Soft Matter Characterization

Description

Progress in basic soft matter research is driven largely by the experimental techniques available. Much of the work is concerned with understanding them at the microscopic level, especially at the nanometer length scales that give soft matter studies a wide overlap with nanotechnology. This 2 volume reference work, split into 4 parts, presents detailed discussions of many of the major techniques commonly used as well as some of those in current development for studying and manipulating soft matter. The articles are intended to be accessible to the interdisciplinary audience (at the graduate student level and above) that is or will be engaged in soft matter studies or those in other disciplines who wish to view some of the research methods in this fascinating field. Part 1 contains articles with a largely (but, in most cases, not exclusively) theoretical content and/or that cover material relevant to more than one of the techniques covered in subsequent volumes. It includes an introductory chapter on some of the time and space-time correlation functions that are extensively employed in other articles in the series, a comprehensive treatment of integrated intensity (static) light scattering from macromolecular solutions, as well as articles on small angle scattering from micelles and scattering from brush copolymers. A chapter on block copolymers reviews the theory (random phase approximation) of these systems, and surveys experiments on them (including static and dynamic light scattering, small-angle x-ray and neutron scattering as well as neutron spin echo (NSE) experiments). This chapter describes block copolymer behavior in the "disordered phase" and also their self-organization. The volume concludes with a review of the theory and computer simulations of polyelectrolyte solutions. Part 2 contains material on dynamic light scattering, light scattering in shear fields and the related techniques of fluorescence recovery after photo bleaching (also called fluorescence photo bleaching recovery to avoid the unappealing acronym of the usual name), fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy, and forced Rayleigh scattering. Volume 11 concludes with an extensive treatment of light scattering from dispersions of polysaccharides. Part 3 presents articles devoted to the use of x-rays and neutrons to study soft matter systems. It contains survey articles on both neutron and x-ray methods and more detailed articles on the study of specific systems- gels, melts, surfaces, polyelectrolytes, proteins, nucleic acids, block copolymers. It includes an article on the emerging x-ray photon correlation technique, the x-ray analogue to dynamic light scattering (photon correlation spectroscopy). Part 4 describes direct imaging techniques and methods for manipulating soft matter systems. It includes discussions of electron microscopy techniques, atomic force microscopy, single molecule microscopy, optical tweezers (with applications to the study of DNA, myosin motors, etc.), visualizing molecules at interfaces, advances in high contrast optical microscopy (with applications to imaging giant vesicles and motile cells), and methods for synthesizing and atomic force microscopy imaging of novel highly branched polymers.. Soft matter research is, like most modern scientific work, an international endeavor. This is reflected by the contributions to these volumes by leaders in the field from laboratories in nine different counties. An important contribution to the international flavor of the field comes, in particular, from x-ray and neutron experiments that commonly involve the use of a few large facilities that are multinational in their staff and user base. Front Matter Pages i-xxxvi PDF Basic Concepts – Scattering and Time Correlation Functions R. Pecora Pages 2-40 PDF Total Intensity Light Scattering from Solutions of Macromolecules G. C. Berry Pages 41-131 PDF Disordered Phase and Self-Organization of Block Copolymer Systems C. Giacomelli, R. Borsali Pages 133-189 PDF Small-Angle Scattering from Surfactants and Block Copolymer Micelles J. S. Pedersen Pages 191-233 PDF Brush-Like Polymers Y. Nakamura, T. Norisuye Pages 235-286 PDF Polyelectrolytes-Theory and Simulations C. Holm* Pages 287-333 PDF Dynamic Light Scattering B. Chu Pages 335-372 PDF Light Scattering from Multicomponent Polymer Systems in Shear Fields: Real-time, In Situ Studies of Dissipative Structures in Open Nonequilibrium Systems T. Hashimoto Pages 373-462 PDF Light Scattering from Polysaccharides as Soft Materials W. Burchard Pages 463-603 PDF Fluorescence Photobleaching Recovery P. S. Russo, J. Qiu, N. Edwin, Y. W. Choi, G. J. Doucet, D. Sohn Pages 605-636 PDF Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy Elke Haustein, Petra Schwille Pages 637-675 PDF Forced Rayleigh Scattering – Principles and Application (Self Diffusion of Spherical Nanoparticles and Copolymer Micelles) W. Schärtl Pages 677-703 PDF Small-Angle Neutron Scattering and Applications in Soft Condensed Matter I. Grillo Pages 723-782 PDF Small Angle Neutron Scattering on Gels M. Shibayama Pages 783-832 PDF Complex Melts under Extreme Conditions: From Liquid Crystal to Polymers L. Noirez Pages 833-872 PDF In Situ Investigation of Adsorbed Amphiphilic Block Copolymers by Ellipsometry and Neutron Reflectometry R. Toomey, M. Tirrell Pages 873-898 PDF Synchrotron Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering T. Narayanan Pages 899-952 PDF X-Ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (XPCS) G. Grübel, A. Madsen, A. Robert Pages 953-995 PDF Analysis of Polyelectrolytes by Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering M. Ballauff Pages 997-1020 PDF Small-Angle Scattering of Block Copolymers I. Hamley, V. Castelletto Pages 1021-1081 PDF Structural Studies of Proteins and Nucleic Acids in Solution Using Small Angle X-Ray Scattering (SAXS) R. Das, S. Doniach Pages 1083-1108 PDF Transmission Electron Microscopy Imaging of Block Copolymer Aggregates in Solutions N. Duxin, A. Eisenberg Pages 1109-1137 PDF Single-Molecule Studies of DNA J. P. Rickgauer, D. E. Smith Pages 1139-1186 PDF Single Molecule Microscopy Y. Ishii, J. Kozuka, S. Esaki, T. Yanagida Pages 1187-1242 PDF Visualizing Properties of Polymers at Interfaces G. Reiter Pages 1243-1292 PDF Optical Microscopy of Fluctuating Giant Vesicles and Motile Cells H. -G. Döbereiner Pages 1293-1338 PDF Highly-Branched Polymers: From Comb to Dendritic Architectures P. Viville, M. Schappacher, R. Lazzaroni, A. Deffieux Pages 1339-1377 PDF AFM Imaging in Physiological Environment: From Biomolecules to Living Cells T. Cohen-Bouhacina, A. MaAli Pages 1379-1438 PDF Soft Matter Characterization Front Matter Pages i-xxxvi PDF Soft Matter Characterization Front Matter Pages i-xxxvi PDF Soft Matter Characterization Back Matter Pages 1439-1455 PDF Soft Matter Characterization Back Matter Pages 705-721