Advances in Orthopedic Surgery of the Knee

Description

This book reviews current state-of-the-art knowledge on knee surgery, covering all relevant topics, ranging from meniscus repair and anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction to total knee arthroplasty. Although many of the interventions to treat meniscal, anterior cruciate ligament, patellofemoral osteoarthritis and femorotibial osteoarthritis are globally accepted, there are still many controversies as to which one is the most appropriate for each injury. Written by orthopedic surgeons from leading institutions specialized in the treatment of knee injuries, this volume critically discusses and sheds new light on these controversies. Preface Contents 1: Meniscal Repair 1.1 Introduction 1.2 One-Third of Meniscal Tears Are Repairable 1.3 Long-Term Results After Meniscus Repair 1.4 Meniscal Tears in Athletes 1.5 All-Inside Meniscus Repair 1.6 Inside-Out Meniscal Repair Versus All-Inside Repair 1.7 Horizontal Meniscal Tears 1.8 Radial Meniscus Tears 1.9 Meniscal Ramp Lesions 1.10 Biological Augmentation of Meniscal Repair 1.11 Tissue Adhesive Use for Meniscal Repair 1.12 Meniscal Cyst Formation Rates After Meniscal Repair 1.13 Failed Meniscal Repair 1.14 Younger Patients Are More Likely to Undergo Arthroscopic Meniscal Repair and Revision Meniscal Surgery 1.15 Meniscal Retears After Repair 1.16 Revision Meniscal Repair 1.17 Medial Meniscus 1.17.1 Repair of Bucket-Handle Medial Meniscal Tears 1.17.2 Medial Meniscus Posterior Root Repair 1.18 Lateral Meniscal Repair 1.18.1 Lateral Meniscus Posterior Root Repair 1.18.2 Risk of Iatrogenic Peroneal Nerve Injury 1.19 Transosseous Meniscus Root Repair in Pediatric Patients 1.20 Conclusions References 2: Meniscal Allograft Transplantation 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Long-Run Chondroprotective Impact 2.3 Predictors of Meniscal Allograft Failure 2.4 Medial MAT with Bone Plugs Utilizing a Three-Tunnel Technique 2.5 Outcomes, Complications, and Reoperations 2.6 Do Outcomes Differ Based on Age and Sex? 2.7 Immediate MAT or Conventional Delayed Transplantation? 2.8 Return to Sports 2.9 Scoring Parameters to Assess MRI Appearance After MAT 2.10 Autologous Semitendinosus Tendon Graft Could Function as a Meniscal Transplant 2.11 Mismatch Between Anatomic and Clinical Failures 2.12 Accuracy of the Arthroscopic Location of the Center of the Anterior Horn During Lateral MAT 2.13 Aquatic Training and Bicycling Training 2.14 Distraction Arthroplasty Plus Lateral MAT Combined with Cartilage Repair 2.15 Conclusions References 3: Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Postoperative Infection: Prevention and Treatment 3.3 Return to Play (RTP) Testing 3.4 Factors That Affect the Incidence of Articular Cartilage Injury 3.5 Quadriceps Tendon Autograft 3.6 Biologic Agents to Optimize Outcomes 3.7 Quadriceps Versus Hamstring Tendon Autografts 3.8 ACLR Combined with LET 3.9 Tear Rates of the Ipsilateral ACL Graft Versus the Contralateral Native ACL 3.10 Suspensory Versus Interference Tibial Fixation of Hamstring Tendon Autografts 3.11 Combined Meniscus Repair and ACLR 3.12 Early ACLR Versus Initial Non-Reconstructive Treatment with Late Crossover to Surgery 3.13 ACL Injury and Knee OA 3.14 Concomitant Anterolateral Ligament Reconstruction 3.15 Double-Bundle Versus Single-Bundle ACLR 3.16 Graft Isometry During Anatomical ACLR 3.17 Remnant Preservation in ACLR 3.18 ACL Autograft Reconstruction Revisions with Tendon Allografts 3.19 Return to Work After ACLR 3.20 Factors Affecting Graft Healing After ACLR 3.21 Anteromedial Versus Central Femoral Tunnel Placement After Single-Bundle ACLR 3.22 ACLR in Small-Statured Female Individuals 3.23 Factors Affecting Graft Failure and Return to Play After ACLR 3.24 ACLR with Hamstring Tendon Graft and Femoral Cortical Button Fixation 3.25 Revision ACLR 3.26 ACLR in Children and Adolescents 3.27 Rates of Infection After ACLR Among Pediatric Patients and Adolescent Patients (Compared with Young Adult Patients) 3.28 Conclusions References 4: Patellofemoral Osteoarthritis: Treatment Other than Patellofemoral Arthroplasty 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Risk Factors of PF Joint OA 4.3 Diagnosis 4.4 Nonoperative Treatment 4.4.1 General Concepts 4.4.2 Knee Taping in Addition to a Supervised Exercise Protocol 4.5 Surgical Treatment 4.5.1 General Concepts 4.5.2 Arthroscopic Debridement Plus Intra-Articular Injection of Microfragmented Adipose Tissue 4.5.3 Patellar Thinning Osteotomy 4.5.4 Open Partial Lateral Facetectomy 4.5.5 Arthroscopic Patellar Lateral Facetectomy 4.5.6 Lateral Facetectomy Plus Insall’s Realignment Procedure 4.5.7 Arthroscopic Debridement, Facetectomy, and Synovectomy 4.5.8 Arthroscopic Lateral Patellar Facetectomy and Lateral Release 4.6 Conclusions References 5: Patellofemoral Arthroplasty 5.1 Introduction 5.2 PFA in Isolated PF OA 5.2.1 Survivorship and Functional Outcomes 5.2.2 Preoperative Bone Scans Can Predict Survivorship 5.2.3 Patient-Reported Outcomes 5.2.4 Obesity Does Not Affect Patient-Reported Outcomes 5.2.5 Obesity Linked to High Risk of Revision and Progression of Medial Tibiofemoral OA 5.2.6 PFA in Patients with PF OA with Trochlear Dysplasia 5.2.7 Conversion of PFA to a TKA: Patellar Button Compatibility 5.3 PFA in Posttraumatic PF Osteoarthritis 5.4 Inlay PF Arthroplasty 5.5 Onlay PF Arthroplasty 5.6 Conclusions References 6: Patellofemoral Arthroplasty Versus Total Knee Arthroplasty for Isolated Patellofemoral Osteoarthritis 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Clinical Results 6.3 Cost-Effectiveness Analysis 6.4 Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 6.4.1 Patient-Reported Outcomes (PROMs) 6.4.2 Adverse Events 6.4.3 Reoperation Rates 6.5 Conclusions References 7: Medial Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Predictors of a Forgotten Joint After MUKA 7.3 MUKA in Patients Under the Age of 60 Years 7.4 Medial MUKA with Patellar Denervation 7.5 Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields After MUKA 7.6 St Georg Sled MUKA 7.7 Infection in MUKA 7.8 Hypoallergenic MUKA 7.8.1 Return to Sports: Medial Mobile-Bearing Hypoallergenic TiNbN UKA Versus Medial Fixed-Bearing Hypoallergenic Uni Oxinium 7.8.2 Titanium Niobium Nitride (TiNbN) Alloy Implants Versus Fixed-Bearing Oxidized Zirconium Alloy Implants 7.9 Robotic-Assisted MUKA (RAMUKA) 7.9.1 Accuracy of Intraoperative Mechanical Axis Alignment to Long-Leg Radiographs 7.9.2 Survivorship and Outcomes 7.10 Revision Indications for MUKA 7.11 Long-Term Survival of MUKA in Spontaneous Knee Osteonecrosis 7.12 Optimized MUKA Outcome 7.13 Conclusions References 8: Lateral Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty 8.1 Introduction 8.2 General Concepts on LUKA 8.3 Medial Subvastus Approach 8.4 Implantation Accuracy of a LUKA 8.5 External Rotation of the Tibial Component Should Be Avoided 8.6 Midterm Survivorship and Clinical Outcomes 8.7 Assessment of Radiolucent Lines in Patients with LUKA 8.8 The Effect of Patient Age and Bearing Choice on Midterm Outcomes 8.9 Survivorship and Long-Term Outcomes 8.10 Fixed-Bearing LUKA 8.10.1 Predictors of Satisfactory Outcomes 8.10.2 Sports Activity and Patient-Related Outcomes 8.10.3 Fixed-Bearing, All-Polyethylene Tibia 8.11 Comparison of Failure Rates of Different Prosthetic Designs 8.12 Robotic-Assisted Lateral UKA 8.13 Revision Indications 8.14 Conclusions References 9: Total Knee Arthroplasty After Proximal Tibia Fracture 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Risk of TKA After Proximal Tibia Fracture 9.3 Does Prior Infection Alter the Outcome of TKA After Tibial Plateau Fracture? 9.4 Outcomes 9.5 Conclusions References 10: Total Knee Arthroplasty in Patients with Severe Obesity 10.1 Introduction 10.2 The Implications of an Aging Population and Increased Obesity for TKA Rates 10.3 The Rise of Obesity Among TKA Subjects 10.4 Does Obesity Affect PROMs Following TKA? 10.5 Trends of Obesity Percentage Between Subjects Experiencing Primary TKA and the General Population 10.6 Obesity, Comorbidities, and the Associated Risk Among Subjects Who Experience TKA 10.7 TKA in Subjects with Severe Obesity Provides Value for Money in Spite of Increased Adverse Events 10.8 The Impact of Obesity on Achievement of a “Forgotten Joint” Following TKA 10.9 What Is the Influence of BMI Cutoffs on TKA Adverse Events? 10.10 Effect of BMI on the Results of Primary TKA Up to One Year 10.11 The Impact of Obesity on TKA Revision Rate 10.12 Mid- to Long-Term Adverse Events and Result for Morbidly Obese Subjects After TKA 10.13 Cemented Versus Cementless TKA in Obese Subjects with BMI ≥35 kg/m2 10.14 Cementless TKA Utilizing a Highly Porous Tibial Baseplate in Morbidly Obese Subjects 10.15 Does BMI Influence the Results and Survivorship of Modern Cementless TKA? 10.16 Morbidly Obese Subjects Experiencing Primary TKA May Present Higher Percentages of VTE When Prescribed Direct Oral Anticoagulants Versus Aspirin 10.17 Conclusions References 11: Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty in Patients Younger than 55 Years 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Outcomes 11.3 Oxidized Zirconium (OxZr) TKA Versus Cobalt-Chrome (CoCr) TKA 11.4 All-Cause Survivorship Rates and Reasons for Revision TKA 11.5 Re-Revision-Free Survival and Risk Factors for Re-Revision in Patients Less than 55 Years Who Undergo Aseptic Revision TKA 11.6 Conclusions References 12: Unilateral Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty Versus Simultaneous Bilateral Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Local Infiltration Analgesia 12.3 Tranexamic Acid (TXA) 12.4 Outcomes 12.4.1 Pain Levels and Recovery of Ambulatory Skills 12.4.2 Thrombosis Incidence 12.4.3 Thirty-Day Risk of Venous Thromboembolism and Bleeding 12.4.4 Perioperative Outcomes 12.4.5 Ninety-Day Morbidity and Mortality 12.4.6 Component Alignment 12.5 Risk Factors Increasing Morbidity 12.6 Cost-Effectiveness 12.7 Conclusions References 13: Mobile-Bearing Versus Fixed-Bearing for Total Knee Arthroplasty 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Clinical, Radiological, and General Health Results 13.3 Function and Implant Longevity 13.4 Patellar Position 13.5 Fixed- Versus Mobile-Bearing Cruciate-Retaining TKA 13.6 Postoperative Functional Status in Patients with Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis 13.7 Radiostereometric Analysis 13.8 Activities of Daily Living and Pain 13.9 High-Flexion Fixed-Bearing Versus High-Flexion Mobile-Bearing TKAs 13.10 Fixed- Versus Mobile-Bearing TKA Using Titanium-Nitride-Coated Posterior-Stabilized Prostheses 13.11 Simultaneous High-Flexion Mobile-Bearing and Fixed-Bearing TKAs Performed in the Same Patients 13.12 Mobile-Bearing TKA with Unique Ball and Socket Post-Cam Mechanism Versus Established Fixed-Bearing Prosthesis 13.13 Ceramic Titanium-Nitride-Coated Mobile-Bearing Prosthesis Versus Fixed-Bearing Prosthesis 13.14 Axial Tibiofemoral Rotation and Functional Outcomes 13.15 Mobile-Bearing Versus Fixed-Bearing TKAs in Individuals 80 Years 14.2.3 Bleeding Complications 14.2.4 Postoperative Morbidity and Discharge Destinations in Patients Older than 85 Years 14.3 Fast-Track Revision TKA 14.3.1 Outcomes 14.3.2 Venous Thromboembolism 14.4 Conclusions References 15: Repeat Two-Stage Revision for Knee Periprosthetic Joint Infection 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Arthrodesis Should Be Considered 15.3 Risk Factors for Failure 15.4 Effectiveness 15.5 Outcomes 15.6 What Are the Chances for Success? 15.7 Revision Rates 15.8 Failure Rates 15.9 Conclusions References 16: Revision Knee Arthroplasty for “Pain Without Loosening” Versus “Aseptic Loosening” 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Revision for Unexplained Pain Following UKA and TKA 16.3 Outcomes of UKA After Aseptic Revision to TKA 16.4 Complications and Failures of Nontumoral Hinged TKA in Primary and Aseptic Revision Surgery 16.5 Subjects Who Experience Early Aseptic Revision TKA Within 90 Days of Surgery Have a High Risk of Re-Revision and Infection at 2 Years 16.6 Prosthesis Survival After Revision Knee Arthroplasty for “Pain Without Loosening” Versus “Aseptic Loosening” 16.7 Conclusions References 17: Robotic-Assisted Primary Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty and Total Knee Arthroplasty 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Robotic-Assisted UKA 17.2.1 Clinical Results 17.2.2 Dependability of Intraoperative Measurements of the Frontal Femorotibial Axis Robotic-Assisted Medial UKA 17.2.3 Facility Costs Between RA-UKA and C-UKA 17.2.4 Accordance Between Femoral Component Position and Contact Stresses on the Polyethylene Insert Could Be a Contributing Factor of Long-Run Survival of UKA 17.2.5 Mid-Run Survivorship and PROMs of Robotic-Assisted Lateral UKA 17.2.6 Comparative Studies 17.3 Robotic-Assisted TKA 17.3.1 Clinical Results and PROMs 17.3.2 Comparative Studies 17.3.3 Predicting Robotic-Assisted TKA Operating Time 17.4 Complications of Robotic-Assisted Joint Arthroplasty 17.5 Learning Curve Associated with Robotic-Assisted Knee Arthroplasty 17.6 Conclusions References