.1.2.1 Batteries 3.1.2.2 Supercapacitors 3.1.3 Reduced Graphene Oxide 3.1.4 Graphene Properties and Applications 3.2 Conclusion References 4. Recent Advances in Graphene Oxide–Based Fuel Cells 4.1 Introduction to Fuel Cells 4.2 Graphene Oxide (GO) as a Fuel Cell Material 4.3 Enhancing the Performance of Graphene Oxide–Based Materials 4.3.1 Introducing Dopants 4.3.2 Hydrogenation 4.3.3 Synthesis Method Involved 4.4 Recent Advances in Graphene Oxide–Based Fuel Cells 4.4.1 As Cathode Material 4.4.2 As Anode Material 4.4.3 As Catalyst in Electrodes 4.4.4 As Electrolyte Membrane 4.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References 5. The Prospects of Graphene Oxide (GO) in Improving Efficiency of Energy Storage Devices 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Graphene Oxide (GO) 5.3 Preparation of GO 5.4 Applications of GO 5.5 GO in Enhancing Performance of Energy Storage Devices 5.6 Conclusion References 6. Recent Progress in Graphene Water Purification and Recycling Using Energy Storage Devices 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Oxide of Graphene Sheet Production 6.2.1 Vacuum Filtration Method 6.2.2 Spray-Coating Methods 6.2.3 Spin-Coating Method 6.2.4 Dip-Coating Method 6.2.5 Strata Formation Method 6.3 Modified Graphene and Graphene Behavior 6.3.1 Graphene Manipulations in Water Treatment 6.4 Conclusion References 7. Lithium Ion Battery (LIBs) Performance Optimization using Graphene Oxide 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Lithium-Ion Battery (LIBs) 7.3 Working Principle LIBs 7.4 LIBs Cathode Materials 7.5 LIBs Anode Materials 7.6 Graphene Oxide (GO) 7.7 Graphene in LIBs 7.7.1 Graphene Oxide-Based Cathode Materials 7.7.2 Graphene Oxide-Based Anode Materials 7.8 Metal Oxide/GO Composites Electrode Materials for LIBs 7.9 Conclusion References 8. Effects of Addition of Graphene Oxide on Energy Density of Supercapacitor 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Supercapacitor Working Principle 8.3 Structure and Properties of GO 8.3.1 Techniques Deployed in Synthesis of GO 8.4 Addition of GO and Its Effects on the Energy Density of a SC 8.5 Summary References 9. Application of Graphene Oxide in Fuel Cells Fabrication and Performance Optimization 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Graphene-Based Nanomaterials 9.3 Graphene Oxide for Fuel Cells 9.4 Properties of Graphene Oxide 9.5 Impact of Graphene Oxide on Fuel Cells 9.6 Graphene and Graphene Oxide in Fuel Cells 9.6.1 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC) 9.6.2 Alkaline Fuel Cell (AFC) 9.6.3 Direct Glucose Fuel Cell (DGFC) 9.6.4 Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell (DEFC) 9.7 Graphene as Electrocatalyst 9.7.1 Graphene as an Oxygen Reduction Reaction Catalyst (ORR) 9.7.2 Graphene Oxide as a Membrane in Fuel Cell 9.8 Challenges and Opportunities 9.9 Synthesis of Graphene 9.9.1 Synthesis of Graphene Oxide 9.10 Characterization Techniques for Graphene Oxide 9.11 Future Applications References 10. Role of Graphene Oxide (GO) in Enhancing Performance of Energy Storage Devices 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Trendy Introduction to Energy Garage 10.3 Electrochemical Energy Garage 10.4 Batteries and Capacitors 10.5 Category of Cells or Batteries 10.6 Capacitor 10.7 Capacitor Structure 10.8 How Capacitor Works 10.9 Capacitor Dielectric Running Precept 10.10 Applications 10.11 Capacitors as Electricity Storage 10.12 Supercapacitor 10.12.1 Fundamentals of Supercapacitors 10.12.2 Types of Supercapacitors 10.12.3 Electrostatic Double-Layer Capacitors (EDLCs) 10.12.4 Pseudocapacitors 10.12.5 Hybrid Capacitor 10.13 Electric Double-Layer Capacitors 10.14 Pseudocapacitor 10.15 Hybrid Capacitor 10.16 Hybrid Capacitors—LIC, NIC, KIC 10.17 Lithium-Ion Capacitor (LIC) 10.18 Running Mechanism of LIC 10.19 Applications and Necessities 10.20 Sodium-Ion Capacitors (NICs) 10.21 Charge Garage Mechanism and Equations of NICs 10.22 Potassium-Ion Capacitors (KICs) 10.23 Hybrid Materials for SC 10.23.1 Nanoporous Carbon 10.23.2 Graphene Hybrid 10.23.3 Metal Oxides 10.23.4 Conducting Polymer 10.23.5 Metallic-Organic Framework (MOFs) 10.24 Essential of Graphene Oxide in Supercapacitor Applications 10.25 Function of Graphene Oxide 10.26 Graphene Oxide Technique with Solution-Based Techniques 10.27 Reduction of Graphene Oxide to Graphene 10.28 Position of Graphene Oxide in All Forms of Supercapacitor 10.29 Hybrid Battery/SupercapacitorEnergy Storage Device for the Electric Vehicles 10.30 Conclusion References 11. The Science of High-Energy Graphene Oxide–Based Materials for Hybrid Energy Storage Applications 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Background 11.3 Energy Storage 11.4 Hybrid Energy Storage (HES) 11.5 Graphene-Based Materials 11.6 Synthesis of Graphene Materials 11.6.1 Chemical Exfoliation 11.6.2 Mechanical Exfoliation 11.6.3 Hummer’s Methods 11.6.4 Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) 11.7 Challenges of Graphene as a Material 11.8 Graphene Application in Energy Storage 11.8.1 Supercapacitor (Sc) Application 11.8.2 Photovoltaic Application 11.8.3 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) Application 11.8.4 Hybrid Supercapacitors (HSc)/Pseudocapacitors 11.9 Graphene Oxide (GO)/Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) 11.9.1 The Geometrical Structure of Graphene Oxide (GO) 11.9.2 Graphene Oxide Synthesis 11.9.2.1 GO Hummers’ Method 11.9.2.2 GO Electrochemical Exfoliation Method 11.9.3 Reduced Graphene (rGO) 11.9.4 Functionalization of Graphene and GO 11.9.4.1 Atomic Chemical Functionalization/Doping 11.9.4.2 Molecular Doping/Modification 11.9.5 Improvement of GO-Based Composites for Hybrid Energy Storage 11.9.5.1 G/GO-Metal Nanoparticles 11.9.5.2 GO-Non-Metal Doping 11.9.5.3 Go-Polymer Doping 11.10 Graphene Oxide-Polyaniline (GO-PANI) Composites 11.11 Graphene-Polypyrrole (GO-Ppy) 11.12 Graphene-Carbon Materials 11.13 Graphene Hydrogels 11.14 Future Outlook and Conclusion References 12. Recent Advances in Composites of Mixed Transition Metal Oxides and Graphene Oxide–Based Anode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries 12.1 Introduction 12.1.1 General Outlook and Need for Alternative Sources 12.1.2 The Battery System 12.2 Novel Anode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries 12.2.1 Mixed Transition Metal Oxide (MTMO) 12.2.1.1 Cobaltites 12.2.1.2 Molybdates 12.2.1.3 Vanadates 12.2.1.4 Ferrites 12.2.1.5 Manganates 12.2.2 Graphene Oxide–Based Materials 12.2.2.1 Graphene-Metal Cobaltites 12.2.2.2 Graphene-Metal Molybdates 12.2.2.3 Graphene-Metal Vanadates 12.3 Characterizations and Performance Evaluation of Anode Materials References 13. Flexible Supercapacitors Based on Graphene Oxide 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Graphene 13.3 Graphene with Polymer 13.4 Graphene with Metal Oxide 13.5 Conclusion References 14. Graphene Oxide Application for Flexible Energy Storage Devices 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Brief History 14.3 Definition of Terms 14.3.1 Graphene 14.3.2 Graphene Oxide (GO) 14.3.3 Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) 14.4 Flexible Graphene Materials for Energy Storage 14.5 Nanostructured Graphene-Based Materials for Flexible Energy Storage 14.5.1 Flexible Supercapacitors 14.5.2 Pure Graphene 14.5.3 Graphene/Metal Oxide 14.5.4 Polymer/Graphene Conductive Polymer 14.6 Other Flexible Graphene Materials 14.6.1 Graphene/Carbon Nanospheres 14.6.2 Carbon, Graphene, and Metal Oxides 14.6.3 Metal Oxide/Conductive Polymer/Graphene 14.6.4 Doped Graphene 14.7 Flexible Rechargeable Batteries 14.7.1 Lithium-Ion Batteries 14.7.2 Pure Graphene 14.7.3 Graphene/Metal Oxide 14.7.4 Others Flexible Rechargeable Batteries 14.8 Conclusion References 15. Effect of Carbon Addition as an Active Material in Fabrication of Energy Storage Devices 15.1 Introduction 15.1.1 History of Supercapacitors 15.2 Principle of Operation and Structure of a Supercapacitor 15.2.1 Power Density of a Supercapacitor 15.2.2 Energy Density of a Supercapacitor 15.2.3 Cycle Life 15.2.4 Thermal Stability 15.2.5 Self-Discharge Rate 15.3 Types of Supercapacitors 15.3.1 Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitor (EDLC) 15.3.2 Pseudocapacitors 15.3.3 Hybrid Capacitors 15.4 Electrode Materials for Supercapacitive Applications 15.4.1 EDLCs Electrode Materials 15.4.1.1 Carbon Aerogels 15.4.1.2 Activated Carbon 15.4.1.3 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 15.4.1.4 Graphene 15.4.1.5 Carbon Fibers 15.4.2 Pseudocapacitor Electrode Materials 15.4.2.1 Metal Oxides 15.4.2.2 Conductive Polymers 15.4.3 Hybrid Capacitor Electrode Materials 15.4.3.1 Composites 15.4.3.2 Asymmetric 15.4.3.3 Battery Type 15.5 Electrolyte Materials for Supercapacitive Applications 15.5.1 Electrolytes for Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitor (EDLC) 15.5.2 Electrolytes for Pseudocapacitors 15.6 Supercapacitive Current Collectors 15.7 Supercapacitor Electrode–Electrolyte Interface Separators 15.8 Fabrication of Supercapacitors 15.9 Characterization Methods for Supercapacitors 15.9.1 Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) 15.10 Galvanostatic Charge–Discharge Techniques (GCD) 15.10.1 Impedance Spectroscopy 15.11 Summary and Conclusion References Index