Handbook of Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation

Description

Provides clear scientific rationale for the reality of climate change Comprehensively covers the impact of climate change Presents detailed proposed solutions and measures About the editors Dr. Maximilian Lackner is study programme director of the Master “Innovation and Technology Management” and “International Business and Engineering” at the University of Applied Sciences FH Technikum Wien, Vienna, Austria. He has obtained his PhD in technical chemistry from Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2003 and his habilitation in chemical engineering from Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009. Dr. Lackner in docent at Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria and Xidian University, Xi’An, China. Having founded 6 companies, Dr. Lackner has more than 15 years of professional experience in the polymer industry in various senior leadership positions in Austria and China. His research interests include biopolymers, in-situ brownfield remediation technologies, process systems engineering and industrial engineering. Dr. Lackner has authored over 100 scientific publications. He is founding editor-in-chief of the International Journal of Biobased Plastics. Dr. Baharak Sajjadi is an assistant professor of Petroleum and Geological Engineering in the Mewbourne College of Earth and Energy at the University of Oklahoma, USA. She has obtained her PhD in chemical engineering from the University of Malaya, Malaysia, in 2015, and has served as a research assistant professor of Chemical Engineering at the University of Mississippi, USA. She has over 10 years of research experience in advanced refinery processes and bioprocesses, carbon conversion and modification technologies, renewable energies, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD simulation). Dr. Sajjadi has published over 50 scientific articles in peer-reviewed journals. She pioneered the use of ultrasound, non-thermal plasma, and chemical methods for carbon capture and conversion, natural gas conversion, and other environmental applications. Dr. Wei-Yin Chen is a professor emeritus of Chemical Engineering of the University of Mississippi. He has had over 40-years of experience in developing technologydriven, knowledge-based, carbon conversion programs for in-furnace NO reduction, coal liquefaction, and low-temperature carbon modifications for sustainable food, energy, and water nexus. He founded and has been leading the Sustainable Energy and Environmental Group (SEEG) with over 250 collaborators around the globe. The SEEG pioneered the use of ultrasound, light, non-thermal plasma, biological, and chemical methods to modify the material surface for carbon gasification, carbon activation for CO2 capture and wastewater treatment, soil amendment, electrode fabrication, desalination/deionization, biomedical material, fuel cell, etc. He has been awarded by UM and national and international organizations for his contributions to research, teaching, and services. He has served as a reviewer or panelist for institutions around the globe. Foreword Preface Prologue Contents About the Editors Contributors Part I: Climate Change: Introduction, Models, Scenarios, Impact, and Scientific Evidence 1 Introduction to Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Introduction Climate Change Most Recent IPCC Updates The Greenhouse Effect Anthropogenic Climate Change Effects of Climate Change Impact of Climate Change Mitigation Actions Climate Change Adaptation Versus Climate Change Mitigation Climate Change and the Public What´s Next? Motivation Why This Book Is Needed Audience of the Handbook Scope References 2 Global Climate Change and Greenhouse Gases Emissions in Terrestrial Ecosystems Introduction: Global Climate Change and Soil Greenhouse Gases Emissions Soil Greenhouse Gases Emissions Soil CO2 Emission Soil CH4 Emission Soil N2O Emission Measurement Methods of Soil Greenhouse Gases Emissions Soil Chamber Methods Closed Static Chamber Closed Dynamic Chamber Open Dynamic Chamber Micrometeorological Methods - Eddy Covariance Technique Advantages and Disadvantages of the Measurement Methods Research Approaches of Global Climate Change and Soil Greenhouse Gases Emissions: Laboratory Incubation, Field Experiment, Met... Laboratory Incubation Field Experiment Meta-Analysis Biogeochemical and Ecosystem Modeling The DNDC Model Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model (DLEM) Impacts of Global Climate Change on Soil Greenhouse Gases Emissions: Case Studies Laboratory Incubation and Field Experiment Laboratory Incubation Field Experiment Meta-Analysis Biogeochemical and Ecosystem Modeling Site and Stand Levels Regional and Global Scales Closing Remarks and Future Research Cross-References References 3 Understanding Effects of Climate Change and Eutrophication on Fish Habitat in Glacial Lakes of the Midwest States and Manage... Introduction Coldwater Fish Oxythermal Habitat Model Previous Fish Habitat Studies Single Oxythermal Fish Habitat Parameter and Model Identification of Cisco Refuge Lakes in Minnesota Four Types of Virtual Lakes Representing 620 Cisco Lakes in Minnesota Variable Benchmark Periods and Corresponding TDO3 Cisco Refuge Lake Reclassification in Minnesota Understanding the Effects of Climate Warming and Eutrophication on Fish Habitat Projecting Oxythermal Habitat of Four Coldwater Fish Species in Minnesota Lakes Estimating the Relative Abundance of Coolwater and Warmwater Fish Species in Minnesota Lakes Estimating the Loss of Coldwater Oxythermal Habitat in Lakes Across Three Midwest States Projecting Coldwater Fish in Midwest Lakes Considering Land Use Change Methods Phosphorus Loading Model Lakeshed Data Phosphorus Data Phosphorus Loading Regression Model Runoff Depth Model Future Land Use and Climate Projections Oxythermal Habitat Sensitivity Analysis Future Coldwater Fish Habitat Projections Study Results Projected Changes in Air Temperature and Precipitation Projected Changes in Runoff Depth Projected Changes in Land Cover Sensitivity of Oxythermal Habitat (TDO3) to Land Use and Climate Variables Response of In-Lake Total Phosphorus Concentrations to Projected Land Cover and Climate Change Response of Coldwater Fish Habitat to Projected Land Cover and Climate Change Discussion and Conclusions Management Strategies to Protect Fish Habitat Protecting Cisco Refuge Lakes Conservation Framework for Minnesota Lakes Future Directions References 4 Vulnerability Assessment of the Indian Himalayan Forests in Terms of Biomass Production and Carbon Sequestration Potential i... Introduction Impact of Climate Change on the Carbon Sequestration Potential of the Forest Ecosystem of IHRs Potential of Forest Ecosystems of IHRs in Biomass Accumulation and Carbon Sequestration Need for Vulnerability Assessments Categorization of Indian Himalayan States Based on the Vulnerability Conclusions References 5 How to Think About Climate Change Responses: On Organizing One´s Thoughts Introduction Thinking About ``Iterative´´ Thinking About ``Risk´´ Confidence Language Detection and Attribution Risk Matrices Thinking About ``Damages´´ A Word of Caution The Social Cost of Carbon Dioxide Reasons for Concern Sectoral and Regional Economic Damages Comparing ``1.5 Degree´´ Futures with ``2.0 Degree´´ Futures Thinking About ``Co-benefits´´ Thinking About ``Sustainability´´ and ``Equity´´ Determinants of Mitigative and Adaptive Capacity Mitigative Capacity A Word of Warning Thinking About ``Attitudes Toward Risk´´ Insurance - The Simple Model Illustrative Complications for the Simple Insurance Model The Insurance Metaphor for Responses to Climate Change Thinking About ``Mitigation´´ and ``Adaptation´´ Mitigation Adaptation Regressing `Toward the Tail´ Complementarities Between Mitigation and Adaptation Thinking About ``Tolerable Risk´´ Concluding Remarks Postscript References 6 Coupled Climate-Economy-Ecology-Biosphere Modeling: A Dynamic and Stochastic Approach Introduction and Motivation Climate System Nonlinearities and Interannual Variability The Basics of Bifurcations and Tipping Points (TPs) The Double-Gyre Model of the Ocean Circulation Climate Change and Its Control: Integrated Thinking Background Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) Nonequilibrium Economics, Fluctuation-Dissipation, and Synchronization Nonequilibrium Economic Models and a Vulnerability Paradox Fluctuation-Dissipation Theory (FDT) and Synchronization in the Economic System A Nonlinear and Stochastic CoCEB Mitigation Studies and CoCEB Summary Formulation of CoCEB-S Abatement Measures and Abatement Share Numerical Simulations and Abatement Results End-of-Century Estimates Transient Model Behavior Concluding Remarks Summary and Discussion of Sections ``Climate System Nonlinearities and Interannual Variability,´´ ``Climate Change and its Con... Summary and Discussion of CoCEB-S Model Results Random Differential Equations References 7 Facing the Mega-Greenhouse: Climate Change Polices for the Very Long Run Introduction: Climate Change and Human Evolution The Coming Mega-Greenhouse How to Think About Climate Change The Important Number to Focus on Is Atmospheric CO2 The Long-Term Consequences of Greenhouse Emissions Should Be Critical for Current Policies Regional Effects Are More Important than Global Averages Coal Is the Key in the Long Run Coal Is Here to Stay! Botswana to Drive the Future of Coal Power Demand How to Think About Climate Change and Long-Run Sustainability The Focus on ``Boundaries´´ and ``Tipping Points´´ Is Misleading The Individual-at-a-Point-in-Time Perspective of Standard Economic Models Means That They Are of No Use for Long-Run Analysis In the Long Run, Agriculture Is the Limiting Factor for Climate Change Adaptability The Political Economy of Climate Change Policy Climate Change and the Sustainability Debate Concluding Remarks References 8 Life Cycle Assessment of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Introduction What Is Life Cycle Assessment and How Does It Work? Goal and Scope Definition Inventory Analysis Impact Assessment Interpretation Life Cycle Assessments Focusing on Greenhouse Gas Emissions or a Part Thereof Simplified Life Cycle Assessments Published Life Cycle Assessments Main Findings from Life Cycle Studies of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Energy Efficiency Recycling Conventional and Unconventional Fossil Fuels Biofuels Green Energy Supply Products Consuming Energy Transport Buildings Food and feed Chemicals Polymeric Materials Engineered nanomaterials Reduction of Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions Future Directions Comprehensives of Dealing with Climate Warming Indirect Effects Change in Ecosystem Carbon Stocks Uncertainty Consequential Life Cycle Assessment Concluding Remarks References 9 The Partnership of Science and Technology Institutes to an International Regime of Sustainability Introduction Theory of International Regimes Constructive Approach The Optics of Theory of International Relations in the Approach to Sustainability Methodology GRI Measures: Global Reporting Initiative A3P Measures: Environmental Agenda in Public Administration/Brazil ISCN Measures: International Sustainable Campus Network Presentation of the ISAS/STI Model Conclusions References Part II: Established Technologies for Climate Change Mitigation: Energy Conversation, Efficiency, and Sustainable Energies 10 Energy Efficiency: Comparison of Different Systems and Technologies Introduction What Is Energy Efficiency? Significance of Energy Efficiency Benefits of Energy Efficiency Downside of Energy Efficiency Energy Efficiency Versus Energy Demand: The Rebound Effect Energy Intensity Emission Intensity (Carbon Intensity) Historical Development of Energy Efficiency Assessing Energy Efficiency Improvements Innovation and New Technologies for Energy Efficiency Typical Energy Efficiencies Benchmarking of Energy Efficiency Energy Efficiency World Records Some Not-So-Energy-Efficient Inventions and Practices Barriers to Energy Efficiency Levels of Energy Efficiency: From Process to Behavior Energy Efficiency Investments Introducing Energy Efficiency Programs Combustion Power Plants and Electricity Production Energy Transmission and Distribution Energy Storage Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) Energy Efficiency in Various Sectors Agriculture and Food Transportation and Logistics Road Transportation and Internal Combustion Engines Passenger Cars Ships Rail Transportation Air Transportation Pipeline Transportation Industry Crosscutting Technologies Steam and Boilers Energy-Intensive Industries Iron and Steel Aluminum Other Primary Metals Pulp and Paper Cement Glass Production Petroleum Refining Petrochemicals Polymers Chemical Industry Ammonia Fertilizers Methanol Industrial Gases Chlorine Hydrogen Pharmaceutical Industry Public Sector and Community Infrastructure Buildings Appliances Lighting Consumers Tips and Tricks for Consumers Initiatives for Energy Efficiency Other Aspects Energy Conservation Further Study and Reading Conclusions References 11 Thermal Insulation for Energy Conservation in Buildings Introduction Historical Background Heat Transport Concepts Insulation Terminology Applications in Buildings Thermal Insulation and Climate Change Use of Thermal Insulation in Buildings Heat Transport Mechanisms Types of Insulation and Effectiveness Factors that Affect Thermal Resistance Evaluation of Thermal Performance Laboratory Measurements for Thermal Insulation and Test Standards Performance of Installed Thermal Insulation Mass Effects Reflective Technology Thermal Performance in the Building Enclosure U-Values Assembly Tests Hybrid Systems Advanced Insulations Knudsen Effect Vacuum Insulation Panels (VIPs) Nanomaterials as Insulation Gas-Filled Panels Phase-Change Materials Summary Future Directions References 12 Thermal Energy Storage and Transport Introduction Fundamentals of Thermal Energy Storage Solar System and Thermal Energy Storage Functions of Thermal Energy Storage Classification of Thermal Energy Storage Methods Thermal Energy Storage Materials Thermal Energy Storage Devices Characterization of Thermal Energy Storage Phase Change Thermal Energy Storage General Feature of Phase Change Materials Thermal Energy Storage Density Supercooling and Segregation Research and Development Situation Phase Change Heat Transport Transport Methods Research and Development Situation Examples of Recent Technical Development Thermal Energy Storage System for Hot Water Supply Heat Storage System for Heating Steam Accumulator PCMs for Direct Steam or Hot Water Generation Pipeless Heat Transport Microcapsule Slurry Heat Transport Future Directions References 13 Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Using Advanced Heat Integration Techniques Introduction The Basics of Pinch Analysis Energy Targets Heat Exchanger Network Design Appropriate Placement and Process Modifications Data Extraction Total Site Concept Mathematical Programming Approach for HEN Design Disturbance Propagation and Control Modeling for the Design of Highly Controllable Heat Integrated Systems Disturbance Propagation Modeling Disturbance Propagation and Control (DP&C) Model Embedded Synthesis Approach Emissions Targeting and Planning: CO2 Emissions Pinch Analysis (CEPA) Future Trends Conclusion References 14 Model-Based Control of Load-Following Nuclear and Conventional Power Plants for Reduced Ecological Footprint via Lifetime E... Introduction The Role of Process Control Safety Design, Structural Integrity, and Process Control General Notes The Fundamentals of Safety Design and Design Safety Calculations The Fundamentals of Design Safety Calculations The Fundamentals of Structural Integrity Calculations for a Particular System Fundamentals on the Conceptual Model of Structural Integrity Process Control and Structural Integrity Advances in Life Extending Control of Conventional Power Plants Feedforward Process Steering Model-Based Feedback Optimization Heuristic Approaches for Life Extending Control of Nuclear Power Plants Avoiding Temperature Cycling Variable Speed Rod Movement Keeping Primary Circuit More Quiet Coordinated Control Advanced Control Methods Limitations of Classical Control Advanced Extensions to Classical Controllers Soft Sensor Gain Schedule and Multimode Control Loop Decoupling Advanced Control Algorithms Model Predictive Control, MPC Dynamic Matrix Control Fuzzy Control Artificial Neural Network Model-Based Optimizing Control for Ageing Management Load Control Example Generally Applicable Configuration Generally Applicable Procedure of Realization Conclusions and Outlook References 15 Gasification Technology Introduction History of Gasification Basics: Chemistry and Physics Devolatilization and Fuel Dependence Combustion Gasification Gasification Versus Combustion Minerals and their Transformations Materials for Slagging Gasifiers Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) Gasification Processes Fixed/Moving Bed Gasifiers British Gas Lurgi (BGL) Multipurpose Gasifier (MPG) Lurgi Mark IV Gasifier Plasma Gasification Thermal Plasma Technology Microwave Plasma Technology Fluidized Bed Gasifiers U-GAS High Temperature Winkler Gasifier Transport Gasifier Entrained Flow Gasifiers Air Products Chicago Bridge and Iron (CB&I) Shell Siemens MHI Gasifier PRENFLO Gasifier/Boiler (PSG) Biomass and Municipal Solid Waste Gasification Biomass Gasification MSW Gasification Novel Concept and Technologies Unique Gasifier Milena Gasifier Internal Cyclonic Downdraft Multistage (Viking) Gasifier Güssing Fluidized Bed Low Temperature Circulating Fluidized Bed (LT-CFB) Two-Stage Fluidized Catalytic Two-Stage Fluidized-Entrained Flow Supercritical Water Gasification Carbon Capture Technologies Physical Sorbent Processes Rectisol Selexol Purisol Morphysorb Chemical Sorbents CrystaSulf: Sulfur Control Fluor Solvent: CO2 Control Future Directions in Research and Development Gasification Systems Studies Gasification R&D Gas Clean up and CO2 Capture Research References 16 Mobile and Area Sources of Greenhouse Gases and Abatement Strategies Introduction Overview Objectives Environmental Sustainability Challenges Sustainability Definition Environment, Energy, and GHG Emissions Urgent Need for Environmentally Sustainable Transportation Policies Related Research Sources Mobile Sources of GHG Emissions Mobility Needs and Transportation-Related CO2 Emissions Transportation and Economic Prosperity Mobile Sources of GHG Science Models of CO2 Emissions from Traffic Volume Demand Methodology for CO2 Emissions from Vehicle Mile Traveled Energy- and Transportation-Related Global CO2 Emissions Multimodal Transportation and Travel Demand Management CO2 Footprint Indicators of Multimodal Travel Repercussions of Traffic Congestion on Air Pollution and Commuters´ Woes Urban Growth and Travel Demand, and Congestion Travel Time Delay Comparisons Health Risks Associated with Transport Patterns, Travel Behavior, and Built Environment Commuters´ Woes Area- and Built Environment-Related GHG Sources Open Area Sources and Built Environment Effects GHG from Open Areas Heat Island Effects in the Built Environment Impacts of Urbanization and Megacities Historical Overview of Urbanization and Current Trends in Growth of Megacities Urban Population Density Impacts Urbanization and Motorization Links Urban Growth and Travel Demand Geospatial Analysis of Built Environment and Traffic Demand Impacts GIS Maps of Urbanized Areas, Urban Growth, and Built-Up Areas in the United States Imagery-Based Geospatial Analysis for Karachi Metropolitan Road Network GIS and Traffic Demand Volume GHG Abatement Strategies Sustainable Transport and Traffic Management Solutions Transport Demand Management and Sustainable Strategies to Reduce CO2 Emissions Metropolitan Transportation Demand Management Smart Growth, Space Planning, and Sustainable Infrastructure Mixed Land Use and Compact Development to Reduce Cars on Roads in Cities Multimodal Alternatives for Travel in Cities, Intercity Connectivity, and Regional Transport Consumption and Hidden Cost of Petroleum Alternative Energy and Fuel, Vehicle Innovations, and Nonmotorized Transport GIS-Based Decision Support System and Value Engineering Geospatial Mapping and GIS Decision Support System Examples Value Engineering and Life Cycle Analysis Life Cycle Analysis of Sustainable Transport Solutions and Value Engineering Case Study Monitoring, Targets, and Applicable Laws Terrestrial Remote Sensing and Space-Based Monitoring Remote Sensing Monitoring of CO2 and Other Air Pollutants Spaceborne Remote Sensing for Pollution Monitoring The United States and European Initiatives Sustainable Transport Policies Recent Transport- and GHG-Related Regulations, Policies, and Initiatives in the United States Global Accords and Developing World Efforts International Climate Change Mitigation Accords Lack of Multimodal Transport Strategy Consideration by International Lending Institutions Best Practices United States Examples London, United Kingdom Mexico City São Paulo, Brazil Bangkok, Thailand Future Directions Livable Cities and Eco-friendly Lifestyles Sustainable Accessibility, Mobility, Commuting, and Economic Prosperity Equity and Shared Responsibility Passenger and Freight Rail Modal Share Involving Stakeholders and Public for Sustainable Transport and Mitigation Strategies Global Responsibility for CO2 Reductions Concluding Remarks References 17 Geothermal Energy Introduction Heat in the Earth´s Interior Quantity of Thermal Energy Supplied from the Earth´s Interior Direct Use of Geothermal Energy Geothermal Power Generation Category of Geothermal Resource Base Sub-solidus Magma Penetrated by Well WD-1a in Kakkonda, Japan Distribution of Geothermal Resources in the World Global Geothermal Resource Potentials Present State of Geothermal Development in the World Geothermal Cascade Utilization Technology Mitigation of Global Warming by Geothermal Development Future Directions References 18 Nuclear Energy and Environmental Impact Introduction to Nuclear Energy Nuclear Fuel Cycles Uranium Fuel Cycle Enrichment of Uranium Gaseous Diffusion Gas Centrifuge Electromagnetic Isotope Separation Jet Nozzle/Aerodynamic Separation Conversion of UF6 to UO2 Fuel Rod Assemblies Thorium Fuel Burnup Types of Nuclear Reactors Boiling Water Reactors Pressurized Water Reactors Heavy Water Moderated Reactors Graphite-Moderated Reactors Nuclear Reactor Safety Radiation Effect Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) Nuclear Accidents Three Mile Island The Chernobyl Accident Design Considerations and Life Prediction of Nuclear Components Fuel and Fuel Cladding Zirconium-Based Alloys Silicon Carbide Irradiation Effects Environment-Assisted Cracking (EAC) of Austenitic Stainless Steel in High-Temperature Water EAC of Unirradiated Ferritic/Martensitic Steels Environmental Aspects, Nuclear Components Radiolysis Flux Dependence Radiation Water Chemistry and Corrosion Potential Crack Initiation and Propagation Critical Issues on Selection of Candidate Materials for Advanced Nuclear Reactors High-Temperature Degradation Major Issues and Temperature Limits Fatigue, Creep, and Creep-Fatigue Interaction Creep-Fatigue Life Prediction Radiation Damage Radiation Damage of Microstructure Radiation-Induced Microchemistry Mechanical Properties Irradiation Creep Fretting Cast Stainless Steel Components Cost-Benefit Analysis Spent Fuel and Reprocessing Dry Storage Transmutation Reprocessing Aqueous Reprocessing Pyroprocessing Reprocessing of Spent Metallic Fuel Recovery of Rare Earth Elements (REEs) from Fission Products Pyroprocessing of Spent Oxide Fuels Containment of Radionuclide Nuclear Waste Management Future Direction References 19 Wind Energy, its Application, Challenges, and Potential Environmental Impact Introduction Wind Extraction Method Weibull Distribution: Wind Speed Modeling Electricity Generation Types of WECSs Wind Instrumentation and Measurement Anemometer Cup Anemometer Hot-Wire Anemometer Wind Vane Wind Power Forecasting Methods Short-Term Prediction Long-Term Forecast Global/Regional Wind Power Development Environmental Impact and Challenges Noise-Related Pollution Issue Adverse Noise Effect Influence on Flora and Fauna The Light and Shadow Effects Climate Change: Miscellaneous Issues Electromagnetic Interference Social Acceptability Wind Power Development, Limitation, and Challenges Barriers in Wind Energy Development Projects Government Policy Issues Lacking Technical Capacity Market Access and Poor Infrastructure Economic Barrier and Lack of Friendly Approaches Communication Barrier Lack of Social Awareness Wind Power in Pakistan (Case Study) Conclusion and Future Recommendations References 20 Non-technical Aspects of Household Energy Reductions Introduction Factors Affecting Domestic Energy Consumption Domestic Energy Consumption in OECD Countries Domestic Energy Consumption in Low-Income Countries The Context for Domestic Energy Conservation Strategies for Household Energy Reductions Social Psychology and Pro-environmental Behavior The Role of Information Provision The Role of Monetary Approaches and Carbon Taxes Future Directions Air-Conditioning: The Limits of Adaptation Reducing Future Domestic Energy Consumption References Part III: Established Technologies for Climate Change Mitigation: Biomass Energy 21 Thermal Conversion of Biomass Introduction Biomass Thermal Conversion Combustion Combustion Process of Biomass Status of Biomass Combustion Technology Fixed-Bed Boiler Moving Grate Boiler Vibrating Grate Boiler Fluidized Bed Boiler Suspension Combustion Problems Related to Biomass Combustion Agglomeration Fouling and Deposition Corrosion Co-firing Coal and Biomass Technology Options for Co-firing Direct Co-firing Indirect Co-firing Major Technical Considerations when Co-firing Biomass with Coal Fuel Preparation and Handling Ash Deposition Fly Ash Utilization Gasification Gasification Process of Biomass Status of Biomass Gasification Technology Fixed-Bed Gasifier Fluidized-Bed Gasifier Entrained-Flow Bed Gasifier Syngas Quality Control and Cleaning Technology Ash Particles Tar Alkali Metals Syngas Utilization Gas Centralized Supply Combined Heat and Power Generation Synthesis Techniques Pyrolysis Pyrolysis Process of Biomass Status of Biomass Fast Pyrolysis Technology Fast Pyrolysis for Bio-oil Production from Various Feedstocks Reactors for Fast Pyrolysis Bubbling Fluidized Bed Reactors Circulating Fluidized Bed/Transported Bed Reactors Ablative Pyrolysis Reactor Vacuum Pyrolysis Reactor Auger Reactor Rotating Cone Pyrolyzer Development Recommendations Properties of Bio-oils Physical Properties Chemical Properties Applications of Bio-oils Primary Applications of Bio-oils Heat Generation Power Generation Chemicals Separation Bio-oils Upgrading for High-Grade Applications Hydrodeoxygenation (Hydro-upgrading) Catalytic Steam Reforming Catalytic Cracking Selective Pyrolysis of Biomass Application of Biochar Biochar as a Potent Soil Amendment Biochar as a Powerful Tool to Combat Climate Change Hydrothermal of Biomass Hydrothermal Processes of Biomass Status of Biomass Hydrothermal Technology Hydrothermal Carbonization Hydrothermal Liquefaction Hydrothermal Conversion of Biomass to Biochemicals Upgrading of Hydrothermal Product Streams Hydrotreating of Biocrude Hydrotreating of Biochemicals Hydrothermal Gasification Future Directions Combustion Gasification Pyrolysis Hydrothermal References 22 Biochar from Biomass: A Strategy for Carbon Dioxide Sequestration, Soil Amendment, Power Generation, CO2 Utilization, and R... Introduction Biochar Production Pyrolysis Slow Pyrolysis Fast Pyrolysis Other Techniques Engineered Biochar Biochar Characterization Bulk Density Elemental Composition pH Functional Group Analysis Proximate Analysis Surface Property Characterization Biochar Benefits: Carbon Sequestration CO2 Capture Technologies Carbon Sequestration Using Biochar The Impact of Biochar´s Origin Modification of Biochar for CO2 Adsorption Physical Activation of Biochar Biochar Benefits: Soil Amendment Enhanced Soil Fertility and Crop Productivity Effect of Biochar pH and Surface Properties on Nutrient Availability and Cation-Exchange Capacity (CEC) Habitat for Microbial Activity Mobility and Bioavailability of Heavy Metals Pesticide Sorption Altering Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Emissions Emerging Applications in Power Generation Scientific Background Chemically and Photochemically Induced CO2 Fixation on Carbon Sonochemical and Sonophysical Effects Structural Characteristics of Biochar Solvent-Induced Swelling of Carbonaceous Materials Tested Hypotheses and Technological Implications Hypotheses Results of Hypothesis Testing Implications for Sustainable Technologies Biochar as Potential Sorbent for Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Removal in Environment Background Information: Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Biochar Applications for PFAS Removal in Environment Biochar Applications for PFAS in Soils Biochar Applications for PFAS in Water and Wastewater Medical Applications Conclusions References 23 An Opportunity for Renewable Energy: Wood Pellet Use by Rural Households Introduction Wood Biomass as a Source of Renewable Energy for Households Wood Pellet Market: Poland and the European Union Wood Pellet Manufacturers in Poland Wood Pellet Attributes as Compared to Coal Wood Pellet Quality Norms and Certification Wood Pellet Fraud Prevention Advantages of Wood Biomass Use to Household, Environment, and Local Economies Two Cases of Actual Users of Wood Pellets to Heat Living Spaces and Water in Single-Family Homes in Rural Areas in Poland Case 1: Retiree in an Older House Heating Season 1 Heating Season 2 Heating Season 3 Homeowner Experience Case 2: Large Family in a Large New House Importance of Policies Stimulating Use of Wood Biomass and Other Renewable Energy Sources by Households Program ``Clean Air´´ in Poland Wood Pellet Sector Present and Future Potential - Results of Wood Pellet Producer Survey in Poland (Conducted in 2019/20) Survey of Wood Pellet Manufacturers in Poland Survey Summary Results Concluding Remarks References Part IV: Established Technologies for Climate Change Mitigation: Solar Energy 24 Solar Radiation and Solar Panels Introduction General Characterization of Solar Radiation Structure of the Sun Blackbody Radiation Solar Spectrum at the Top of the Atmosphere Insolation at the Top of Earth´s Atmosphere Attenuation of Sunlight in the Atmosphere Scattering of Sunlight in the Atmosphere Absorption of Sunlight in the Atmosphere Solar Radiation Reaching the Earth´s Surface Methodology of Solar Radiation Calculation Determination of the Earth´s Location in Orbit Determination of the Solar Latitude and Longitude Determination of Solar Zenith and Azimuth Direct Solar Radiation Falling into a Horizontal Surface Diffuse Sky Radiation Falling onto a Horizontal Surface Estimation of Sky and Relief Diffuse Radiation Global Solar Radiation Calculation Calculations and Measurements of Solar Radiation Falling into Horizontal Panel Solar Panels Daily Optimal Direction of Solar Panel Calculations of the Daily Optimal Direction of Solar Panels and Measurements of Energy Falling onto Variously Directed Panels Conclusion References 25 Empowering Photovoltaics with Smart Light Management Technologies Introduction The Need for Cleaner Energy Technologies The Role of Photovoltaics The Role of Photonics in Future PV Developments Outline of This Chapter The Rise of Solar PV Economic Status-Quo Technologic Status-Quo Harvesting Energy from the Sun The Incoming Solar Radiation Solar Resource and Electricity Consumption The Thin Silicon Scenario The Advantages and Prospects of Light Management The Advantages of Light Management for PV Applications The New Age of Flexible PV Emerging Applications Flexibility Throughout Importance of Light-Trapping for Efficient Flexible Solar Cells Avenue for Innovations Smart Light Management Technologies Tailor-Made Light for Solar Cells The Onset of Absorption Capturing Light Rays Trapping Light Waves Surface Textures Diffractive Structures Lambertian Scattering The Lambertian Limit for Light-Trapping Technological Developments Front Side Textures Rear Side Textures Front and Back Side Textures Concluding Remarks Wave-Optical Dielectric-Based Structures Dielectric Materials for PV Advantages of Dielectric Surface Structures Theoretical Considerations and Optical Modelling Front Domes and Holes for Light-Trapping Optical and Electrical Challenges Colloidal Lithography Dielectric Structures for Light-Trapping in Thin-Film PV Photonic and Conductive Front Contacts Additional Advantages Angular Sensitivity Self-Cleaning Properties Concluding Remarks Plasmonic Nanostructures The Unique Optical Properties of Plasmonic Nanostructures Plasmonic Back Reflectors Silver Nanoparticles by Solid State De-wetting (SSD) Gold Nanoparticles by Colloidal Deposition Plasmon-Enhanced Solar Cells PBR with Silver Nanoparticles Formed by De-wetting PBR with Colloidal Gold Nanoparticles Concluding Remarks Light-Management for Colored Building-Integrated PV Light Management for Energy-Efficient Coloration of Solar Cells From Light Management to High Efficiencies Efficiency Limit for Single Absorbers The Tandem Approach Ongoing Developments Light Management in Tandem Solar Cells Anti-Reflective Coatings Refractive Index Engineering Optical Interlayers Textured Interfaces External Textures Rear Reflectors Concluding Remarks Sustainability Aspects and Some Critical Remarks Summary and Conclusions References 26 Harnessing Solar Energy for Sustainable Development of Livelihoods Introduction Solar Resource Map Solar-Thermal Systems Nonconcentrating Solar-Thermal Collectors Flat Plate Collectors Evacuated Tube Solar Collectors (ETSC) Solar Still Concentrating Solar-Thermal Collectors Parabolic Trough Collector (PTC) Compound Parabolic Collectors (CPC) Parabolic Dish Reflector (PDR) Fresnel Lens Concentrators Central Receiver Tower and Heliostat Field Reflectors (HFR) Solar Energy for Rural Applications Solar Cooking Description of Solar Cooker Initiatives by Government of India and Success Stories Solar-Based Hybrid Energy Systems for Rural Electrification Case Studies of African Countries Case Studies of South American Countries Case Studies of Asian Countries Case Studies of India Conclusion References 27 Assessing Solar Photovoltaic Potential Using LiDAR and GIS Modeling Introduction Related Studies Solar Irradiation Calculation Characteristics of Suitable Locations for Solar PV Deployment Suitable Area Detection at Different Scales Methodology of Meso-scale Solar PV Potential Assessment Case Study Study Area Data and Model Implementation Results and Discussion Solar PV Technical Potential of Tucson Urban Area Actual Solar PV Installations in the Tucson Urban Area Validation Conclusion Cross-References References 28 Solar-Assisted Heat Pumps and Chillers Introduction Heat Pumps and Chillers Vapor Compression Heat Pumps and Chillers Working Principle Typical Working Fluids CO2 Cycles Thermal Heat Pumps and Chillers Working Principle Typical Working Pairs Solar Thermal Collectors Working Principle and Technologies Classification Solar-Assisted Heat Pumps Vapor Compression Heat Pumps Sorption Heat Pumps Solar-Assisted Dryers High-Temperature Heat Pumps for Industrial Applications Solar-Assisted Chillers Solar-Assisted Vapor Compression Heat Pumps Solar Cooling System Configurations Hybrid Chillers Industrial Refrigeration Integration in Multi-Generation Systems The Role of Heat Pumps in Climate Change Mitigation Conclusions and Future Perspectives References Part V: Established Technologies for Climate Change Mitigation: Advanced Carbon Conversion Sciences and Technologies 29 Sustainability and Resilience Co-benefits and Trade-Offs of Urban Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Measures Introduction Materials and Methods Concise Theoretical Underpinnings of Sustainability and Resilience Urban Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Measures Co-Benefits and Trade-Offs Interactions with Sustainability Co-Benefits and Trade-Offs Related to Different Subdimensions Resource Efficiency and Sustainable Resource Management Energy Security Economic Impacts Health Impacts Social Impacts Air Quality Ecosystem Impacts Food Security Interactions with Resilience Co-Benefits and Trade-Offs Related to Different Subdimensions Planning/Preparation Absorption Recovery Adaptation Summary and Conclusions References 30 Chemical Absorption Introduction Mechanism of Chemical Absorption CO2 Solubility CO2 Absorption Mass Transfer Chemical Reactions Typical Chemical Absorption Systems Amine Scrubbing Systems Reaction Mechanisms Amine-Based Process Biphasic Systems Liquid-Liquid Biphasic Process Liquid-Solid Biphasic Process Ammonia-Based System Reaction Mechanism Ammonia-Based Process Membrane Absorption Systems Hollow Fiber Membrane Absorption Process Membrane Materials Key Technologies of Amine Scrubbing Absorbents Absorbent Properties Mixed Amines Piperazine Water Lean Solvents Biphasic Solvents Ionic Liquids Encapsulated Solvents Nanoparticle-Based Solvents Equipment Absorber Stripper Heat Exchanger Process Modification and Integration Absorption Enchantment Heat Integration Heat Pump Technology Advanced Regeneration Process Environmental and Economic Issues Amine Volatility Henry´s Law Volatility Data Amine Emission Aerosol Formation Mechanism Pollution Emission Control Strategy Amine Degradation Effect of Impurities in Flue Gas Effect of Temperature and Metal Ion Amine Reclaiming Technology Amine Corrosion Tech-Economics of Chemical Absorption Systems Industrial Application and Future Direction Industrial Application Future Directions References 31 CO2 Capture by Membrane Introduction CO2 Separation Membrane Basic Principles of Membrane Gas Separation Porous Membrane Nonporous Polymeric Membrane Facilitated Transport Membrane Recent Advances in Membrane Materials for CO2 Separation Polymeric Membranes Inorganic Membranes Ionic Liquid Membranes Facilitated Transport Membranes Development of CO2 Molecular Gate Membranes and Modules Using PAMAM Dendrimer Mixed Matrix Membranes Membrane Module Design and Manufacturing for CO2 Membrane Separation Hollow Fiber Membrane Modules Spiral-Wound Membrane Modules Demonstration (Field Test) Summary and Future Prospects References 32 CO2 Geological Storage Introduction Technical Issues Evaluation of the Sealing Performance of Caprocks Introduction Capillary Pressure Theory Sealing Mechanisms of Porous Medium Definition of Pc Measurement Methods for Pc Evaluation of Sealing Performance Under CGS Conditions Previous Works Modeling of the Correlation Between and k Conclusion of This Section Evaluation of Geochemical Processes Introduction Approach to Evaluation of Geochemical Processes The Role and Directionality of Simulation Studies Equilibrium Parameters Kinetic Parameters Setting Conditions Measurement of Reaction Rates of Carbonates at Hot Springs Conclusion of This Section Geophysical Monitoring and Modeling Introduction Seismic Monitoring Geophysical Modeling Flow Simulation Based Upon Tokyo Bay Model Prediction of Changes in Geophysical Observables Summary Geomechanical Modeling Introduction A General Framework of Geophysical/Geomechanical Modeling Numerical Simulation for THM Coupling Analysis Fault Stability Analysis: Coulomb Failure and Slip Tendency An Example of a Natural Analogue: The Matsushiro Seismic Swarm Driven by CO2-Quality Fluid Activity Data Processing and Analysis of Injection-Induced Seismicity Statistical Properties of Injection-Induced Seismicity Based on ETAS Modeling Lessons from Some Significant Cases of Injection-Induced Seismicity Future Directions References 33 Conversion of CO2 to Value Added Chemicals: Opportunities and Challenges Introduction Thermochemical Methods Hydrogen Supply Carbon Monoxide and Synthesis Gas Production Catalytic Hydrogenation Reforming with CO2 Methanol Synthesis Methanation Urea Net CO2 Reduction Electrochemical Conversion of CO2 to Value-Added Chemicals Low-Temperature Direct Electrochemical Pathways Major Products Carbon Monoxide (CO) Formic Acid Hydrocarbons and Alcohols Critical Technology Development Factors for Electrochemical Methods Catalysts Activity and Selectivity Cathode Current Density Electrode Structure Affecting Current Density Electrolyte Cathode Catalyst Stability and Life Electrolyzer Anode Performance Other Electrochemical Methods Photoelectrochemical Reduction of CO2 High-Temperature Electrochemical Conversion Using Solid Oxide Electrolyzers Metal-Free Catalysts Novel CO2 Electro-biochemical Pathways Technical Barriers to Adoption of CO2 Utilization Energy Reduction Renewable Energy Consumable Chemicals CO2 Purity Material Degradation Integration into Existing Systems Product Quality Acceptance Life Cycle Analysis Economic/Social/Environmental Barriers Distributed Production of Fuels and Chemicals Policy Barriers Future Directions Improved Electrochemical Reaction Kinetics Technology Improved Biochemical Processes Value Chain Analysis Formation of Networks: Improved Communication and Influence Ways to Bring Technologies to Market References General Reading References 34 Oxy-fuel Firing Technology for Power Generation and Heat and Steam Production Introduction Oxy-fuel Pulverized Fuel Technology Emissions: SOx, NOx, and Other Micropollutants NOx Production SOx Production Major Pilot Plant Developments Other Issues for Oxy-fuel Firing in Pulverized Fuel Combustion Systems Biomass Firing in Oxy-fuel Combustion Systems Oxy-fuel CFBC Combustion CO Emissions NOx Emissions SO2 Emissions Larger-Scale Tests and Industrial Plans Flue Gas Issues and Conditioning for Oxy-fuel Technology Conclusions Cross-References References 35 Conversion of Syngas with Carbon Dioxide to Fuels Introduction Heterogeneous Catalysis of CO Hydrogenation Reaction Pathway The Nature of Active Sites Circumventing Fischer-Tropsch Chain Growth Kinetics Ethanol Synthesis Catalysts Hydrocarbon Synthesis Catalysts The Addition of CO2 to Syngas Reactor Issues Cracking Sustainability Issues Related to the Use of FT Transportation Fuels Future Directions References 36 Chemical Looping Technology Introduction The Chemical Looping Combustion Concept Choices of Oxide Carriers Preparation of Chemical Looping Particles and Related Issues The CaS/CaSO4 System The Copper System The Iron System The Nickel System Pilot-Plant Research Use of Natural Gas in Chemical Looping Systems Solid Fuels in Chemical Looping Combustion The Effects of Sulfur Reforming and Hydrogen Production Pressurized Chemical Looping Systems Other Possibilities Conclusions References 37 High-Temperature Oxygen Separation Using Dense Ceramic Membranes Introduction Transport Theory Transport Mechanisms Limiting Steps Bulk Diffusion Surface Exchange Reaction Membrane Developments, Limitations, and Improvements Fluorite Perovskite Dual-Phase Membrane External Short-Circuit Concept Membrane Type and Preparation Dense Disk Membranes Porous Substrate-Supported Thin-Film Disk Membranes Tubular and Hollow Fiber Membranes Other Important Applications Modeling of Oxygen Permeation Fluxes Future Directions References 38 Reduction of Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Catalytic Processes Introduction Background Aspects of Catalytic Concepts, Materials, and Technologies Reduction of NCGG Emissions Methane (CH4) Sources and Impact Methane Catalytic Combustion Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Sources and Impact Catalytic Technologies to Control Fluorocarbons (F-Gases) Sources and Impact Catalytic Technologies of Conversion Future Directions Cross-References References 39 Catalytic Technologies for the Conversion and Reuse of CO2 Introduction The Impact of Reusing CO2 as a Critical Element for Sustainable Future Introduction of Renewable Energy in the Chemical Production Chain Through CO2 Utilization Catalytic Conversion of CO2 Options and Stage of Development Production of Added-Value Chemicals Monomers for Advanced Materials Polymers Organic Carbonates Use of CO2 in Fine and Specialty Chemicals Synthesis Productions of Fuels and Chemicals by Using Renewable Energy CO2 Hydrogenation Catalytic Routes Urea and Derivate CO2 in Reforming Reactions and as Selective Oxidant CO2 Utilization in Biocatalytic Routes and for Green Biorefineries Solar Fuels and Chemicals from CO2 Power-to-X Processes Solar-to-Fuels or Chemicals Use of Nonthermal Plasma Future Directions Cross References References Part VI: Emerging Technologies for Climate Change Mitigation: Advanced Technologies 40 Hydrogen Production Introduction Hydrogen Production from Fossil Fuels Steam Methane Reforming (SMR) Desulfurization Steam Reforming WGS H2 Purification Oil Reforming Steam Reforming Partial Oxidation (POX) Autothermal Reforming (ATR) Oil Pyrolysis Coal Gasification Moving Bed Gasification Fluidized Bed Gasification Entrained Flow Gasification Underground Coal Gasification Hydrogen Production from Biomass Biomass Thermochemical Conversion Biomass Pyrolysis Biomass Gasification Biomass Supercritical Water Gasification (SCWG) Biomass Biological Conversion Biomass Photosynthesis Process Direct Biophotolysis Indirect Biophotolysis Biomass Fermentation Dark Fermentation Photo-Fermentation Biomass Biological Water Gas Shift Reaction (BWGS) Hydrogen Production from Water Water Electrolysis Alkaline Electrolyzer Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolyzer Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells (SOEC) Water Thermochemical Splitting Sulfur-Iodine Cycle Hybrid Sulfur Cycle Water Photoelectrolysis H2 Production through Looping Processes with CO2 Capture H2 Production through Calcium-Looping Process H2 Production Through Chemical-Looping Process Future Perspectives References 41 Nuclear Fusion Introduction Why Fusion for Global Warming Suppression? Wastes Fuels Safety What Is Fusion? Fusion Reaction Difference between Fusion and Fission Reactors Core of Fusion Reactor: Burning Plasma Characteristics of Plasma Magnetic Confinement of Plasma Engineering Elements of Fusion Reactor Structure of a Fusion Reactor Plasma-Facing Component and Structure Material Blanket Superconducting Magnet Present Status and Future Direction of Nuclear Fusion Progress by Experimental Projects ITER Roadmap to Demonstration Fusion Reactor (DEMO) Summary References 42 Third-Generation Biofuels: Bacteria and Algae for Better Yield and Sustainability Introduction Generations of Biofuels The Role of Microorganisms Impact of Biofuels Growth Conditions of Microorganisms Growth of Microalgae and Cyanobacteria Why Algae? Cyanobacteria Assessment of Biofuels Energy Return Ratios (ERRs) Biorefinery Concept Gasoline Alternatives Bioethanol BioMTBE and BioETBE Biomethanol Biobutanol Bio-Propanol Biodiesel Bio-Octanol Bio-Jet Fuel Gaseous Biofuels Biohydrogen Gas to Liquids (GTL) Biological Conversion of Natural Gas to Liquid Fuel (Bio-GTL) Biofuels from Biological Wastewater Treatment (BWWT) Plants Other Technologies Microbial Fuel Cells Euglena Archaea Flue Gas Recycling Metabolic Engineering Discussion Conclusions Outlook References 43 Biodegradable Bio-based Plastics Toward Climate Change Mitigation Introduction Biopolymers Origin and Classification Bioplastics from Microalgae New Developments and Waste-Derived Bioplastics Bioplastics from Methane Sustainability Processing of Biopolymers into Bioplastics Plasticization Techniques Challenges in the Production of Bioplastics Applications of Bioplastics Modified Bioplastics Bioplastics Market Costs of Bioplastics Biodegradation Management of Biodegradable Packaging Waste International Standards Fate of Bioplastics Products in Nature Waste Management Public Perception of Bioplastics Conclusion References Part VII: Emerging Technologies for Climate Change Mitigation: Sustainable Green Cities 44 Reducing Energy in Transport, Building, and Agriculture Through Social Efficiency Introduction Why Technical Energy Efficiency Improvements Are not Sufficient Social Efficiency: Transport Passenger Transport Freight Transport Social Efficiency: Buildings Social Efficiency: Agriculture Future Directions References 45 The Effects of Greening Cities on Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Introduction: Cities Under Climate Change Green Infrastructure Implementing Green Infrastructure to Allow Cities to Mitigate and Adapt to Climate Change Cooler Cities: Success of Greening Cities Barriers That Prevent Cities from Green Infrastructure Climate Change Benefits In Lieu of a Summary Conclusion References 46 Application of Vegetal Concrete for Carbon-Neutral Built Environment Introduction Carbon Footprint of the Built Environment Crop Residue Generation Bio-based Building Materials Interactions Between the Components of Bio-based Building Materials Properties of Vegetal Concretes Mechanical Properties Physical Properties Environmental Credentials Health and Safety Aspects Applications of Vegetal Concretes General Applications of Crop Residues Discussion Ecological Impact of Crop Residues Climate Impact of Vegetal Concretes in Built Environment Advantages of Vegetal Concrete Issues to be Addressed Compatibility Quality Control High Shrinkage Future Developments Nanotechnology 3D Printing Conclusion References 47 Nature-Based Solutions Applied to the Built Environment to Alleviate Climate Change: Benefits, Co-benefits, and Trade-offs ... Introduction Nature-Based Solutions Nature-Based Solutions Applied to Cities Urban Greenery Green Roofs Green Walls Effects of NbS on Building Energy Demand Effects of NbS on Urban Heat Island Mitigation NbS Co-benefits, Trade-offs, and Limits to Their Widespread Future Directions HeadingsSec110005328426 References 48 A Light Bulb Moment for Cities: Opportunities to Improve Residential Energy Efficiency Outreach Introduction Climate Change, Energy Efficiency, and Behavior Change Education to Promote Behavior Change Economic and Practical Aspects Energy Efficiency Adoption Significance of Energy Efficiency in Low-Income Homes Energy Insecurity Urgency of Reducing Energy Insecurity Importance of Energy Efficiency in Rental Apartments Communicating About Sustainability Tools for Evaluating Message Comprehension Review of City, Sustainability, and Energy Efficiency Communication Characteristics Population and Income Assessing Sustainability Commitment Climate Mayors Rockefeller Foundation 100 Resilient Cities Carbon Disclosure Project C40 Cities ICLEI - Local Governments for Sustainability Low-Income and Renter Populations Accessibility of Web-Based Residential Energy Efficiency Information Readability of Web-Based Information Overview of Cities and Their Web-Based Energy Efficiency Communications Relationship Between Per Capita GDP and Sustainability Commitments Relationship Between Per Capita GDP and Energy Efficiency Programs for Multifamily Buildings Energy Efficiency Outreach to Diverse Audiences Poverty and Rental Units User-Centered Web Features Reading Level of Outreach Materials Summarizing the State of Audience-Focused Energy Efficiency Communication Large Cities and Sustainability Commitments Energy Efficiency Goals and Rental Units Sustainability Commitments Do Not Always Equal Effective Communication Municipal Energy Efficiency Websites Need Improvement Recommendations for Communicating About Energy Efficiency Municipal Energy Efficiency Websites Need Comprehensive Review to Address Audience needs Messages Should Be Accessible, Normative, and Action-Oriented Multiple Aspects of Accessibility Normative Messages Action-Oriented Messaging Applying Lessons Learned Message Mapping as a Strategy to Target Audience Needs A Light Bulb Moment: Rethinking Energy Efficiency Communication Cross-References References Part VIII: Emerging Technologies for Climate Change Mitigation: Sustainable Smart Cities 49 Smart Grids and Smart Buildings Introduction Smart Grid Technologies Renewable Energy Resources in the Grid: Challenges and Opportunities Renewable Energy Challenges Economic Efficiency Energy Security Owner Financial Issues Renewable Energy Potential Benefits Utility Benefits Deferred or Avoided T&D Expansion Reduced System Losses Voltage Support to Electricity Grid Customer Benefits Lower Cost of Electricity Consumer Electricity Price Protection Enhanced Demand Response and Elasticity Improved Reliability and Power Quality Consumer Control Society-Wind Benefits Improving Grid Security Effects on Land Use Reducing Opposition to Central Power Plants and Transmission Lines Reducing Emissions Supporting Renewable Portfolio Standards Goals Demand Response for Smart Grid DR Programs DR Benefits and Cost Geographical Information System (GIS) and Smart Grid GIS Is the Foundational Platform for Smart Grid Role of GIS in the Smart Grid Challenges of GIS Data Quality Smart Grid Networking and Communication Technologies Network Architecture Networking Technologies Wired Networking Technologies Power-Line Communication Digital Subscriber Line Optical Networking Wireless Networking Technologies WiFi ZigBee Z-Wave DASH7 LoRaWAN SigFox Cellular Communication Satellite Communication Networking Research Challenges Security and Privacy Security Attacks Countermeasures Privacy Research Challenges Cloud Computing for the Smart Grid Advances and Challenges in the Development of Smart Grids Smart Grid Economics Road Map to ``Mature´´ Smart Grids Smart Buildings Energy in Building Sector Definition of Smart Buildings Framework of Smart Buildings Energy Management in Smart Buildings Case Studies of Smart Buildings Case 1: Smart Polygeneration Microgrid (SPM) and a Smart Energy Building (SEB) Test Bed at Savona Campus, University of Genoa,... Case 2: GreEn-ER Living Lab and the Smart Building Platform ``PREDIS´´ at the Grenoble University, France References 50 The Inclusion of Big Data as a Propellant of Urban Sustainability Introduction Methods Literature Review Urban Sustainability and Sustainable Cities Fourth Industrial Revolution The Inclusion of Big Data as a Propellant of Urban Sustainability Big Data in Urban Design Big Data in Environment Big Data in Transportation Big Data in Creativity Economic International Measurement Models for Smart Sustainable Cities Conclusion References 51 Empowering Energy Saving Management and Microgrid Topology to Diminish Climate Challenge Introduction An Overview of Energy Management Systems The Microgrid Sustainable Operation Primary Control Layer Secondary Control Layer EMSs Foreseen Benefits and Challenges Trends and Expectancy Wrap Up References Part IX: Emerging Technologies for Climate Change Mitigation: Transportation in Sustainable Cities 52 Connectivity and Automation as Enablers for Energy-Efficient Driving and Road Traffic Management Introduction Connected Vehicle Control Eco-Routing Eco-Driving Cooperative Vehicle Control Vehicle Platooning Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control Lane Change and Merge Cooperative Intersection Control Traffic Harmonization Road Infrastructure Control Variable Speed Limits Traffic Light Adaptive Control Summary Future Directions References 53 Recent Development of Climate Change Mitigation in the Aviation Sector: For Better Incentive Design Between Developed and D... Introduction Policy Developments Introduction Aviation Sector Growth COVID-19 Impact on Aviation Sector Air Cargo Growth Recent Policy Developments about Climate Change Mitigation at International Aviation Sector Market-Based Measures: ICAO CORSIA Overview of CORSIA Timeline of CORSIA CO2 Offsetting Requirements Calculations CORSIA Implementation Elements Assistance, Capacity Building, and Buddy System Impact of COVID-19 on CORSIA ICAO´s Policy Measures in Perspective Theoretical Illustration Introduction Modelling Analysis Analysis of Market-Based Mechanism: Emission Allowance Trading Analysis of Incentive Design Problem under Asymmetric Information Structure Settings and Model Temperature Anomaly Model Recomposition with Stochastic Process Moral Hazard Modelling Double Moral Hazard Problem The Agreeable Sharing Rule Numerical Illustration Policy Implication References 54 E-Mobility: Transportation Sector in Transition Introduction Generalized Overview of E-Mobility EV History and Current Status General Classification of EVs Configuration and Subsystems Types of EVs Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV) Transdisciplinary and Key Enabling Technologies for E-Mobility Primary Energy Sources Batteries Ultracapacitors Fuel Cells Flywheel Electric Motors Permanent Magnet Brushless Direct Current Motors (PMDC) Brushed Direct Current Motors Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSMs) Induction Motors (IMs) Synchronous Reluctance Motors (SRMs) Switched Reluctance Motors Charging Infrastructure AC Charging DC Charging Wireless Charging Converter Topologies Control Systems Cross-Sectoral Analysis Environmental and Economic Impacts V2X (Vehicle to Anything (X)) Vehicle to Home (V2H) Backup Power Support Load Management Vehicle to Building (V2B) Vehicle to Grid (V2G) Frequency Regulation Power Factor Correction Renewable Energy Resource (RER) Integration Impact on Losses Harmonic Impact Policy Implication Direct and Indirect Electrification Emerging Trends AI in the Transportation Sector Planning and Designing AI Issues and Challenges in Vehicular System Alternate Fuels Electrofuels Hydrogen Pathways Carbon Capture Biofuels Hydrogen Fuels Key Challenges and Future Directions Conclusion References 55 Reducing Personal Mobility for Climate Change Mitigation Introduction: Travel Reductions for Climate Mitigation Surface Transport Patterns in Four OECD Countries Present Transport Patterns Vehicular Travel Non-motorized Travel Predicted Future Transport Patterns Vehicular Travel Non-motorized Travel Creating Environmentally Sustainable Travel Behavior General Principles for Change Changing Travel Behavior Voluntary Travel Reductions: An Australian Case Study Reducing Travel: Changing Vehicle Occupancy Rates Reducing Travel: Changing Urban Land-Use Patterns Reducing Travel: Raising the Overall Level of Motoring Costs Reducing Travel: Lowering the Convenience of Car Travel Future Directions References Part X: Emerging Technologies for Climate Change Mitigation: Sustainable Agriculture 56 Dietary Manipulation to Mitigate Greenhouse Gas Emission from Livestock Introduction Brief on Greenhouse Gases Emissions Greenhouse Gases Emissions in Agriculture Enteric Emission Dietary Manipulation Organic Acids Probiotics Exogenous Enzymes Plant Metabolites and Fodder Trees Essential Oils Interaction Between Diets and Other Bacteria (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus sp.) Conclusion and Future Perspectives Cross-References References 57 Natural Resource Management and Sustainable Agriculture Introduction What Are Natural Resources? What Is Natural Resource Management? Natural Resource Management and Sustainable Agriculture Urgent Need to Adopt Sustainable Agriculture Climate Change, Carbon Dioxide Emissions, and the Need for Sustainable Agriculture Agricultural Practices and Greenhouse Gas Emissions The Role of Carbon-Dioxide in Global Warming Carbon Sequestration Opportunities for Mitigation Technologies and Practices in Agriculture Cropland Management Pasture and Grazing Management Manure Management Increasing Agroforestry and Forest Reserves Sustainable Agricultural Practices Conservation Tillage for Crop Production Tillage What Is Conservation Tillage? Types of Conservation Tillage Effects of Conservation Tillage on Soil Effects of Conservation Tillage on the Environment Effects of Intense Use of External Inputs in Food Crop Production Sustainable Livestock Management and Food Security Livestock Production, Environmental Sustainability, and Climate Change Livestock, Climate Change, and CO2 Emission Ways to Achieve Sustainable Livestock Production Maintain Animal Health Use Supplements Consuming Less Quantity and More Quality Give Less Human Food to Animals Harmonize Farming Practices with Local Culture Raise Native Species Agroforestry Climate-Smart Farming Climate-Smart Livestock Farming Through Livestock Feeding and Forages Implementation of Efficient, Eco-Friendly, and Adaptive Animal Sustainable Crop Production Sustainable Crop Production Systems/Practices Cultivars Organic Agriculture Conservation Agriculture Weed Management and Control Nutrient and Fertilizer Management Water Management Precision Agriculture Soilless Farming or Hydroponics Incorporation of Renewable Energy into Farming Solar into Rural Area Anaerobic Digestion Integrated Watershed Management Adaptation in Agriculture to Climate Change to Address Vulnerability Types of Adaptation Technological Advancements Farm Production Practices Government Programs and Agricultural Insurance Farm Financial Management Solutions and Sustainable Practices That Encourage Natural Resource Management Pasture Management Stakeholder Management Mixed Farming Crop Rotation Conclusions References Part XI: Climate Change Adaptation: Strategies to Deal with Global Warming 58 Adapting Buildings to Climate Change: Case Study of a Museum in the North of Spain Introduction and Aim of the Chapter Background Required Indoor Environment in a Museum Definition of the Case Study General Characteristics of the MN Main Constructive Characteristics HVAC Systems in the Museum Climatic Conditions in Pamplona Methodology Methodology of the Post-Occupancy Assessment Monitoring Surveys to Visitors Methodology of the Energy Simulation Climate Year Files Calibration of the Energy Model Energy Simulation Facing Heatwaves and Warming Summer Temperatures in the Museum: Results Analysis of the Museum´s Interior Conditions in Heatwaves Previous to 2019 Indoor Environmental Conditions During Summer 2019 Analysis of Temperatures in the Museum´s Exhibition Areas Analysis of Interior Temperatures Comparative Study of Indoor Temperatures of Different Rooms Analysis of Relative Humidity in the Museum´s Exhibition Areas Analysis of the CO2 Concentration in the Museum Analysis of Surveys to Visitors of the Museum Assessment of Other Parameters Tripod Located in First Floor and West Orientation Tripod Located in Temporary Room in Ground Floor Proposing Energy Efficiency Measures to Refurbish the Museum Model Calibration Definition of Rehabilitation Measures Measures M.A: Partial Measures to Refurbish the Building Measures M.B: Measures to Refurbish the Building According to Spanish Code Measures M.C: Measures to Refurbish the Building to Reach nZEB Objectives According to Spanish Code Results of Refurbish Measures with Energy Simulation Results of Measures M.A: Partial Measures to Refurbish the Building Results of Measures M.B: Measures to Refurbish the Building According to Spanish Code Results of Measures M.C: Measures to Refurbish the Building to Reach nZEB Objectives According to Spanish Code Tables with Analysis of Temperature and Relative Humidity by Selected Room Discussion Conclusions References 59 Community Forestry Management for Climate Change Adaptation Introduction Community Forestry Development and Forest Conservation Case Study of Sesaot Community Forest in Indonesia Forest Farmers´ Experiences and Views on the Impact of the Community Forestry Program on Forest Conservation Conclusion References 60 Investigating Urban Heat Island Impact for the City of Chattanooga, Tennessee, Using GIS and Remote Sensing Introduction Urban Heat Island (UHI) and Its Effect Geographic Trends in Urban Heat Island (UHI) Studies Possible Urban Heat Island (UHI) Effect in the City of Chattanooga, TN Remote Sensing of Urban Heat Island (UHI) Effect Satellites/Sensors Used in Urban Heat Island (UHI) Analyses Urban Heat Island (UHI) Studies Using Landsat Data Urban Heat Island (UHI) Studies Using MODIS Data Urban Heat Island (UHI) Studies Using ASTER Data Objectives of This Study Study Site Data Used Methods and Results Estimation of Ground Surface Temperature (GST) Extraction of Ground Surface Temperature (GST) Profiles Analysis of Ground Surface Temperature (GST) Profiles Discussions, Conclusions, and Future Research References 61 Potential Impacts of the Growth of a Megacity in Southeast Asia: A Case Study on the City of Dhaka, Bangladesh Introduction Research Data Methods Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) Land Surface Temperature (LST) Conversion of DN to Radiance Landsat 4-5 TM and Landsat 7 ETM+ Landsat 8 TIRS Conversion of Radiance to LST Results and Analysis Changes in Greenness Changes in the Urban Heat Island (UHI) Effects Discussion and Conclusions Future Research Directions References 62 Climate Change Assessment Based on Synphytoindication Method Introduction Territory and Methods of Studying Plant Cover The Object and Methods of Research Phytoindication of Ecological Factors Procedure of Synphytoindication Analysis Climate Characteristics and Their Assessment Methodology and Results of the Synphytoindication Assessment of Climate Parameters Approaches and Methods of the Synphytoindication Assessment of Indicators Modeling of the Change in the Indicators of Eco-Factors and the Behavior of Natural Ecosystems with the Rise in Mean Annual Te... Synphytoindication Assessment of Spatial and Temporal Changes of Ecosystems Conclusions References 63 Space-Based Drought Disaster Risk and Climate Change Assessments: Strategies for Environmental Conservation Introduction Methodology Description of the Study Area Data and Methods MODIS Extraction and Processing of MODIS Data Precipitation Flux and Surface Temperature Result and Discussions Downscaled Precipitation and Temperature Under RCP 8.5 During 2006-2050 Environmental Conservation Strategies Conclusion References 64 Characterizing Local Level Climate Change Adaptive Responses in Drought-Prone Lowlands of Rural Sidama, Southern Ethiopia Introduction Conceptualizing Climate Change Adaptation The Concept of Climate Change and Its Causes Climate Change and Variability in Africa and Ethiopia Impacts of Climate Change and Variability in Ethiopia Adaptive Responses to Climate Change and Variability Adaptive Responses of International Community International Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Negotiations Climate Change Agenda in MDGs and SDGs Adaptive Responses to Climate Change and Variability in Ethiopia Adaptive Responses of the Government Adaptive Responses of Rural Farmers Adaptive Capacity to Climate Change and Variability Adaptive Capacity and Climate Change in Developing Countries Institutions and Climate Change Adaptation Climate Change Adaptive Responses: A Case Study from Drought-Prone Districts of Sidama Regional State, Ethiopia Materials and Methods Results and Discussions Rainfall and Temperature Variability Characteristics of Smallholder Farmers Types and Characteristics of Local-Level Adaptive Responses Adaptive Responses of Local Government Adaptive Responses of Local Social Institutions Challenges in Responding to Climate Change-Induced Impacts Conclusions and Recommendations Bibliography 65 Influence of Future Climate on Building Performance and the Related Adaptive Solution to New Building Design Introduction Related Studies Existing Status of Residential Buildings in Italy and Sweden Climate Data Analysis Existing Climate Datasets Sizing HVAC Using Simple Design Condition Simulation Requires Appropriate Weather Data Future Climate Data Future Climate Scenarios Morphed Future Climate Data Climate-Adaptive Design Assessment Using Typical Adaptive Comfort Models Thermal Comfort Typical Adaptive Comfort Models Residential Building Design Analysis in Two Locations Methodology Results Analysis Discussion Case Studies for Design of a New Modular Container House Background of Upcycled Container Building Basic Conditions for Design Design Climatic Data Proposed Generic Design Strategies Comparison of the Proposed Design Strategies Against the Conventional Designs Potential Realization of the Designs Conclusion and Suggestions Suggestion in Building Retrofitting Strategy Suggestion in Building Technology Development Suggestion in Building Cluster Design Suggestion in Building-Related Economic Fields Suggestions from Case Studies Future Works References 66 Building Renovation Adapting to Future Climate: A Potential Solution of Phase Change Material to Building Envelope Introduction Background Study Motivation and Aim PCM Integration as Passive Component on the Building Envelope How to Predict Future Climate Conditions Producing Regional Climate Projections Bridging Climate Projections to Climate Impacts Assessment Methodology Methodology Overview Energy Simulation Present and Future Climate Trends in Stockholm and Rome Driving Climate Simulations Building Models Description HVAC System Thermal Comfort Assessment Analytical Approach of the Parametric Study Results and Discussion Results and Discussion Overview Reference Single Zone House (Without PCM) in Stockholm, Sweden Reference Single Zone House (Without PCM) in Rome, Italy PCM Added Single Zone House Operating Under Historical Climate in Stockholm, Sweden Effect of PCM on the Indoor Environment for the Historical Period in Stockholm, Sweden Effect of PCM on the Heating and Cooling Demand for the Historical Period in Stockholm, Sweden PCM Added Single Zone House Operating Under Historical Climate in Rome, Italy Effect of PCM on the Indoor Environment for the Historical Period in Rome, Italy Effect of PCM on the Heating and Cooling Demand for the Historical Period in Rome, Italy PCM Added Single Zone House Operating Under Future Climate (2080s) in Stockholm, Sweden Effect of PCM on the Indoor Environment for the Future Period (2080s) in Stockholm, Sweden Effect of PCM on the Heating and Cooling Demand for the Future Period (2080s) in Stockholm, Sweden PCM Added Single Zone House Operating Under Future Climate (2080s) in Rome, Italy Effect of PCM on the Indoor Environment for the Future Period (2080s) in Rome, Italy Effect of PCM on the Heating and Cooling Demand for the Future Period (2080s) in Rome, Italy PCM Effect on the Indoor Mean Air Temperature and Operative Temperature: A Deeper Overview A1B1D3 Versus A1B1D4 Group Conclusion References 67 Corporate Climate Commitments: The Trend Towards Net Zero Introduction Why Companies Are Setting Net-Zero Targets What Is a Net-Zero Target? Greenhouse Gases Covered by Net-Zero Targets Timeframe Emissions Scope Absolute Emissions and Intensity-Based Targets Examples Accountability and Reporting How Are Companies Setting Net-Zero Targets? Target Implementation Policy and Political Engagement Conclusion Notes References 68 Disaster Risk Reduction Introduction DRR Policy that Integrates CCA. Conceptual Challenges to Managing Water-Related Disasters Stationarity of Hydrometeorological Phenomena Concept of the FRM Evolving the DRR Policies to Adapt to Climate Change in Selected Countries Europe Netherlands England Japan Obstacles in Integrating DRR with CCA Financing Scale of Current Investment in FRM Estimating Investments Governance Conclusion Appendix Case Study 1: Tsurumigawa River Basin, Japan Case Study 2: Ormoc City, The Philippines References 69 Ruminant Productivity Among Smallholders in a Changing Climate: Adaptation Strategies Introduction The Smallholder Farmer and the Poorest of the Poor Ruminant Production by Smallholders Changing Climate Ruminant Production/Productivity in a Changing Climate Impact of Climate Change on Ruminant Ruminant Production in the Face of Climate Change: Adaptation Strategies Production System Strategies Intensification Integration Agroforestry Alternative Livestock Production Nutrition and Chronomanagement Changes in Operation Time Strategic Mobility Selection and Breeding Diversification/Multispecies Composition of Herds or Flocks Mixed Livestock System of Farming Management System Strategies Destocking Provision of Shade and Water Water Resource Management Alteration in Herd/Flock Composition Limiting the Climate Change Effects Others Conclusion References Part XII: Political Framework and Education 70 Education as a Strategy for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Introduction Context and Issues for Climate Change Education The International Context The Youth The Issues Challenges for Implementation Teachers, Key Actors in Climate Change Education A Survey by the Academies in Europe Examples of Implementations High Schools in France The STEAM Territories (Siemens Stiftung) The Office for Climate Education TROP ICSU: Resources for All Curricula A Wealth of Initiatives Conclusion References 71 Framework for Assessment of Climate Change Mitigation Policies Impact on Just Transition Towards Low Carbon Future Introduction Literature Review Just Low Carbon Energy Transition´ Indicators Framework Economic Indicators Environmental Indicators Social Indicators Methodology TOPSIS Results Results for Four Scenarios in 2005 Results for Four Scenarios in 2018 Comparative Analyses Conclusion References 72 Climate Change: Outreaching to School Students and Teachers Introduction The Need for Education in Climate Science The Granny Model: Basic Concepts The Granny Model: The Underpinning Mathematics A First Attempt to Model the Climate A One-Layer Atmosphere Model A One-Layer Atmosphere Model Simulations A One-Layer Atmosphere Model: Taking the Investigation Much Further Surface Temperatures on Other Planets Snowball Earth Global Dimming Stratospheric Ozone Depletion and Climate Change Milankovitch Cycles and Ice Ages Milankovitch Cycles Present-Day Climate A Simple Mathematical Model That Can Be Used to Predict the Atmospheric Level of Greenhouse Chemicals Given Their Lifetime and... Simple Mathematical Climate Model to Investigate the Role of the Oceans in Slowing Climate Change Climateprediction.Net: Taking Part in Climate Simulations Citizen Science Climate Change Project for Primary Children and Secondary School Students Writing Articles for School Students and Their Teachers Practicals and Hands-on Activities A Climate Change Lecture Demonstration: A Pollutant´s Tale Demonstrations and Experiments That Can Be Done in School to Augment Climate Change Education Soot/Particulate Carbon Solubility of CO2 in Water/Precipitation of Calcium Carbonate Methanol Whoosh Bottle Hydrogen-Filled Balloons The Reduction of Iron Oxide on a Match Head Alcohol Burners Fuel Cells Grätzel Cells Production of Biofuels from Vegetable Oils Nitrogen Dioxide Preparation Detection of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Levels Using IR Sensors How Do Infrared (IR) Sensors Work? Impact and Assessment Generic Learning Outcomes Suggested Questions to Discern Different Learning Outcomes Some Misconceptions Concerning Climate Change and Greenhouse Gases Datasets that Can Be Used in a Class Setting AGAGE Global Warming Potentials Methods Used to Monitor Greenhouse Gases Outreach: Impact on Providers and Others What Is the Impact on Postgraduates and Researchers Who Engage with Schools, Teachers, and the General Public? Communication Skills Role Models Supervisors Increased Employment Prospects Impact on Recipients Is Climate Change All Gloom and Doom? Introducing Stabilization Wedges What Activities May Achieve This Effect? Improved Fuel Economy Reduced Use of Cars More Efficient Buildings Improved Power Plant Efficiency Decarbonization of Electricity and Fuels Carbon Capture and Storage Decarbonization of Electricity and Fuels: Nuclear Fission Increased Use of Renewable, Non-fossil, Energy Sources, Including Wind, Electricity, Photovoltaic Electricity, and Biofuels Deforestation Soil Management Even More Contemporary Atmospheric Chemistry: Criegee Biradicals Conclusions and Summary Future Directions Appendix References 73 Understanding Road Transport Emissions Reduction Policies Using Multi-criteria Analysis Introduction Literature Review Methodology Identifying Alternative Mitigation Measures Analyzing Respondents Evaluative Criteria Analyzing Data Results Criteria Weights MCA of Mitigation Measures Sensitivity Analysis Discussion Conclusions Cross-References References 74 The Impacts of Fracking on Climate Change Introduction Fracking Across the World Can Fracking´s Natural Gas Be Worse than Coal on Climate? Methane Emission from Fracking Process Climate Mitigation? Future Directions References 75 Emissions Trading Introduction The Evolution of Emissions Trading Emissions Trading Programs The US Acid Rain Program (ARP) Carbon Markets Kyoto Protocol Flexibility Mechanisms Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Joint Implementation (JI) International Emissions Trading (IET) The Paris Agreement Sustainable Development Mechanism (SDM) Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcomes (ITMOs) Aviation and Shipping Market-Based GHG Reduction Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA) The International Maritime Organization´s (IMO) GHG Reduction Strategy International Cap-and-Trade Programs The European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) EU ETS Phase I The Linking Directive EU ETS Phases II and III Phase IV and the 2030 Framework for Climate and Energy Policy China´s ETS China´s Market Transition China´s ETS Phase I China ETS Phase II China ETS After the Paris Agreement China ETS Challenges and Opportunities Ahead US Carbon Trading Programs California´s Emissions Trading Program Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative US National Emissions Trading Programs Voluntary Carbon Market Carbon Financial Derivatives Blockchain Future Directions References 76 Media Framing of Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Introduction History of Climate Change Coverage Media Framing of Climate Change Media Framing of Adaptation Risk Perception Media Routines News Sourcing Scientists as Sources Conflict and Balance Public Understanding of Climate Change and Engagement Public Understanding and Engagement About Adaptation Social Media Framing of Climate Change Climate Change Communication in the Age of Twin Global Threats Conclusions References 77 Climate Change as a Competition Area in Global Leadership: An Examination of China´s Environmental Policy Introduction Social Constructivist Theory The Historical Process Affecting China: Identity Building in China Environmental Diplomacy China´s Environmental Policy Legal Reflections of China´s Adoption of Environmental Diplomacy Construction of Leadership Through the Discourses on Climate Change Conclusion HeadingsSec90005328454 References 78 Climate Change Education at Universities: Relevance and Strategies for Every Discipline Introduction Unpacking the Core Dimensions of Climate Change Education: Mitigation, Adaptation, and Climate Science Education Climate Change Science Education Climate Change Mitigation Education Linguistics Literary Studies Psychology Storytelling and an Interim Conclusion About Climate Change Mitigation Education Climate Change Adaptation Education Agriculture Environmental Management Education Snapshots of CCE in Undergraduate and Postgraduate Provision Undergraduate Provision Postgraduate Provision A Framework for Mainstreaming CCE in HE Curricula Whole-of-Institution Embedding of CCE: Mission Statements and Learning and Teaching Strategies Sector-Wide Initiatives to Support the Integration of Climate Change Education in University Curricula: The Case of the UK A Connected Vision and Concluding Statement Cross-References References 79 Exploring Carbon Education for All: The Carbon Literacy Project Introduction Framing Climate Change Climate Change Education For All The Carbon Literacy Project CASE 1. Carbon Literacy and the Television Industry CASE 2. UN PRME Champions Project ``Carbon Literacy Training for Business Schools´´ CASE 3. Manchester Metropolitan University Getting Everyone in an Organization Engaged (Course Accreditation) The Carbon Literate Organization What Is a Carbon Literacy Workshop? The Workshop Step-by-Step High-Impact Solutions as Key Focus of the Training Conclusion References 80 Education in Climate Change Processes Introduction The Political Dimension of Education Education for Confronting Climate Change Education in the Capacity to Adapt to Climate Change Education in Policies and Strategies for Confronting Climate Change Education and Planning Related to Climate Change Education in the Analysis of Some Environmental Catastrophes Possibilities of Education to Face Climate Change Final Considerations References 81 Green Awareness in Action of Saving Energy in School Life: Modeling Environmental Literacy in Theory and Practice Experience Introductions Educational Approach Internet of Things (IoT) Game Changer of Innovation in Classrooms Environment Knowledge Values (Preservation and Utilization) Environmental Behavior Science Motivation Research Goals Methods and Procedures Participants and Instructional Unit Statistical Analysis Results Factor Analysis of Values (Appreciation and Preservation) Rasch Analysis of Environment Knowledge, Environmental Behavior, and Motivation Path Analysis of Environmental Knowledge, Values, Environmental Behavior, and Science Motivation Discussion Environmental Knowledge (KN) and Values Values and Science Motivation (SMOT) Values and Environmental Behavior Science Motivation (SMOT) and Environmental Behavior Conclusion References Part XIII: Doing Business in Global Warming 82 International Climate Policy and Economic Perspectives Introduction International Climate Policy Global Challenges The UNFCCC and the First Commitment Period of the Kyoto Protocol Initial Controversies Regarding the Kyoto Protocol The Second Commitment Period of the Kyoto Protocol The Paris Agreement Strategic Aspects of International Climate Policy Welfare Optimum International Negotiations in Normal Form Games Integration of Ancillary Benefits into the Negotiations Price Ducks: An Approach to Break the Deadlock? EU Climate Policy Framework Introduction to EU Climate Policy Objectives and Strategies for 2020 and 2030 Policies and Measures Emission Trading System Non-ETS Sectors LULUCF and Adaptation Energy Framework and Linking Coordination: Governance Regulation, NECPs, and LPCs Climate Finance Long-Term Alignment: Green Deal and Carbon Neutrality by 2050 Climate Change Consequences: The Example of the European Electricity Sector Heat Waves in Europe Impacts on the European Electricity System Assessment of Impacts on Electricity Supply and Demand Assessment of Distributional Consequences Scenario Specification Distributional Consequences of Climate Change Adaptation Options in the Electricity Sector Summary and Conclusions HeadingsSec330005328459 References 83 Business Case on Water-Energy-Food Nexus of Biofuels: Challenges in Learning to Change Introduction Doing Business in a Climate Change Context Importance of Holistic Response and Nexus Thinking The Nexus in the Sugarcane Ethanol Sector in Brazil References 84 Innovative Enterprise, Industrial Ecosystems, and Sustainable Transition: The Case of Transforming DONG Energy to Ørsted Introduction The Economic Role of the State in Innovation and Economic Development Welfare Economics and Climate Policy Market Fundamentalist Economics and Climate Policy A Synthesis of Institutional and Evolutionary Economics Evolutionary Economics and the Sustainability Challenge Institutional Economics and Directed Technical Change Implications for Shaping and Doing Business with Global Heating Case Study: Transforming DONG Energy to Ørsted DONG: Danish Oil and Natural Gas Energy Sector Liberalization and Strategic Uncertainty An Open-ended Energy Policy A New Strategy for a Green Vision New Capabilities and DONG Energy as System Integrator Perspectives and Conclusion HeadingsSec160005328461 Bibliography 85 Economic Justice: The Key to the World´s Future Sustainability Introduction Ecology and Ecosystem Economic Growth Economic Growth and the Environment Poverty and Population Growth Sustainable Development Sustainability and the Current Economic System Alternative Economic Approaches to Promote Sustainability Sustainability: Intergenerational Equity and Discounting Discounting Discount Rate and Its Effect on Project Selection Rationale For and Against Discounting Pure Time Preference Opportunity Cost or Marginal Productivity of Capital Risk Controversy over Social Discount Rates Cartesian Paradigm Systems Thinking and Discounting Renewal Cycle in Systems Theory and Capitalist Economic System Interest: The Engine of Destruction and the Root Cause of Unsustainability Sustainability and Technology Future Directions: Toward a Fair and Just Economic System Glossary References 86 Analysis of the Co-benefits of Climate Change Mitigation Introduction Co-benefits to Human Health Co-benefit Calculations for Decarbonization Polices Future Directions References 87 World Smart Cities Ranking for Doing Business in Climate Change Introduction Concept of Smart Cities Evaluation of City Sustainability and Performance City Evaluation Indicators Proposed by International and Local Organizations Subjective and Objective Indicators of the City Evaluation Proposed Work and Methodology Data Used for Analysis Analytical Method Results and Discussion Conclusion References 88 Urban Mitigation Potential of Quantum Dots and Transpiration Cooling: Transpiration Cooling to Mitigate Urban Overheating Introduction The Cooling Effect of Vegetation Transpiration Cooling Effect Transpiration Transpiration Cooling Potential Factors That Impact Transpiration Cooling The Trend of the Research That Related Transpiration Cooling Measurement of Transpiration Cooling in the Urban Area Simulation of Cooling by Transpiration in Climate Model Transpiration Under Heat Extremes The Behaviors of Transpiration Under Heatwave Condition Short Discussion of Transpiration Cooling Urban Mitigation Potential of Quantum Dots (QDs) Fluorescent Cooling Natural Fluorescent/Phosphorescent Minerals Artificial Fluorescent Materials Mineral-Doped Fluorescent Materials Quantum Dots (QDs) Fluorescent Mechanism Fine-Tuning Fluorescent Properties for Cooling Application Fluorescent Cooling Fluorescent Cooling Assessment Empirical Fluorescent Cooling Estimation Theoretical Fluorescent Cooling Estimation Combined Fluorescent and NIR-Reflective Cooling Technologies Cross-References References 89 Green Entrepreneurship: A Disruptive Mitigation Strategy for Climate Change Introduction Global Status of Climate Change Green Entrepreneurship and Climate Change Policy Framework, Implementation Challenges, and Implications References 90 Does Carbon Reporting Really Reflect Companies´ Climate Change Action Strategies? Introduction Corporate Climate Change Responses Carbon Disclosure Initiatives Carbon Emissions in the Context of the Automobile Industry: Initiatives and Legislations Reporting Practices in the Automobile Industry Theoretical Approaches to Voluntary Environmental Disclosure Theory and Hypotheses Natural Resource-Based View Signaling Theory Environmental Innovation Strategies and Carbon Reporting Sustainable Development Strategies and Carbon Reporting Methodology Data Collection and Sample Dependent Variable Independent Variables Control Variables Results Discussion References 91 Circular Economy Business for Climate Change Mitigation: The Role of Digital Technologies Introduction Circular Economy Strategies for Business Circular Economy Strategies and Climate Change: Mitigation and Some Real Cases Industry 4.0 and Digital Technologies Industry 4.0 Technologies and Circular Economy Strategies The Role of Digital Technologies in Supporting Circular Economy for Climate Change Mitigation: Application and Real Cases Final Remarks References Index